Cucumeropsis edulis

McQuate, Grant T., Liquido, Nicanor J. & Nakamichi, Kelly A. A., 2017, Annotated World Bibliography of Host Plants of the Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Insecta Mundi 2017 (527), pp. 1-339 : 66-133

Cucumeropsis edulis (Hook. f.) Cogn., see Melothria sphaerocarpa (Cogn.) H. Schaef. and S.S. Renner

Cucumeropsis mannii Naudin , see Melothria sphaerocarpa (Cogn.) H. Schaef. and S.S. Renner

Cucumis acutangulus L., see Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.

Cucumis anguria L.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12546

Common Names: anguriagurka (Swedish), cornichão-das-antilhas (Portuguese-Brazil), maxixe (Portuguese-Brazil), maxixe-bravo (Portuguese-Brazil), maxixe-do-mato (Portuguese-Brazil), pepinito (Spanish), pepino (Spanish), pepino-castanha (Portuguese-Brazil), pepino cimarrón (Spanish), pepinoespinhoso (Portuguese-Brazil), sandía de ratón (Spanish-Guatemala).

Native: AFRICA – East Tropical Africa: Tanzania; West-Central Tropical Africa: Zaire; South Tropical Africa: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa – KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga; Swaziland.

Naturalized: AFRICA – Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Queensland; NORTHERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Florida; Northern Mexico: Mexico – Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas; Southern Mexico: Mexico – Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Veracruz, Yucatan; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands ( U.S.); Central America: Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Northern South America: French Guiana, Suriname, Venezuela, Brazil: Brazil – Amazonas, Maranhao, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rondonia; Western South America: Ecuador, Peru.

Cultivated: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Cape Verde; West-Central Tropical Africa: Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Senegal, Sierra Leone; Southern Africa: South Africa; Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Réunion; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: West Indies.

Field Infestation:

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Wild Cucumis anguria fruits were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 1,482.7 (standard deviation = 1,565) adults per kg infested fruit.

Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Cucumis angaria ); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as very favorable as a host); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis angaria ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Cucumis angaria ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Cucumis angaria ).

Cucumis collosus (Rottler) Cogn. , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo

Cucumis colocynthis L., see Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Cucumis dipsaceus Ehrenb. ex Spach

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12552

Common Names: hedgehog cucumber (English), hedgehog gourd (English), Igel-Gurke (German), pepino diablito (Spanish), teasel gourd (English).

Native: AFRICA – Northern Africa: Egypt; Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea; Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen – Socotra; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula : Saudi Arabia. Naturalized: NORTHERN AMERICA – South-Central U.S.A.: United States – Texas; Northern Mexico: Mexico – Baja Sur, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Tamaulipas; Southern Mexico: Mexico – Jalisco, Veracruz; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Panama; Caribbean: Cuba; Northern South America: Venezuela; Western South America: Ecuador, Peru. Cultivated: also cultivated. Field Infestation:

Liquido et al. 1994:

Hawaii Island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From July 1990 to October 1992, 134 (4.694 kg) ripe “on plant” or ground C. dipsaceus fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested C. dipsaceus fruits with an overall infestation rate of 0.29 larvae and pupae per fruit (8.31 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).

Mwatawala et al. 2009b:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Cucumis dipsaceus fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through

October 2006 and from August through December 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 408 collected fruits (4.669 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 18.63 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Five hundred seventeen (517) immature C. dipsaceus fruits (6.539 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 7 of 47 collections (14.89%), with an overall infestation rate of 13.30 flies/kg fruit and 127.75 flies/kg infested fruit.

Uchida et al. 1990:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Cucumis dipsaceus fruits were collected from two sites on the Island of Kauai (Kekaha,

Mana) from 1 February to 31 November 1988, two sites on the Island of Oahu (Campbell Industrial Park, Makaha Valley) and two sites on the Island of Hawaii (Kailua, Milolii) from 1 March to 25 May 1989. Fruits were held in wooden frames with screen bottoms lined with newspaper, placed in fiberglass boxes with a layer of fine vermiculite on the bottom. Vermiculite was screened weekly with recovered larvae and pupae transferred to paper packages for adult emergence. Adult B. cucurbitae recoveries were 2.5 flies/kg fruit (Kekaha; 277 fruits; 8.9751 kg), 15.4 flies/kg fruit (Mana; 228 fruits; 12.2043 kg), 3.0 flies/kg fruit (Campbell Industrial Park; 70 fruits; 1.9891 kg), 14.4 flies/kg fruit (Makaha Valley; 11 fruits; 0.4157 kg), 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Kailua; 28 fruits; 1.1703 kg), and 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Milolii; 20 fruits; 0.6303 kg).

Vargas 1993:

Island of Niihau, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Fifty (50) C. dipsaceus fruits were collected near Kauwawea on the island of Niihau in

1991. Fruits were placed on metal trays in plastic holding boxes containing sand. Mature B. cucurbitae larvae and pupae, recovered through weekly sifting of the sand, were held for adult emergence. Fortyeight (48) B. cucurbitae were recovered, for an average of 0.96 B. cucurbitae per fruit. Listing Only: + Akhtaruzzaman et al. 1999 (listed as teasel gourd); Copeland et al. 2009; De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Nishida 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Vargas et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12554

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Rwanda, Zaire.

Listing Only: Copeland et al. 2009; De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Cucumis figarei ); De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich and as C. figarei Naud. ).

Synonyms: Cucumis figarei Delile ex Naudin

Cucumis figarei Delile ex Naudin , see Cucumis ficifolius A. Rich.

Cucumis flexuosus L., see Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. flexuosus (L.) Naudin

Cucumis maderaspatanus L.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12563

Common Names: Sträv mukreva (Swedish); chibber ( Pakistan).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad, Ethiopia, Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo; South Tropical Africa: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: South Africa – KwaZulu-Natal, Transvaal; Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar, Mauritius; ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan; Eastern Asia: Taiwan; ASIA- TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Western Australia.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from samples of C. maderaspatanus (listed as Mukia maderaspatana ). Number of fruit samples and infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D. L. Hancock.

Ranganath and Veenakumari 1996b:

Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

From December 1990 to May 1993, C. maderaspatanus fruits (listed as Mukia maderaspatana [L.] Roem) were collected from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Fruits were held in the laboratory until adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from infested C. maderaspatanus fruits.

Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Mukia maderaspatana ); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Coccinia cordifolia ); Moiz et al. 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Qureshi et al. 1974 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis mederaspatana L.); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as galls on Coccinia cordifolia ).

Synonyms: Bryonia cordifolia L., Bryonia scabrella L., Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn., Melothria maderaspatana (L.) Cogn., Mukia maderaspatana (L.) M. Roem., Mukia scabrella (L.) Arn.

Cucumis melo L.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 404410

Common Names: melon (English), Melone (German).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Tanzania, Uganda; West Tropical Africa: Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Niger, Senegal; South Tropical Africa: Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: South Africa; Western Indian Ocean: Seychelles; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula : Saudi Arabia, Yemen; Western Asia: Iran; China: China; Eastern Asia: Japan, Korea; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; North Indian Ocean: Maldives; Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; PACIFIC – Northwestern Pacific: Guam; Southwestern Pacific: Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga. Naturalized: Widely naturalized in the tropics. Cultivated: cultivated worldwide. Native: Native range obscure. Field Infestation:

Ali et al. 2014b:

Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan

Cucumis melo fruits were collected during the 2005 through 2006 growing season in

Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan, and held for recovery of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Out of 7.0 kg of C. melo fruits, 23 B. cucurbitae adults were recovered for an infestation rate of 3.3 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit.

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 12 samples of C. melo .

Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Bains and Sidhu 1984:

Punjab, India

Bactrocera cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) for use in laboratory studies were reared from field-infested musk melon ( C. melo ) fruits held on sand in glass jars. Pupae were recovered by sifting sand after 7 days, transferring them to glass vials holding moist sand, and holding them until adult emergence.

Field observations of infestation of musk melon ( C. melo ) fruits by B. cucurbitae were made at 10-day intervals in Punjab, India, between April and July. Infested fruits were found in 9 of 9 observations (100%) with an average infestation rate of 9.78 (±2.43 [standard error])%.

Chinajariyawong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Bactrocera cucurbitae was reared from 1 sample of C. melo collected in Thailand. No infestation rate data were given.

Clarke et al. 2001:

Thailand

Eighty (80) (31.5 kg) infested C. melo fruits were collected in Thailand from 1986-1994.

Two regions of Thailand (Chiang Rai and Bangkok) recorded infestation rates of 2.1 and 14.1 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 5.6 and 34.8 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruits, respectively. Bactrocera cucurbitae were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock.

+ Froggatt 1909:

Jaffna, Sri Lanka (referred to as Ceylon)

Author reported finding many damaged C. melo fruits (listed as melons) containing fruit fly maggots in the northern part of Ceylon, at Jaffna. He later recovered B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) from the pupae. No infestation rate data were given.

Central or North-Western India

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from maggot-infested melons from gardens in Central or North-Western India. No infestation rate data were given.

+ Inayatullah et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Based on observation, the average rate of infestation of C. melo fruits (listed as melon) by

B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in the vicinity of the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad was about 55%.

Khan et al. 1992:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

During summer 1985 and spring 1986, C. melo var. ‘Ravi,’ was sown in a randomized complete block design to test for the relative effectiveness of toxicants and bait sprays for the control of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Sprays were initiated just after fruit set, and repeated in 10-day intervals for a total of four sprays. Before each spray, healthy and fly-infested fruits were counted in the control and all spray plots. Infestation of Cucumis melo by B. cucurbitae averaged 14.1% and 18.2% in untreated control plots in 1985 and 1986, respectively.

In 1986, squashmelon ( Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. ovifera (L.) D. S. Decker var. ovifera

(L.) Harz) was intersown in melon as a trap crop, with another plot of melon grown nearby as a control. The percentage fruit infestation was recorded every 10 days following initial fruit set. Cucumis melo infestation averaged 10.2% in the plot with interplanted squashmelon and 19.2% in the plot where only melon was grown.

In 1986, melon was sown in 15 plots to test for the relative effectiveness of toxicants for the control of B. cucurbitae . Percentage fruit infestation was recorded after fruit set, and repeated just before each spray. Before each spray, healthy and fly-infested fruits were counted in the control and all spray plots. Infestation of Cucumis melo by B. cucurbitae averaged 18.7% in untreated control plots.

+ Khan et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

One hundred (100) C. melo fruits (assignment of ” C. melo ” for common name “melon”

used in this paper determined from Khan et al. 1992) were randomly observed in the field monthly from 1985 to 1986 and percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) calculated. High C. melo infestation (76–100%) was observed in May, while 51–75% infestation was observed in April and June to August.

Cucumis melo samples were placed in a cage (1 fruit at a time) with adult B. cucurbitae

flies for 24 hours, then, 1 week later, were dissected to count the number of 2 nd and 3 rd instar larvae. Over 5 replications, an average of twenty-five (25) 2 nd instar and one hundred twenty-four (124) 3 rd instar larvae was recovered.

Leblanc et al. 2012:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG)

Cucumis melo fruits were collected during 1997 to 2000 in PNG and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 7 of 9 (77.8%) samples in PNG.

Leblanc et al. 2013a:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG)

Cucumis melo fruits (94 fruits; 23.16 kg) were collected during 1997 to 2000 in PNG

and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 7 of 8 (87.5%) samples in PNG, with an overall infestation rate of 17.79 flies/kg fruit and 32.42 flies/kg infested fruit.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 68 C. melo fruits were collected (3 collections overall) from two islands/island groups (Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 2 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in each of the islands/island groups) of 17.2%.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 235 C. melo fruits (listed as C. melo cv. Albus) were collected (8 collections overall) from one island/island group (Amami) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 42 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the island/island group) of 8.1%.

Mwatawala et al. 2009b:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Cucumis melo fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through

October 2006 and from August through December, 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 75 collected fruits (2.082 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 169.07 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Seventy-two (72) immature C. melo fruits (2.037 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 7 of 14 collections (50%), with an overall infestation rate of 173.29 flies/kg fruit and 297.39 flies/kg infested fruit.

Nath and Bhushan 2006:

Varanasi, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucumis melo was sown, with three replications, in Varanasi, India, the last week of

March (summer season) in both 2001 and 2002. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 23.8% (range: 21.8–25.7%).

+ Nishida and Haramoto 1953:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Three (3) C. melo fruits (listed as melon) were collected from three sites (Waianae,

Manoa Valley, Waimanalo) on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii where adult flies of both B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and B. dorsalis (listed as D. dorsalis ) were known to be present. Fruits were held in containers until adult emergence. On average, 98.3% of flies recovered were B. cucurbitae with an average recovery of 104 B. cucurbitae per fruit (range: 61–215).

Qureshi et al. 1974:

Hyderabad, Sindh Province, Pakistan

In order to document the relative abundance of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and Dacus ciliatus , random samples of Cucumis melo fruits were collected from various vegetable growing areas near Hyderabad, Pakistan from 1970 to 1972. Fruits were held separately in wooden boxes with wire-gauze screen at the bottom, and placed over another box containing sterilized sand. The sand was sieved daily and recovered pupae were held in Petri plates until adult emergence. One hundred twenty-four (124) B. cucurbitae adults were recovered from 7.0 kg of C. melo fruits overall. Bactrocera cucurbitae adults were recovered from 4 of 6 collections (66.7%), with a collection average of 15.3 adults recovered per kg fruit.

Shelly and Edu 2010:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

B. cucurbitae laboratory colony was started using 600– 800 adults reared from honeydew melons ( C. melo ) collected from a farm in Kapolei, on the Island of Oahu. No infestation rate data were given.

Stonehouse et al. 2002:

Dera Ismail Khan in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province and Rahim Yar Khan in the Province of Punjab, Pakistan

In 1999, C. melo fruits were collected from Rahim Yar Khan (two farms) and Dera Ismail Khan (two farms) in Pakistan. Fruits, collected from 5 melon clumps from each farm from each farm visit (up to five visits maximum), were placed in individual containers and held over sand in relatively cool and shaded rooms until pupation. Pupae recovered by sieving the sand were transferred to cotton-covered glass vials and held until adult emergence. Percentage infestation of C. melo fruits by B. cucurbitae in unprotected plots averaged 50% in DI Khan and 23% in RY Khan.

Syed 1971:

Faisalabad and Gujranwala, Province of Punjab ; Harnai and Quetta, Province of Balochistan ; Hyderabad, Sindh Province ; Multan, Province of Punjab, Pakistan

In May, 1962–1963, a few C. melo were attacked by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) at Faisalabad and Gujranwala. Attacks on C. melo began in July (1964–1965) in Harnai and Quetta; in Hyderabad (1964–1965), 2.0% of fruits were attacked in June, with a few also infested in July (40%:60% B. cucurbitae : Dacus ciliatus ); in Multan (1963–1964), attacks started in April with 50% of C. melo fruits infested in May by the combination of B. cucurbitae and Dacus ciliatus . Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Four varieties of Cucumis melo fruits were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 762.5 (standard deviation [SD] = 1,486) adults per kg infested fruit (var. ‘Jet’); 138.4 (SD = 290.1) adults per kg infested fruit (var. ‘PI 414723’); 0.0 (SD = 0.0) adults per kg infested fruit (var. ‘Ponchito’); and 55.6 (SD = 131.1) adults per kg infested fruit (var. ‘Saga’).

Vayssières et al. 2007:

Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea and Senegal, West Africa

Tephritid fruit fly-infested Cucumis melo fruits were collected from untreated orchards in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. melo fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 26– 50 pupae /kg fruit. For comparison, the authors indicated that the infestation level of C. melo fruits averaged 51– 75 pupae /kg fruit on Réunion Island.

Wong et al. 1986:

Waimanalo, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Wild B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were obtained from mature larvae and pupae recovered from naturally infested C. melo fruits collected from 1982–1985 in Waimanalo, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii.

Wong et al. 1991:

Waimanalo, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Wild B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were obtained from mature larvae and pupae recovered from naturally infested C. melo fruits collected from 1984–1985 in Waimanalo, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A. Interception Data:

USDA 1952a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from melon ( C. melo ) which originated from a port in India and was intercepted at a port in Massachusetts (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1949 and 30 June 1950 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Lab Infestation:

Bains and Sidhu 1984:

Newly emerged B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were placed on cut pieces of C. melo and held in Petri plates having moist blotting paper on the bottom. Larval survival to pupation was 74.2%.

Sarwar et al. 2013:

Healthy, undamaged, mature and ripe C. melo fruits were collected from a local marketplace in Faisalabad, Pakistan. One hundred twenty-five (125) g of fruits were placed in the bottom of a sieve that was suspended from a guava ( Psidium guajava ) tree in a guava orchard that was not bearing fruits (with three replications). Fruits were left exposed to wild B. cucurbitae flies for 48 hours. Fruits from each replication were placed over sand in muslin cloth-topped plastic containers and held for 2 to 3 weeks. Bactrocera cucurbitae puparia, recovered by sieving the sand, were placed in moist sand in a Petri plate and held for adult emergence. An average of 3.83 B. cucurbitae pupae (30.6 pupae/ kg fruit) was recovered from which an average of 2.42 adult flies (19.4 adult flies/kg fruit) emerged.

Listing Only: + Ayyar 1935 (listed as Chaetodacus cucurbitae ; listed as melons); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a primary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a primary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as both Cucumis melo and as Cucumis pubescens ); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as both Cucumis melo and C. pubescens ); Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Chen 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melon); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as both Cucumis melo and as Cucumis pubescens ); Doharey 1983; European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a major host); Etienne 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Etienne 1972 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; adults obtained very frequently); Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; + Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melon); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melon); Inayatullah et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Iwata et al. 1990 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. reticulatus ‘ Earl’s Favorite’); + Kalshoven 1981 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melon); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Cucumis melo and as Cucumis melo var. pubescens ); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melons); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo and as C. pubescens Wall. ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Cucumis melo and as C. pubescens ); Khan et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melons); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melons); + Lall and Singh 1959 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melons); + Lall and Singh 1969 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melons); Leblanc et al. 2013b; + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as other melons); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as melons); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a plant that is frequently injured); Moiz et al. 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo and as C. pubescens ); + Nath et al. 1976; Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002 (cantaloupe, honeydew melon, and rockmelon all listed as hosts and all associated with the scientific name C. melo ); Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Pradhan 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Pruthi and Batra 1938 (listed as Chaetodacus cucurbitae [Coq.]; listed as melon); + Queensland Government 2015 (listed as melon); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as very favorable as a host); Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2004 (listed both as Cucumis melo and as C. pubescens ); + Terry 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melon); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Cucumis pubescens ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Cucumis pubescens ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo and as C. pubescens ; C. melo listed as a preferred host); +Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as melons); Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +Vijaysegaran and Osman 1991 (listed as melon); White and Elson-Harris 1992; Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Synonyms: Cucumis dudaim L. var. aegyptiacus Sickenb. , Cucumis melo L. var. acidulus Naudin , Cucumis melo L. var. aegyptiacus (Sickenb.) Hassib , Cucumis melo L. var. ameri Gabaev , Cucumis melo L. var. duripulposus Filov , nom. Inval., Cucumis melo L. var. hibernus Filov , nom. Inval., Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino , Cucumis melo L. var. microspermus Nakai , Cucumis melo L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Kurz , Cucumis microspermus Nakai , Cucumis moschatus Gray , Cucumis pubescens Willd.

Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. conomon (Thunb.) Makino Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 404418 Common Names: cai gua (transcribed Chinese), Gemüse-Melone (German), kakri ( India), long melon ( India), Oriental pickling melon (English), pickling melon (English), shirō- uri (Japanese Rōmaji), snake cucumber (English), sweet melon (English), tar ( India), tsuke-uri (Japanese Rōmaji). Cultivated: only cultivated. Field Infestation:

+ Bains and Sidhu 1984:

Punjab, India

Field observations of infestation of Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruits

(listed as long melon) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were made at 10-day intervals in Punjab, India, between April and July. Infested fruits were found in 5 of 8 observations (62.5%) with an average infestation rate of 2.25 (±0.92 [standard error])%.

Clausen et al. 1965:

South China

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruits (listed both as Cucumis melo var.

conomon and as oriental pickling melon) were found to be predominantly infested by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). They were also infested by “a fair number of” Bactrocera tau (listed as Dacus nubilus ) and “an occasional” Bactrocera latifrons (listed as Dacus latifrons ).

North India

From Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon collections (listed as both Cucumis melo var. utilissimus and muskmelon) from April to June 1950 in Northern India, 35,396 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) and Dacus ciliatus Loew ( B. cucurbitae was the dominant species).

+ Inayatullah et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Based on observation, the average rate of infestation of Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruits (listed as tar) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in the vicinity of the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad was about 92%.

+ Jakhar and Pareek 2005:

Jobner, State of Rajasthan, India

Seeds of nine cucurbit species were sown in a randomized block design with four replications at the Horticultural Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture in Jobner, India during the kharif season in 2000. The infestation rate of Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruits (listed as long melon) by B. cucurbitae averaged 35.46% (range: 16.90–51.38%) over the course of ten collection dates, each 3 days apart, between August and September, 2000.

Kavadia et al. 1977:

Udaipur, state of Rajasthan, India

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon (listed as both Cucumis utilissimus Duthie and Fuller and as long melon) was sown at the farm of Rajasthan College of Agriculture in February 1976 for a test of the efficacy and residues of insectides applied for the control of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Four treatments and a control were tested, with three replicates of each. Insecticides were applied about 2 months after sowing, when plants were in full bloom and bore small fruits (3.5 cm). The percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae in the control and treatment plots was calculated at 3, 7, and 10 days after insecticide application. Percentage infestation of control fruits averaged 61.54%, 63.52%, and 70.87% at 3, 7, and 10 days, respectively, after the date of insecticide application.

+ Lee 1972:

Taiwan

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon plants (listed as oriental pickling melon)

were grown in the field year-round from 2 June 1969 to 10 June 1970, and from March-August 1971. Fruits, picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, were placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover B. cucurbitae pupae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Pupal recovery per fruit was averaged quarterly for 1969 to 1970 harvests. Pupal recovery per kg fruit was averaged monthly for 1971 harvests. Bactrocera cucurbitae pupal recovery averaged 14.9, 3.9, and 0.08 pupae/ fruit (1969–1970) and 764.5, 147.2, and 37.2 pupae/kg fruit (1971) overall, for fruits picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, respectively.

Nath and Bhushan 2006:

Varanasi, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon (listed as Cucumis melo var. utilissimus ) was sown, with three replications, in Varanasi, India, the last week of March (summer season) and again the last week of June (rainy season) in both 2001 and 2002. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 28.1% (range: 25.3–30.9%) in the summer season and 42.4% (range: 42.4–42.4%) in the rainy season.

+ Pareek and Kavadia 1994:

Jobner and Udaipur, state of Rajasthan, India

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruits (listed as long melon, variety ‘Luc-

know’) were raised in a randomized block design with nine other cucurbit crops (each with three replicated plots) for assessment of preference of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The trials were conducted from February to June in 1979, and again in 1981, in Udaipur (semi-humid agroclimatic conditions) and in 1980 and 1981 in Jobner (semi-arid agroclimatic condition). Fruits were harvested twice a week, examined for fruit fly damage, and then percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae calculated. Percentage infestation averaged 68.7% (range: 67.4–69.9%) in Udaipur and 75.2% (range: 74.5–76.0%) in Jobner.

+ Singh et al. 2000:

Kanpur, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruits (listed as long melon) were collected weekly at growers’ fields at the bank of the river Ganga in Kanpur beginning in February 1997. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was determined (by observation) at each picking. The overall average B. cucurbitae infestation rate was 21.2%.

Syed 1971:

Faisalabad and Gujranwala, Province of Punjab; Harnai and Quetta, Province of

Balochistan; Hyderabad, Sindh Province; Multan, Province of Punjab; Peshawar Valley , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

During May, 1962–1963, 13% of Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruits (listed as Cucumis melo var. utilissimus ) in Faisalabad and Gujranwala were attacked by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), with infestation increasing to 78% in June; in Harna and Quetta (1964–1965), attacks began in July; in Hyderabad (1964–1965), a minor infestation began at the end of February, which increased slightly in March and April and up to 6–10% in May (infesting species included both B. cucurbitae and Dacus ciliatus [40%:60%]); in Multan (1963–1964), attack began in April, with infestation reaching 50% in May (a combined infestation by B. cucurbitae and D. ciliatus ); in the Peshawar Valley (1962–1963), there was a 52% infestation rate in May. Total numbers of fruits collected were not given. Lab Infestation:

Agarwal and Yazdani 1991:

One hundred (100) eggs, collected from adult B. cucurbitae flies (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) which emerged from field-infested Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. fruits (listed as Luffa cylindrica ), were inserted in a triangular cut in a Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. conomon fruit (listed as Cucumis utilissimus ) (four replications) and held at 29.85±8.33°C and 61.72±22.05% RH. An average of 69% survived from larval stage to adult emergence. Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as long melon); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as both Cucumis melo var. conomon and as Cucumis utillissimus ); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Cucumis melo var. conomon ); Chaturvedi 1947 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis utilissmus ); + Chen 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as oriental pickling melon); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as both Cucumis melo var. conomon and as

Cucumis utilissimus ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Cucumis melo var. conomon ; listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Cucumis melo var. utilissimus and as C. melo var. conomon ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis utilissimus Duthie and Fuller ); + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as long melon); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis utilissimus ); Kazi 1976 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. utilissimus Roxb. ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. Conomon [Thunb.] Makino; authors list this as a plant that is frequently injured); Moiz et al. 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo L. var. utilissimus Roxb ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo var. conomon [Oriental pickling melon] and Cucumis utilissimus [long melon]); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as kakri and as Cucumis utilissimus Roxb. ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as C. melo conomon ); Qureshi et al. 1974 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. utilissimus Duthie and Fuller ); Singh et al. 2004 (listed as Cucumis melo var. utilissimus ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. conomon , C. melo var. utilissimus , and as C. utilissimus ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo var. conomon and Cucumis utilissimus ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as both Cucumis melo var. conomon and C. utilissimus ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as both Cucumis melo var. conomon and C. utilissimus ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo var. conomon and C. utilissimus ; listed as a preferred host).

Synonyms: Cucumis melo L. subsp. conomon (Thunb.) Greb. , nom. inval., Cucumis melo L. var. utilissimus (Roxb.) Duthie and J. B. Fuller , Cucumis utilissimus Roxb.

Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. momordica (Roxb.) Duthie and J. B. Fuller

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 314609

Common Names: phoot (English), phut ( India), Schnapp-Melone (German), snap melon (English).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

+ Gupta and Verma 1978 :

Hisar (listed as Hissar), State of Haryana, India

Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. momordica (listed as snap melon) was grown from seed planted 31 July 1975, in a randomized complete block design with ten other cucurbit crops in Hisar, Haryana State, India. Fallen and marketable sized fruits were collected/picked every 3 days and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infestation results were summarized weekly. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was found in 7 of 8 weekly summaries (87.5%). Overall, 107 (69.9 kg) fruits were collected, of which 57 were infested, for averages of 13.4 fruits collected per week with an average infestation rate of 54.0%.

Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as snap melon); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Cucumis melo var. momordica ); Doharey 1983 (listed as Cucumis melo var. momordica ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. momordica ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. momordica ); + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as snap melon); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. momordica ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. momordica [snap melon]); Singh et al. 2004 (listed as Cucumis melo var. momordica ).

Synonyms: Cucumis momordica Roxb.

Cucumis melo L. subsp. conomon (Thunb.) Greb. , nom. inval., see Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. conomon (Thunb.) Makino

Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12564

Common Names: chamoe (transcribed Korean), dynya (Russian), melon (English), melon (Swedish), melone (Italian), Melone (German), meron (Japanese Rōmaji), tian gua (transcribed Chinese).

Naturalized: Widely naturalized.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from C. melo L. subsp. melo (listed as Cucumis trigonus ). Number of fruit samples and infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Syed 1971:

Hyderabad and Karachi, Sindh Province, Pakistan

In Hyderabad (1964–1965), a few C. melo subsp. melo fruits (listed as Cucumis trigonus ) were infested in October by a mix of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and Dacus ciliatus (40%:60%). In Karachi (1962–1966), there was a 4% infestation of fruits in October (combined infestation by B. cucurbitae and D. ciliatus ). Total number of fruits collected were not given.

Lab Infestation:

Chelliah and Sambandam 1974b:

Cucumis callosus (a wild relative of C. melo , now considered to be a synonym of C. melo subsp. melo ) and an F 1 hybrid ( C. callosus × C. melo var. ‘ Delta Gold’) were tested for B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larval period (i.e., time from egg hatch to pupation) and percentage larval survival. In the larval period testing, each fruit was exposed to 10 newly emerged larvae, replicated 20 times for each variety. Larvae were transferred to fresh fruit when necessary. The larval period averaged 4.51 days for C. collosus and 4.41 days for the F 1 hybrid. In larval survival testing, each fruit was exposed to 20 newly emerged larvae, replicated 20 times for each variety, and pupae were recovered from the cage. The average percentage larval survival was 79.0% for C. callosus and 93.5% for the F 1 hybrid (the survival rate was significantly less for C. callosus than for C. melo varieties tested concurrently; see entry for this reference under C. melo ).

Chelliah and Sambandam 1974c:

Cucumis callosus (a wild relative of C. melo , now considered to be a synonym of C. melo subsp. melo ) was tested for resistance to infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Fruits were harvested 5 to 7 days after fruits were set and exposed to two sexually mature male/gravid female pairs of B. cucurbitae . Fruits were then examined for B. cucurbitae infestation 7 days after fruit exposure. Cucumis callosus was rated ‘highly resistant’ (“infestation up to 20%, with high antibiosis”).

Sambandam and Chelliah 1969:

In fruit-fly resistance experiments, 2 tender fruits of C. melo subsp. melo (listed as C. callosus ; listed as a wild plant) were placed in cages and exposed to 2 male and 2 female B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) for 10 days, after which fruits were examined and rated for infestation. Cucumis melo subsp. melo fruits exhibited a high degree of resistance to infestation by B. cucurbitae , with only 10% of fruits becoming infested, while infestation in C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo cultivars ranged from 90 to 100% infested.

Sambandam and Chelliah 1976:

In fruit-fly resistance experiments, 2 tender fruits resulting from a cross of C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo cultivar ‘ Delta Gold’ (listed as muskmelon) and C. melo subsp. melo (listed as Cucumis callosus ) (with the latter used as the seed parent) were placed in cages and exposed to 2 male- and 2 female- B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) for 10 days, after which fruits were examined and rated for infestation. The F 1 fruits were all susceptible to infestation by B. cucurbitae , as had been the ‘ Delta Gold’ parent, but the C. melo subsp. melo parent had been resistant to infestation.

Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Cucumis trigonis ); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as Cucumis trigonus ); Chelliah and Sambandam 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; Cucumis colossus [GRIN lists as a synonym of Cucumis melo subsp. melo ] is listed as a wild relative of muskmelon highly resistant to B. cucurbitae ); Chelliah and Sambandam 1974a (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; F 1 generation of the cross between the wild, resistant “ Cucumis colossus ” and cultivated C. melo variety ‘ Delta Gold’ were all highly susceptible to infestation by B. cucurbitae ; authors suggested that a breeding program could be used to transfer the resistance to cultivated C. melo varieties); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Cucumis trigonus ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Cucumis trigonus ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Cucumis trigonus ); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Melos spp . and as dynya); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. trigonus Roxb. ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis trigonus Roxb. ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis trigonus ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis trigonus ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis trigonus ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Singh et al. 2004 (listed as Cucumis trigonus ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis trigonus ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Cucumis trigonus ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Cucumis trigonus ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis trigonus ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis trigonus ; insufficient data to justify regulation); Weems et al. 2001 (listed as Cucumis trigonus ; listed as a wild host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as Cucumis trigonus Roxb. ; listed as a wild host).

Synonyms: Bryonia collosa Rottler , Cucumis collosus (Rottler) Cogn. , Cucumis trigonus Roxb.

Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupo Ser.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 464596

Common Names: cantaloupe (English), Kantalupe (German), melão (Portuguese), mélon (French), muskmelon (English), netted melon (English), nutmeg melon (English), Persian melon (English), rock melon (English-Australia), Zuckermelone (German).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo (listed as cantaloupe) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors note that cantaloupes are the most susceptible to infestation (among cucurbitaceaous fruits), because the vines as well as the fruits are badly attacked at all stages of growth. An illustration is provided of a vine that had been attacked in eight places, the larvae developing in the stalk, petioles and young fruit.

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo (listed as cantaloupe) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors note that cantaloupes are the most susceptible to infestation (among cucurbitaceaous fruits), because the vines as well as the fruits are badly attacked at all stages of growth. An illustration is provided of a vine that had been attacked in eight places, the larvae developing in the stalk, petioles and young fruit.

Cheema 1964:

Faisalabad (listed as Lyallpur), Province of Punjab, Pakistan

Sixteen (16) varieties of C. melo (also referred to as musk melon) were sown in a randomized block design (three replicates per variety) in vegetable fields at the former Punjab Agriculture College, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Counts of damaged and healthy fruits were taken daily at the time of picking. Resistance to infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was evaluated as percentage infestation. Based on an average of 100 fruits collected per variety, the average infestation across all varieties was 39.7% (range: 8.0–82.0% infestation). The highest (82.0%) and lowest (8.0%) infestation rates were in the varieties ‘374’ and ‘Improved,’ respectively.

Clausen et al. 1965:

Island of Mindanao, Philippines

From Cucumis spp. collections (referred to as muskmelon) from December 1949 to February 1950 and August 1950, on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines, 4,360 B. cucurbitae puparia (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered.

+ Drew 1982:

Papua New Guinea

Specimens of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were reared from Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo (listed as rockmelon) and are held in the collection of the Wau Ecology Institute in Papua New Guinea.

+ Gupta and Verma 1978 :

Hisar (listed as Hissar), State of Haryana, India

Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo (listed as musk melon, var. ‘Hara Madhu’)

was grown from seed planted 28 February 1975, in a randomized complete block design with ten other cucurbit crops in Hisar, Haryana State, India. Fallen and marketable sized fruits were collected/picked every 3 days and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infestation results were summarized weekly. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was found in 6 of 6 weekly summaries (100%). Overall, 46 (31.7 kg) fruits were collected, of which 15 were infested, for averages of 7.7 fruits collected per week with an average infestation rate of 33.7%.

Haldhar et al. 2013:

Bikaner, State of Rajasthan, India

Field studies were conducted in 2011 and 2012 at the experimental farm of the Central

Institute for Arid Agriculture in Bikaner to identify traits of C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo varieties (listed as both C. melo and as muskmelon) associated with resistance to infestation by B. cucurbitae . In an initial screening, seed was sown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in February 2011, for 24 different C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo varieties. Four (4) pickings were conducted throughout the season. From each picking 10 fruits were randomly collected per replication, 3 replications per variety, from each of the 24 varieties. Percentage infestation was calculated from 30 fruits per variety at each picking. A subset of 10 of these fruits (per variety) was then randomly selected and the numbers of B. cucurbitae larvae were counted in each of these fruits. Infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 47.3% (range: 12.6–79.5%) across all 24 varieties. Larval density averaged 17.9 larvae/fruit (range: 11.1–23.76).

For final screening, seed from a subset of 11 of the varieties initially tested was sown in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in July 2011, and again in February 2012. Four pickings were conducted throughout the season. From each picking 10 fruits were randomly collected per replication, 3 replications per variety, from each of the 11 varieties. Percentage infestation was calculated from 30 fruits per variety at each picking. A subset of 10 of these fruits (per variety) was then randomly selected and the numbers of B. cucurbitae larvae was counted in each of these fruits. Infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 44.5% (range: 13.0–82.8%) averaged across all 11 varieties for each season and then averaged across seasons. Larval density averaged 17.6 larvae/fruit (range: 11.1–24.3).

Khan and Khattak 2000:

D. I. Khan, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

Seeds of the bukhara variety of C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo muskmelon (listed as Cucumis melo L., but common name used [muskmelon] indicated that the plant species used was Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupo ) were sown in 1994 in a randomized complete block design (three replicates per treatment) at the farm of Agricultural Faculty at Gomal Univisity in D. I. Khan, Pakistan, to test for the effectiveness of chemical control methods to reduce infestation by B. cucurbitae . Twenty (20) fruits were randomly collected per treatment at harvesting stage and dissected to determine the infested ones on the basis of presence of fruit fly maggots in the pulp. Average rate of melon fly infestation in control fruits ranged from 61.7 to 67.0%.

+ Lee 1972:

Taiwan

Both green and yellow variety C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo plants (listed as muskmelon) were grown in the field year-round from 2 June 1969 to 10 June 1970, and from March-August, 1971. Fruits, picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, were placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover B. cucurbitae pupae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Pupal recovery per fruit was averaged quarterly for 1969 to 1970 harvests. Pupal recovery per kg fruit was averaged monthly for 1971 harvests. Bactrocera cucurbitae pupal recovery averaged 3.1, 7.2, and 6.2 [green variety] and 6.9, 8.6, and 8.6 [yellow variety] pupae/fruit (1969–1970) and 611.2, 314.0, and 47.7 [green variety] and 955.8, 423.0, and 703.9 [yellow variety] pupae/kg fruit (1971) overall, for fruits picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, respectively.

+ Pareek and Kavadia 1994:

Jobner and Udaipur, state of Rajasthan, India

Cucumis melo, subsp. melo, var. cantalupo fruits (listed as musk melon, variety ‘Durga-

pura madhu’) were raised in a randomized block design with nine other cucurbit crops (each with three replicated plots) for assessment of preference of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The trials were conducted from February to June in 1979, and again in 1981, in Udaipur (semi-humid agroclimatic conditions) and in 1980 and 1981 in Jobner (semi-arid agroclimatic condition). Fruits were examined on 10 plants per replicate twice a week, and then percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae calculated. Percentage infestation averaged 84.0% (range: 83.4–84.7%) in Udaipur and 83.2% (range: 83.1–83.3%) in Jobner.

+ Pareek and Kavadia 1995:

Jobner and Udaipur, state of Rajasthan, India

Seventeen (17) varieties of Cucumis melo, subsp. melo, var. cantalupo fruits (listed as musk melon) were raised (each with three replicated plots) for assessment of preference of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The trials were conducted from February to June in 1979, and again in 1981, in Udaipur (semi-humid agroclimatic conditions) and in 1980 and 1981 in Jobner (semi-arid agroclimatic condition). Fruits were examined on 10 plants per replicate twice a week, and then percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae calculated. Percentage infestation averaged 65.9% (range: 52.4–83.4%) in 1979 and 66.2% (range: 53.0–84.7%) in 1981 in Udaipur and 66.7% (range: 53.9–83.1%) in 1980 and 66.1% (range: 48.9–83.3%) in 1981 in Jobner.

+ Singh et al. 2000:

Kanpur, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits (listed as musk melon) were collected weekly at growers’ fields at the bank of the river Ganga in Kanpur beginning in February 1997. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was determined (by observation) at each picking. The overall average B. cucurbitae infestation rate was 24.0%.

+ Steiner et al. 1965:

Island of Rota, Mariana Islands

Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits (listed as cantaloup) were collected on the island of Rota as part of a B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) eradication program. Fruits that showed evidence of sting injury were collected in their immature stage before fly damage could cause them to rot. Monthly C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruit infestation averaged 60.2 B. cucurbitae larvae/kg fruit (range: 10.6 to 124.3 larvae/kg fruit) over the months of January to July, 1960 to 1962, before the initiation of either bait sprays or sterile fly releases.

Stonehouse et al. 2007:

Varanasi, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

In a study comparing the effectiveness of protein bait spray applications for control of tephritid fruit fly infestation in C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits (listed as both C. melo and as musk melon) at the farm level versus the village level (defined to be 1.0 km 2) in Varanasi, India, between 3 and 12 harvests of C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits were made in each of 2 years at farms with varying extent of bait spray application. Percentage infestation was determined based either on visual examination of fruit to detect oviposition or by rearing out adult flies in the laboratory. On two farms in Varanasi where no bait spray was applied, an average of 73.3% of the fruits was infested. Infestation was primarily by B. cucurbitae , but accompanied in some cases by a minority of other tephritid fruit fly species.

Vijaysegaran 1985:

Serdang, State of Selangor, Malaysia

Two varieties of Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo (listed as both musk melon and as Cucumis melo ) (‘New Century’ and ‘Red Queen’) were grown in hydroponic systems in open conditions under a polyethylene roof. The surrounding area consisted of fruit orchards and vegetable plots where B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was known to be present. Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae infesting both stems and fruits successfully completed development to adult flies.

+ Wen 1985:

Taiwan

Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits (listed as muskmelon) were collected in southern Taiwan from July through December 1983. Infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) averaged 7.55% (bimonthly averages ranged from 6.53–8.85%).

+ Wong et al. 1989:

Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

On the island of Rota, 37 C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits (listed as cantaloupe) (from 5 collections) were collected in 1985, 79 fruits (from 22 collections) were collected in 1986, and 73 fruits (from 16 collections) were collected in 1987. Fruits were held over moist sand in plastic containers with screened lids for recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 38.8 pupae/kg fruit (1985), 37.8 pupae/kg fruit (1986), and 66.6 pupae/kg fruit (1987). Lab Infestation:

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Three hundred seventy-six (376) B. cucurbitae larvae were able to complete instars one–three on Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits (listed as cantaloupe), transferred daily from one piece of pulp to a fresh piece of pulp, in an average time of 7.8 days at an average temperature of 26.0°C.

Chelliah 1970:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was successfully reared from egg to adult emergence in the laboratory on fruits of C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo variety ‘ Delta Gold’ (listed both as Cucumis melo and as muskmelon). Larval survival, based on 200 individuals reared in 20 replications, averaged 95.54%, with an average larval duration of 3.63 days.

Chelliah and Sambandam 1974b:

‘ Smith Perfect’ and ‘ Delta Gold’ varieties of C. melo (listed as both C. melo and as muskmelon) were tested for B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larval period (time from egg hatch to pupation) and percentage larval survival. In the larval period testing, each fruit was exposed to 10 newly emerged larvae, replicated 20 times for each variety. Larvae were transferred to fresh fruit when necessary. The larval period averaged 3.64 days for ‘ Smith Perfect’ and 3.46 days for ‘ Delta Gold.’ In larval survival testing, each fruit was exposed to 20 newly hatched B. cucurbitae larvae, replicated 20 times for each variety, and pupae were recovered from the cage. The average percentage larval survival was 94.5% for both ‘ Smith Perfect’ and for ‘ Delta Gold.’

Chelliah and Sambandam 1974c:

Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo fruits (listed both as Cucumis melo and as muskmelon) were used as a larval host for a laboratory colony of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Also, 69 muskmelon accessions were tested for resistance to infestation by B. cucurbitae . Fruits from each variety were harvested 5 to 7 days after fruit set and exposed to 2 sexually mature male/ gravid female pairs of B. cucurbitae . Fruits were then examined for B. cucurbitae infestation 7 days after fruit exposure. Seven (7) accessions were rated “susceptible” (“high infestation with moderate antibiosis”), while the other 62 accessions were rated “highly susceptible” (“infestation very high and larval development very rapid with no antibiosis”).

Sambandam and Chelliah 1969:

In fruit-fly resistance experiments, 2 tender fruits of C. melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo cultivars (listed as C. melo , but also referred to as muskmelon) were placed in cages and exposed to 2 male and 2 female B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) for 10 days, after which fruits were examined and rated for infestation. Infestation of Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. cantalupo cultivar fruits ranged from 90 to 100%. Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as musk melon); + Akhtaruzzaman et al. 1999 (listed as musk melon); + Australian Quarantine Service, Commonwealth Department of Primary Industry 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe); Back and Pemberton 1914 (listed as both Cucumis melo and as cantaloupe; can lay eggs in seedlings); + Blackman 1909 (listed as melon fly and as a Dacus sp. ; listed as musk melon); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001 (listed as Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis ); Chelliah and Sambandam 1974a (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo and as muskmelon); Chelliah and Sambandam 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Cucumis melo and as muskmelon; ‘ Delta Gold’ and ‘ Smith Perfect’ are listed as two C. melo varieties highly susceptible to B. cucurbitae ); + Christenson and Foote

1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe); + Froggatt 1909 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe); + Greene 1929 (listed as cantaloupe [rock melon]); Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett ; listed as C. melo var. cantalupensis ); Harris et al. 2010 (listed both as C. melo and as cantaloupe); + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as cantaloupe); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis ; listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000 (listed both as C. melo and as cantaloupe); + Hollingsworth et al. 1996 (listed as cantaloupe); + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as musk melon); + Lall and Singh 1969 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as musk melon); + Lee et al. 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as cantaloupe and as muskmelon); + Liu 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as cantaloupe); +Nishida 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both cantaloupe and Cucumis melo L.); + Nishida and Bess 1957 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe); + Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as muskmelon); + Phillips 1946 (listed as cantaloupe); + Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as musk melon); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as cantaloupe); + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as muskmelon); + Symonds et al. 2009 (listed as rockmelon); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as both Cucumis melo , C. melo var. cantalupensis , and as cantaloupe); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as both Cucumis melo , C. melo var. cantalupensis , and as cantaloupe); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis melo var. cantalupensis ; listed as a preferred host); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as cantaloup; listed as a preferred host); Vargas et al. 2004 (listed as both Cucumis melo and as cantaloupe); Vargas and Prokopy 2006 (listed as both Cucumis melo and as cantaloupe); +Walker 2005 (listed as both “cantaloupe” and as “rockmelon”); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe; listed as a preferred host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cantaloupe; listed as a preferred host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as cantaloupe; listed as a preferred host); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as rock melon).

Synonyms: Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin , Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naudin

Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. flexuosus (L.) Naudin

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12569

Common Names: armenische Melone (German), Armenian cucumber (English), serpent melon (English), snake melon (English).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Khan et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

In a test of ovipositional preference of B. cucurbitae adult females in the field (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), small, medium and large Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus fruits (listed as Cucumis flexuosus ) and Luffa siceraria fruits (listed as spongegourd) were grown in separate fields of about 1 ha each, and were inspected for infestation, based on the presence of oviposition punctures, 20 samples for each host. Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus fruit infestation averaged 32.5%, 36.8% and 27.6% in small, medium and large fruits, respectively.

One hundred (100) Cucumis melo subsp. melo var. flexuosus fruits (when available) were randomly observed in the field monthly between 1985 through 1986 and percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae calculated. High C. flexuosus infestation (76–100%) was observed from May through June, with 26–50% infestation observed in April.

Listing Only: + Khan et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as tar).

Synonyms: Cucumis flexuosus L.

Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus H. Jacq.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12571

Common Names: casaba melon (English), honeydew melon (English), Honig-Melone (German), winter melon (English).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

+ Lee et al. 1992:

Taiwan

From June 1989 to September 1991, rotten and ripening Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus fruits (listed as honeydew melon) were collected every 2 weeks from two sites (Chun-Wai and Nan-Aou agricultural plantations) in Taiwan. Fruits were transferred to the laboratory and held until adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from infested Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. inodorus fruits with infestation rates of 0.4% and 0.5% in Chun-Wai and Nan-Aou, respectively.

Listing Only: +Walker 2005 (listed as honeydew).

Cucumis melo L. var. acidulus Naudin , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. aegyptiacus (Sickenb.) Hassib , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. ameri Gabaev , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. cantalupensis Naudin , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupo Ser.

Cucumis melo L. var. duripulposus Filov , nom. Inval., see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. hibernus Filov , nom. inval., see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. makuwa Makino , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. microspermus Nakai , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. momordica , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. momordica (Roxb.) Duthie and J. B. Fuller

Cucumis melo L. var. pubescens (Willd.) Kurz , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis melo L. var. reticulatus Naudin , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo var. cantalupo Ser.

Cucumis melo L. var. utilissimus (Roxb.) Duthie and J. B. Fuller , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. conomon (Thunb.) Makino

Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. ex Naudin

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12574

Common Names: African horned cucumber (English), African horned melon (English), concombre africain (French), Hommelone (German), Horn-Gurke (German), horny cucumber (English), jelly melon (English), kiwano (English), Kiwano (German).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon, Central, African Republic, Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Burkina Faso, Liberia, Senegal; South Tropical Africa: Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa – KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga; Swaziland; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula : Yemen.

Naturalized: AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia Queensland; NORTHERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Florida.

Cultivated: AFRICA – Africa.

Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999; Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson- Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Ogurets afrikanskii

Cucumis microspermus Nakai , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis momordica Roxb. , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis var. momordica (Roxb.) Duthie and J. B. Fuller

Cucumis moschatus Gray , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis pepo (L.) Dumort., see Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo

Cucumis pubescens Willd. , see Cucumis melo L.

Cucumis sativus L. Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 404426 Common Names: cucumber (English); khira ( India). Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guangxi, Guizhou, Yunnan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand. Naturalized: Occasionally naturalized. Cultivated: Widely cultivated. Field Infestation:

+ Akhtaruzzaman et al. 1999:

Gazipur, Bangladesh

During October 1997 to February 1998, Cucumis sativus var. ‘Hiramati’ fruits were collected from 20 plants grown in the field of the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU) experimental farm in Gazipur, Bangladesh as part of an experiment to assess the value of bagging fruits to minimize infestation. Fruits were harvested at the fruit initiation stage, the early fruiting stage, the mid fruiting stage and the late fruiting stage (about 4, 8, 12, and 14 days after flowering, respectively) and sorted into healthy versus infested fruits. The control (unbagged) fruits were 31.2%, 25.53%,14.39%, and 5.73% infested at the four stages of harvest, respectively.

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 66 samples of C. sativus fruits. Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Cucumis sativus (listed as cucumber) is listed by the authors as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that 150 out of 153 cucumbers ready for a midwinter market at Moiliili (Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.) were “variously infested.”

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Cucumis sativus (listed as cucumber) is listed by the authors as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that 150 out of 153 cucumbers ready for a midwinter market at Moiliili (Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.) were “variously infested.”

Badii et al. 2015:

Northern Ghana

Cucumis sativus fruits were collected from Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions of Ghana. Fruits were brought to a laboratory in Nyankpala, Ghana, and held over a layer of sterilized sand. Pupae recovered from the sand were held on moistened filter paper in Petri plates until adult emergence. Adults were killed and identified after being fed for 3 days. Taxonomic keys were used for species identification, with final species confirmation provided by Dr. Maxwell Billah. Adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from C. sativus fruits. Also recovered were adult Bactrocera dorsalis (listed as Bactrocera invadens ) and Dacus bivittatus .

Bains and Sidhu 1984:

Punjab, India

Field observations of infestation of C. sativus fruits by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were made at 10-day intervals in Punjab, India, between May and July. Infested fruits were found in 1 of 5 observations (20%) with an average infestation rate of 1.2 (±1.2 [standard error])%.

+ Borah 1996:

Assam, India

From 1993 to 1995 yearly, three varieties of C. sativus (listed as cucumber) were grown with three replicates in a factorial randomized block design during each of three sowing seasons (summer, Kharif, and rabi), in the hill zone of Assam, India. Fruit fly infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as both Baetocera cucurbitae and as Dacus Cucurbitae ) was recorded by counting infested fruits and uninfested fruits per plot at flower-bud initiation stage, followed by 15 and 30 days after the first observation. Infestation rates averaged across seasons and years were 29.8% (variety AAUC-1), 30.2% (variety AAUC-2), and 26.9% (Diphu local).

Borah 1997:

Assam, India

During 1994 and 1995 C. sativus (listed as cucumber), variety AAUC-1, was planted in

Diphu, Assam, India, in a randomized block design to test for the effectiveness of insecticides for the control of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and red pumpkin beetle ( Raphidopalpa foveicollis L.). Infestation by B. cucurbitae was recorded by counting infested fruits and uninfested fruits per plot at flower-bud initiation stage followed by 15 and 30 days after the first observation. Infestation rate in control fruits, averaged across years, was 40.1%.

+ Chen 1960:

China

Approximately 400 cucumbers (a mix of young to mature) were collected at each of seven sites in China in a study testing the effectiveness of bait sprays for control of infestation of C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Out of 80 kg of mature fruits harvested from the control plots, 72.9% were infested by B. cucurbitae .

Chinajariyawong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Bactrocera cucurbitae was reared from 2 samples of C. sativus collected in Thailand.

No infestation rate data were given.

Clarke et al. 2001:

Thailand

Two thousand four hundrerd one (2,401) (219.6 kg) infested C. sativus fruits were collected in Thailand from 1986 to 1994. Five regions of Thailand (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Bangkok, Surat Thani, Songhkla) recorded infestation rates of 2.7, 2.6, 1.3, 3.1, and 2.2 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 12.2, 20.7, 20.3, 25.9, and 21.2 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruit, respectively. Bactrocera cucurbitae were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock.

Clausen et al. 1965:

Island of Luzon, Philippines

From C. sativus collections in March 1947 on the island of Luzon in the Philippines, 63

B. cucurbitae puparia (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered.

Peninsular Malaysia (listed as Malaya, but locations listed are in present day Peninsular

Malaysia)

From C. sativus collections from June 1948 to January 1949 in Malaysia, 2,110 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ) and Bactrocera tau (listed as D. hageni Meij ) (ratio not stated).

Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo; place names listed are in present day

Sabah, Malaysia)

From collections of C. sativus from January to July 1951, in Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo), 9,398 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) and Bactrocera tau (listed as Dacus hageni Meij ) ( B. cucurbitae was the dominant species).

North India

From C. sativus collections from June to September, 1950, in Northern India, 539 Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) puparia were recovered.

Sri Lanka (referred to as Ceylon)

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) puparia recovered from C. sativus collections in Sri Lanka were shipped to Hawaii during August and September 1951.

+ Coquillett 1899:

Honolulu, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Two (2) male and 2 female adults were recovered by Mr. George Compere from larvae in green C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber).

+ Drew 1982:

Papua New Guinea

Specimens of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were reared from several varieties of C. sativus (listed as cucumber) and are held in the collection of the Wau Ecology Institute in Papua New Guinea.

+ Ebeling et al. 1953:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

On 16 October 1950, prior to spray treatments, 789 out of 791 C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) (99.75%) collected from the Mid-Pacific Farm of the University of Hawaii at Manoa had B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) oviposition punctures (“stings”), with an average of 8.89 stings per fruit (In addition, 9.25 per cent of fruits were so rotted that oviposition punctures could not be counted; such fruits usually had the greatest number of “stings.”).

+ Froggatt 1909:

Central or North-Western India

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from maggot-infested

C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumbers) from gardens in Central or North-Western India. No infestation rate data were given.

+ Fullaway 1916:

Singapore

Bactrocera cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were reared out of C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumbers). No infestation rate data were given.

+ Gupta and Verma 1992 :

State of Himachal Pradesh, India

The average total number of maggots within C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) in the field was determined from examination of 10 fruits randomly selected on a weekly basis from May to August 1986, and May to October 1987. Maggots included both B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and B. tau (listed as D. tau ), with no indication given as to the relative proportion of the two species. Mean maggot population per fruit reached a maximum of 14.24 and 16.08 in 1986 and 1987, respectively.

+ Harris et al. 1986:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Six (6) collections of C. sativus fruits (12.811 kg) (listed as cucumber) were made on the

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, between July 1980 and September 1982, with fruits held over moist sand for assessment of infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Seventy-six (76) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered (5.93 flies/kg fruit).

+ Holdaway 1940:

Koko Head, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

During 1938, C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) were reported to be seriously attacked by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in Koko Head, on the Island of Oahu. No infestation data were given.

Hollingsworth et al. 1996:

Honiara, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands

From April to September 1996, C. sativus fruits were collected at 2-week intervals at seven sites in the Honiara area of the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 2 of 4 collections (50.0%). Seven (7) B. cucurbitae were recovered from the 9 fruits (1.378 kg) collected with overall infestation rates of 0.78 B. cucurbitae per fruit and 5.1 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit.

Hollingsworth et al. 2003:

Solomon Islands

From June 1994 to June 1998, C. sativus fruits were collected from up to seven provinces of the Solomon Islands (Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Isabel, Malaita, Temotu, Western). Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 1 of 16 samples (6.25%). One hundred and three (103) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered from 61 fruits (16.23 kg) for overall infestation rates of 1.7 flies per fruit and 6.3 flies/ kg fruit.

+ Inayatullah et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Based on observations, the average rate of infestation of C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in the vicinity of the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad was about 30%.

Jacquard et al. 2013:

Réunion Island, France

Bactrocera cucurbitae -infested C. sativus fruits were collected from seven locations on

Réunion Island in 2009 and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Two hundred and forty-seven (247) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.

+ Jakhar and Pareek 2005:

Jobner, State of Rajasthan, India

Seeds of nine cucurbit species were sown in a randomized block design with four replications at the Horticultural Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture in Jobner, India during the kharif season in 2000. The infestation rate of C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) by B. cucurbitae averaged 23.93% (range: 13.39–36.04%) over the course of 6 collection dates, each 3 days apart, between August and September, 2000.

Khan et al. 2011:

Bangladesh

B. cucurbitae laboratory colony was established from B. cucurbitae recovered from infested C. sativus fruits collected in Bangladesh

Khan et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Cucumis sativus fruit samples (1 fruit at a time) were placed in a cage with adult B.

cucurbitae flies (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) for 24 hours, then, 1 week later, were dissected to count the number of 2 nd and 3 rd instar larvae. Over five replications, averages of 35.8 and 30.20, 2 nd instar and 3 rd instar larvae, respectively, were recovered.

One hundred (100) C. sativus fruits (when available) were randomly observed in the field monthly from 1985 to 1986 and percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae calculated. Cucumis sativus infestation averaged 26–50% in April and 51–75% in May.

Kittayapong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Cucumis sativus fruits were collected throughout Thailand within the time period, October 1995 to December 1998. Collections were placed over sawdust in a ventilated plastic container and brought back to the laboratory at Mahidol University in Bangkok. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from C. sativus fruits. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.

Kumar et al. 2008:

Bangalore, South India

Cucumis sativus fruits were harvested monthly at the Indian Institute of Horticultural

Research, Bangalore, South India from July 2002 to October 2003 (a total of 67 harvests). At each harvest, damaged and healthy fruits were sorted and weighed separately, with damaged fruits placed in separate cages on a thin layer of sand to facilitate pupation and adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae and D. ciliatus adults that emerged were counted. Infestation of C. sativus (by month of collection) by B. cucurbitae averaged 35.3% (range: 7.19–73.83%), with an average infestation rate of 142.4 individuals per kg fruit (range: 32.26–431.97).

Leblanc et al. 2012:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG) and the Solomon Islands

Cucumis sativus fruits were collected during 1997 to 2000 in PNG and 1994 to 1999

in the Solomon Islands and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 7 of 32 (21.9%) samples in PNG and in 3 of 21 (14.3%) samples in the Solomon Islands.

Leblanc et al. 2013a:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG), Solomon Islands

Cucumis sativus fruits were collected during 1997 to 2000 in PNG (374 fruits; 90.95 kg)

and 1994 to 1999 in the Solomon Islands (107 fruits; 25.16 kg) and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 7 of 32 (21.9%) samples in PNG with an overall infestation rate of 7.08 flies/kg fruit and 84.18 flies/kg infested fruit. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 3 of 21 (14.3%) samples in the Solomon Islands with an overall infestation rate of 4.81 flies/kg fruit and 23.73 flies/kg infested fruit.

+ Lee 1972:

Taiwan

Cucumis sativus plants (listed as cucumber) were grown in the field year-round from

2 June 1969 to 10 June 1970, and from March to August 1971. Fruits, picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, were placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover B. cucurbitae pupae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Pupal recovery per fruit was averaged quarterly for 1969 to 1970 harvests. Pupal recovery per kg fruit was averaged monthly for 1971 harvests. Bactrocera cucurbitae pupal recovery averaged 4.1, 7.3, and 14.4 pupae/fruit (1969–1970) and 68.1, 276.9, and 119.2 pupae/ kg fruit (1971) overall, for fruits picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, respectively.

Liquido et al. 1994:

Hawaii Island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From July 1990 to October 1992, 14 (2.25 kg) ripe “on vine” or ground C. sativus fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Hawaii Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested C. sativus fruits with an overall infestation rate of 26.71 larvae and pupae per fruit (166.22 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).

+ Mathew et al. 1999:

Vellanikkara, State of Kerala, India

Wilted C. sativus (listed as cucumber) vines were observed in the vegetable fields of

Kerala Horticulture Development Programme, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara. Maggots were found in a rotten area of the vine. The maggots were reared and adult B. cucurbitae emerged. No infestation rate was reported.

Modjonnesso et al. 2012:

Lomé, Togo

Between June 2008 and February 2009, 6 C. sativus fruits with evidence of infestation by tephritid fruit flies were collected in Lomé, Togo and held in a laboratory for assessment of infestation. Twenty-four (24) adult female and 23 adult male B. cucurbitae were recovered.

+ Mote 1975:

Rahuri, State of Maharashtra, India

Cucumis sativus plants (listed as cucumber) were set out in the kharif season, and again in the summer season, in Rahuri, India, in a randomized block design with three replicates, to test the effectiveness of different insecticides in reducing infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae was calculated after making observations on infested and healthy fruits at each picking. Averages of 31.46% and 35.69% of C. sativus fruits (in the untreated control) were infested by B. cucurbitae in the kharif and summer seasons, respectively.

Mwatawala et al. 2009a:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Tender-skinned immature C. sativus fruits were randomly collected at regular intervals between October 2004 and October 2006 from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Ten (10) of 15 (66.7%) C. sativus samples (9.49 kg) were infested by B. cucurbitae .

Mwatawala et al. 2009b:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Cucumis sativus fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through

October 2006, and from August through December, 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 683 collected fruits (22.52 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 62.76 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Six hundred fifty two (652) immature C. sativus fruits (35.233 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 44 of 61 collections (72.13%), with an overall infestation rate of 64.09 flies/kg fruit and 150.95 flies/kg infested fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2015:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Cucumis sativus , Citrullus lanatus and Cucurbita sp. (“pumpkin”) were directly sown both in mono-cropped plots and in plots where all three crops were “haphazardly mixed both within and between lines.” Two plots of each type were planted in each of three seasons: March–June 2013, October–December 2013 and April–July 2014. Planting dates for each crop species were adjusted based on days to flowering in order to synchronize fruit setting. Fruits in all plots were subject to natural infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ). At each sampling date, fruits of each species were randomly harvested from each plot and held in rearing containers containing sterilized sand as a pupation medium. Pupae were removed and held on Petri dishes with moist filter paper until adult emergence. From the mono-cropped C. sativus plots, 56.7% of fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae with an average infestation rate of 48.85 flies/kg fruit (out of 6.98 kg fruits). From the mix-cropped plots, 70.0% of C. sativus fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae with an average infestation rate of 55.4 flies/kg fruit (out of 8.00 kg fruits).

Nath and Bhushan 2006:

Varanasi, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucumis sativus was sown, with three replications, in Varanasi, India, the last week of

March (summer season) and again the last week of June (rainy season) in both 2001 and 2002. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 13.4% (range: 10.1–16.8%) in the summer season and 28.6% (range: 27.6–29.5%) in the rainy season.

Ndiaye et al. 2012:

Niayes and Thiès plateau zones, Senegal

Cucumis sativus fruits were collected in December 2008, and held over sieved coarse sand in cloth-covered pots. Recovered tephritid fruit fly pupae were transferred to Petri dishes for adult emergence and species identification. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from the 1.0 kg of C. sativus fruits sampled, with an infestation rate of between 100 and 200 individuals per kg fruit.

+ Nishida 1953:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

A monthly survey of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) infestation of C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) was made in Waimanalo and Waianae, on the Island of Oahu, between 1951 and 1952. The rate of infestation ranged from 5 to 60% in Waianae and 10 to 100% in Waimanalo. Number of fruits observed were not reported.

+ Nishida 1954:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

In a test of the effectiveness of applying insecticides with conventional-type sprayers on border vegetation to reduce infestation of C. sativus (listed as cucumber) by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), percentage infestation of fruits was observed in two fields which received border sprays and in three (check) fields in which only on-crop sprays were applied. The presence of oviposition punctures was used as the criterion to identify infested fruits, irrespective of whether eggs or larvae were found. Average rate of infestation of 10-cm long C. sativus fruits from the three check fields ranged between 70 and 100%.

Nishida 1955:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Infested C. sativus fruits, with nearly full grown B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae, were collected at cultivated areas in two locations on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii from 1950 to 1951: Waianae and Waimanalo. Larvae were extracted from fruits and placed in small wax paper cups containing pumpkin pulp. The cups were placed on sand in jars in which a high humidity was maintained. Six hundred twenty-four (624) and 390 Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae were recovered from the fruits at the two sites, respectively. Number of fruits and infestation rate data were not given.

Oke 2008:

Anse Boileau, Mahe Island, Seychelles

In order to test the effectiveness of insecticides in controlling melon fly in C. sativus ,

cucumber (variety ‘slicer no. 5’) was sown in a nursery in April 2007 and then planted out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates at the Vegetable Evaluation and Research Station Farm at Anse Boileau, Mahe Island, Seychelles. Fruits were harvested five times from each plot with fruits held in plastic bags that had holes for aeration and contained sand as a pupation medium. Cucumis sativus fruits from the untreated control plot averaged 3.40 B. cucurbitae pupae per fruit over the five harvests. No adult flies were recovered.

+ Pareek and Kavadia 1994:

Jobner and Udaipur, state of Rajasthan, India

Cucumis sativus fruits (listed as cucumber, variety ‘Khera-75’) were raised in a randomized block design with nine other cucurbit crops (each with three replicated plots) for assessment of preference of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The trials were conducted from February to June in 1979, and again in 1981, in Udaipur (semi-humid agroclimatic conditions) and in 1980 and 1981 in Jobner (semi-arid agroclimatic condition). Fruits were harvested twice a week, examined for fruit fly damage, and then percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae calculated. Percentage infestation averaged 14.2% (range:13.8–14.7%) in Udaipur and 11.7% (range: 9.7–13.7%) in Jobner.

Prabhakar et al. 2012:

State of Himachal Pradesh, India

Infested C. sativus fruits were collected from six districts of the State of Himalchal

Pradesh in India from 29 May to 2 September 2009. Fruits from each location were held in separate rearing cages under laboratory conditions in Palampur. Emerging tephritid fruit flies were identified following adult emergence. Adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from C. sativus fruits collected in Bilaspur, Hamirpur, Kangra, Mandi, Solan and Una Districts.

Pradhan 1977:

Nepal

Cucumis sativus was planted by seed in Nepal in four separate plots (four replicates)

during the first week of April in 1974 and again in 1975. Daily counts were made of infestation of flow- ers and then of fruits by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infested flowers and fruits were detached and thrown to the ground after observations were completed. Infestation rate of fruits averaged 20.42% (range: 19.4–22.1%) in 1974 and 14.60% (range: 10.9–22.8%) in 1975.

Purcell and Messing 1996:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Cucumber ( C. sativus var. ‘Slice Master’) seeds were planted on two occasions: 9 May

1994 and 1 September 1995. On 14 October, 2 November, and 14, 19 December, 1995, between 250– 400 female B. cucurbitae adults were released into the fields to produce high infestation rates in hosts. Four age/ripeness categories of fruits were collected: immature, commercial sized, oversize, and rotting. Fruits were sampled weekly from eight randomly selected quadrats. Average recovery was 81.4 (40 samples), 13.3 (40 samples), 1.3 (28 samples), and 113.7 (22 samples) B. cucurbitae per kg fruit from the four fruit categories, respectively.

Ramadan and Messing 2003:

Thailand

Seven (7) collections of immature and mature C. sativus fruits (16.7 kg) with oviposition scars or signs of larval infestation were made in 1996 from four localities in Thailand (Hatyai, Rattaphum, Betong, and Nakhom Pathom). Fruits were held over sawdust, which was subsequently sifted for recovery of tephritid fruit fly puparia. Five hundred fifty-four (554) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered, for an infestation rate of 33.2 adult B. cucurbitae per kg C. sativus fruit.

+ Ranganath et al. 1997:

Andaman Island, India

In a test, from June to August 1996, of the effectiveness of “safer insecticides” for control of B. cucurbitae , two unsprayed control plots were included: (1) Control: two rows of C. sativus (listed as cucumber, variety ‘white long’) were planted in between rows of Luffa acutangula (listed as ridge gourd, local variety), with two rows of marigold plants in between them; and (2) Absolute Control: two rows of C. sativus (listed as cucumber, variety ‘white long’) were planted in between rows of Luffa acutangula (listed as ridge gourd, local variety) with no marigold plants. Each treatment was replicated four times. Percentage damage of fruits was determined at each of 12 harvests. Damage of C. sativus fruits by B. cucurbitae averaged 33.8% and 38.7% in the control and absolute control plots, respectively.

+ Singh et al. 2000:

Kanpur, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucumis sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) were collected weekly at growers’ fields at the bank of the river Ganga in Kanpur beginning in February 1997. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was determined (by observation) at each picking. The overall average B. cucurbitae infestation rate was 21.5%.

Sookar and Khayratee 2000:

Plaine Sophie, Mauritius

Control of infestation of C. sativus fruits by B. cucurbitae through the use of only cover sprays (year one) was compared with control by cover sprays plus spot sprays of protein bait + toxicant and cuelure + toxicant traps (year two). Every 2 weeks, C. sativus fruits with fruit fly punctures were randomly sampled and placed in a plastic tray over dry sand. The sand was sifted after 10 days for B. cucurbitae pupal recovery. Pupae were held in insect cages until adult emergence. From January to December 1999, when the cover spray only control method was used, average infestation of C. sativus fruits over 2-week intervals ranged from 136 to 230 pupae /kg infested fruit.

+ Steiner et al. 1965:

Island of Rota, Mariana Islands

Cucumis sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) were collected on the island of Rota as part of a B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) eradication program. Mature fruits were randomly collected and held until surviving larvae matured. Monthly C. sativus fruit infestation averaged 19.3 B. cucurbitae larvae/kg fruit (range: 2.20–32.2 larvae/kg fruit) over the months of January–July 1960 –1962, before the initiation of either bait sprays or sterile fly releases.

Syed 1971:

Faisalabad, Gujranwala and Murree, Province of Punjab; Peshawar Valley, Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

In Faisalabad and Gujranwala (1962–1963), 2.0% of C. sativus fruits were infested in

July by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); in Murree (1963), B. cucurbitae was reared from C. sativus fruits in September and October, with fruits reaching 38% infestation in October; in the Peshawar Valley (1962–1963), 69% of fruits were infested in May. Total number of fruits collected were not given.

Tan and Lee 1982:

Penang Island, Malaysia

Infested C. sativus fruits were randomly collected on Penang Island. Fruits were held over moist sterilized sand in fine wire mesh-covered plastic containers until pupation. Pupae were transferred and held at 27–29°C (80±5% RH) until adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from infested C. sativus fruits. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate were not given.

Tsuruta et al. 1997:

Sri Lanka

Four (4) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from an unspecifed number of C. sativus fruits collected in Sri Lanka. Two (2) came from fruits collected in the Madabavita area and 2 came from fruits collected in the Katunayake area. No infestation rate data were given.

Vargas et al. 1990:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Between March 1987 and February 1989, 5 (year one) and 2 (year two) samples of Cucumis sativus fruits were collected in the Moloaa area on the Island of Kauai. Fruits were placed on metal trays in plastic holding boxes containing sand. Mature B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae and pupae, recovered through weekly sifting of the sand, were held for adult emergence. Out of 132 fruits collected in year one, 585 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which 493 B. cucurbitae adults emerged, for an infestation rate of 16.3 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit. Out of 30 fruits collected in year two, 11 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which 11 B. cucurbitae adults emerged, for an infestation rate of 0.6 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit.

Vayssières et al. 2007:

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Senegal, West

Africa

Tephritid fruit fly-infested C. sativus fruits were collected from untreated orchards in eight countries in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. sativus fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 26– 50 pupae /kg fruit. For comparison, the authors indicated that the infestation level of C. sativus fruits averaged over 100 pupae /kg fruit on Réunion Island.

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Two varieties of C. sativus fruits were collected over the course of a year from up to 70

localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 142.2 (standard deviation [SD] = 329.5) adults per kg infested fruit (local variety); and 734.4 (SD = 994.8) adults per kg infested fruit (var. ‘RS 87757’).

+ Wen 1985:

Taiwan

Cucumis sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) were collected in southern Taiwan from

November 1983 to June 1984. Infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) averaged 17.01% (bimonthly averages ranged from 8.46–35.97%).

+ Willard 1920:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From July to December 1918, 90.72 kg of C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) were collected in Honolulu and held for recovery of infesting B. cucurbitae larvae. Forty-seven thousand eight hundred eighty-eight (47,888) B. cucurbitae larvae were recovered for an average of 527.9 larvae/kg fruit. From January to August 1919, 152.9 kg of C. sativus fruits were collected from which 57,921 B. cucurbitae larvae were recovered, for an average of 378.9 larvae/kg fruit.

+ Wong et al. 1989:

Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

On the island of Rota, 137 C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) (from 19 collections)

were collected in 1985, 411 fruits (from 34 collections) were collected in 1986, and 243 fruits (from 22 collections) were collected in 1987. Fruits were held over moist sand in plastic containers with screened lids for recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 28.6 pupae/kg fruit (1985), 50.6 pupae/kg fruit (1986), and 93.0 pupae/kg fruit (1987). Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucumis sativus fruits at airports in Hawaii on 27 occasions. Interceptions were at airports in Honolulu (26) and in Kahului (1) between 1988 and 2011, with an average recovery of 6.2 live larvae. On one occasion in 2004, two live adults were recovered; and on another occasion in 2011, two live pupae were recovered.

Bangladesh

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) in New

York (JFK) from a flight originating in Bangladesh on one occasion in 1990. One (1) live larva was recovered.

Iran

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) in California (Los Angeles) from a flight originating in Iran on one occasion in 1999. Three (3) live larvae were recovered.

Takeishi 1992:

Thailand

One (1) B. cucurbitae -infested (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) C. sativus fruit was collected from an airline passenger at Narita Airport, Japan, who had arrived on a flight originating in Thailand. At the time of confiscation, the larval-infested fruit was held in an individual container with sand at 20–28°C until adult emergence. Infestation rate data were not given.

USDA 1924:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from C. sativus which originated from a port in

Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Pennsylvania (3 interceptions) between 1 January 1923 and 31 December 1923 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1926:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C.

sativus) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (11 interceptions) between 1 January 1924 and 31 December 1925 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1927:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions) between 1 January 1926 and 31 December 1926 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1928:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (6 interceptions) between 1 January 1927 and 31 December 1927 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1929:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in baggage, 1 interception in quarters, and 5 interceptions in stores) between 1 January 1928 and 31 December 1928 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Host was recorded by state inspector of California. Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1932a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (5 interceptions in stores) between 1 January 1930 and June 30 1931 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1932b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in stores) between 1 July 1931 and 30 June 1932 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1935:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in quarters) between 1 July 1933 and 30 June 1934 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1937:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in stores) between 1 July 1935 and 30 June 1936 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1939b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in the Philippines and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in stores) between 1 July 1937 and 30 June 1938 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1940:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (3 interceptions in stores) between 1 July 1938 and 30 June 1939 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1941:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from debris in a box of cucumbers ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in stores) between 1 July 1939 and 30 June 1940 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1945:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1943 and 30 June 1944 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1946:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Washington (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1944 and 30 June 1945 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Host was recovered by state inspectors of California and taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1948a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted once at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1945 and 30 June 1946 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1948b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (15 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1946 and 30 June 1947 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1950:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (5 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1947 and 30 June 1948 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1951:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (4 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1948 and 30 June 1949 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1951:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1948 and 30 June 1949 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1952a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (4 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1949 and 30 June 1950 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1952a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (3 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1949 and 30 June 1950 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1952b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in cargo and stores from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in consumption host and 1 in non-entry host) between 1 July 1950 and 30 June 1951 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1952b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Washington (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1950 and 30 June 1951 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1953:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in consumption hosts; 1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1951 and 30 June 1952 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1954:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (3 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1954:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( Cucumis sativus ) which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Texas (4 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1955:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (3 interceptions in nonentry host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1955:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (5 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported).Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1956:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in consumption and 5 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1954 and 30 June 1955 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1956:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in nonentry host) between 1 July 1954 and 30 June 1955 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1957:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (6 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1955, and 30 June 1956 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Host was recovered by state inspectors in California. Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1957:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (3 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1955, and 30 June 1956 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1958:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (4 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1956 and 30 June 1957 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1959:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1957 and 30 June 1958 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1960:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in nonentry host) between 1 July 1960 and 30 June 1961 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1962:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California and stores in Hawaii (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1960 and 30 June 1961 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1962:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California and stores in Hawaii (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1960 and 30 June 1961 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1964:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and the Ivory Coast and was intercepted at stores in California and Massachusetts (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1962 and 30 June 1963 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1964:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at stores in California (4 interceptions in nonentry hosts) between 1 July 1962 and 30 June 1963 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1965:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered with cucumber seed ( C. sativus ) in mail which originated from Nepal and was intercepted at a port in Washington D. C. (1 interception in propagation host) between 1 July 1963 and 30 June 1964 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1965:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from cucumber ( C. sativus ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at stores in California and Washington (3

interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1963 and 30 June 1964 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Lab Infestation:

Agarwal and Yazdani 1991:

One hundred (100) eggs, collected from adult B. cucurbitae flies (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) which emerged from field-infested Luffa aegyptiaca Mill. fruits (listed as Luffa cylindrica ), were inserted in a triangular cut in a Cucumis sativus fruit (four replications) and held at 29.85±8.33°C and 61.72±22.05%RH. An average of 72% survived from larval stage to adult emergence.

+ Armstrong and Garcia 1985 :

A total of 36.08 kg of two greenhouse-grown C. sativus varieties (listed as cucumber, varieties ‘Daleva’ and ‘Burpee Hybrid’) was obtained from farms in Mountain View and Keaau, on the island of Hawaii (Hawaii, U.S.A.) and exposed to 140 sexually mature Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) (1:1 sex ratio) per kg fruit for 18±2 hours. Following exposure, cucumbers were held on trays with dry fruit fly larval diet for 2 weeks. Seventy-five thousand eight hundred sixty (75,860) B. cucurbitae pupae were recovered for an infestation rate of 2,102.5 pupae/kg fruit.

Akter et al. 2010:

In a laboratory host preference study conducted in Bangladesh during 2005 to 2006, 250 g of C. sativus , along with 250 g of each of five other vegetables ( Cucurbita maxima , Momordica charantia , Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum , S. melongena , and Trichosanthes cucumerina ), were simultaneously exposed to one hundred (100) 15–20-day-old gravid female B. cucurbitae flies for 3 hours, then placed over saw dust. The saw dust was sieved to recover pupae which were transferred to Petri dishes and held until adult emergence. The trial was replicated five times. Recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adults averaged 280±55.98 and 257±55.32, respectively (1,120 and 1,028 per kg fruit, respectively). The order of adult recovery (greatest to smallest) was: S. melongena > T. cucumerina > C. maxima > C. sativus > M. charantia > S. lycopersicum .

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Sixty-six (66) B. cucurbitae larvae were able to complete instars one–three on C. sativus (listed as cucumber), transferred daily from one piece of pulp to a fresh piece of pulp, in an average time of 7.0 days at an average temperature of 26.0°C.

Carey et al. 1985:

Fifty (50) newly emerged 1 st generation B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) (four replications) were added to a small portion of C. sativus and held at 25 (±2.0)°C and 60.0 (±6.0)% RH in a covered Petri plate, with additional host material added as needed. When some of the larvae approached maturity, the Petri plate was opened and placed in sand in a larger container to allow for pupation. The sand was then sifted daily to recover pupae which were held at the same conditions of temperature and relative humidity. On average, 78% of the larvae survived to adult emergence, with an average larva to adult development time of 17.1 days.

+ Gupta and Verma 1995 :

A cohort of 50 B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) newly emerged maggots was placed on a small slice of C. sativus fruit (listed as cucumber) kept in a Petri dish. Maggots were shifted daily to a new slice and mortality was recorded. Mature larvae were allowed to burrow into sand for pupation and, after 6 days, pupae were recovered and placed in plastic tubes until eclosion. Average adult survivorship from newly emerged larvae placed on cucumber was 54%, which was intermediate in value to survivorship on sponge gourd ( Luffa aegyptiaca ) (44%) and on bitter gourd ( Momordica charantia ) (60%).

+ Hagen 1952:

Bactrocera cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) used in laboratory studies were reared from C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber).

Khan et al. 2011:

In a choice test, 50.0 g of C. sativus fruits, along with 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside a small cage, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 193±13.86 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 63.21% (122.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .

In a no-choice test, 50.0 g of C. sativus fruits, as well as 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside separate small cages, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 170±5.77 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 47.05% (80.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .

Koul and Bhagat 1994b:

Bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ) was used to rear B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in the lab. Eggs obtained from flies maintained on bottle gourd were placed on a thin slice of tender and fresh C. sativus fruit. Newly emerged B. cucurbitae larvae were transferred to freshly cut C. sativus slices placed in glass tubes for 2–5 days and then held over sand (4 cm thick) until pupation. Pupae were sieved daily and individually transferred to glass tubes with a 3 cm sand layer moistened with water and held until adult emergence. Freshly emerged flies were held in glass tubes after pairing, provided with a slice of C. sativus fruit and a cotton plug soaked in 10% honey solution. Larval duration averaged 4.7 days, compared to 3.5, 4.2, 4.7, and 5.7 days, when reared on Momordica charantia , Lagenaria siceraria , Benincasa fistulosa , and Cucurbita pepo , respectively. No temperature or relative humidity data were provided.

+ Lall and Singh 1969:

A stock culture of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was maintained on freshly sliced C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber). Freshly sliced C. sativus fruits were placed in a cage holding adult flies. The sliced fruits were examined daily. Fruits found to contain eggs were transferred to a glass trough with a layer of moist sand at its bottom. Fresh slices of fruit were added as needed. The sand was sieved to recover pupae which were transferred to Petri dishes where they were held under a moist layer of sand. Emerged adult flies were transferred to the breeding cage. Duration of life stages, along with temperature and relative humidity, were recorded for nine to ten generations over the course of a year. The duration of the larval period averaged 7.36 days (range: 5.00–13.09 days).

Rajamannar 1962:

Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ; listed as L. vulgaris ), 89 of 100 (89%) 1 st instar larvae raised on C. sativus (listed as cucumber) pupated, with an average time to pupation of 4.0 days. In a separate test, 85 of 100 (85%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on C. sativus discs (an average of 17.0 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).

Saha et al. 2007:

The relative quality of seven different B. cucurbitae fruit hosts was assessed by comparing pupal recovery (in F 1 and F 2 generations) following exposure of 500 g of each fruit to 200 gravid B. cucurbitae adults (from laboratory-adapted stock culture) for 30 minutes. For C. sativus , 292 and 339 pupae (584 and 678 pupae /kg fruit) and 228 and 268 adults (456 and 436 adults per kg fruit) were recovered in the F 1 and F 2 generations, respectively.

Shivashankar et al. 2015:

Bactrocera cucurbitae adults maintained on a protein hydrolysate diet were exposed to 5-day-old C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) for 6 hours for oviposition. Oviposited fruits were placed on a thin layer of moist sand in plastic trays. Pupae were collected and transferred to separate cages for adult emergence.

One (1) 1 st instar B. cucurbitae larva, emerged from an egg oviposited on a tender Sechium edule fruit, was inserted into a 5 mm diameter by 2 mm deep hole punched into the surface of a freshly harvested tender C. sativus fruit (listed as cucumber). Fruits were held, in large plastic containers having a thin layer of sand, at the mean ambient temperature and relative humidity of 28.2±1.0°C and 58.7±1.0%RH, respectively. Pupae recovered were transferred to a different container with a thin layer of moist sand for adult emergence. There were ten replications with 10 fruits per replication. An average of 8.90 adult B. cucurbitae emerged per replication.

+ Tan 1994:

Adult B. cucurbitae (for use in laboratory trials looking at lizard predation) were obtained by raising the flies on fresh uninfested C. sativus fruits (listed as cucumber) with moist sterilized sand available as a pupation medium. No infestation rate data were given.

Tsatsia and Hollingsworth 1997:

Various numbers of B. cucurbitae eggs were added to either whole or sections of C. sativus fruits. Fruits were held over sterilized sawdust from which pupae were obtained. Pupae were obtained from each of the 6 C. sativus fruits that were infested, with no dead larvae observed. On average, about 360 pupae were recovered per kg fruit (range: 71.9–670).

Vayssières et al. 2004:

B. cucurbitae eggs were collected from ‘wild strain’ adults (though no host is listed from which they were recovered and no indication whether the strains may have completed one or more generations in the laboratory prior to egg collection). Eggs were placed on C. sativus fruits with life stage durations recorded through adult emergence at three different constant temperatures and 75±10% relative humidity (photoperiod used not indicated). Total duration of the larval stage averaged 159.7 hours (6.65 days) (at 20±0.5°C); 112 hours (4.67 days) (at 25±1.0°C); and 85.3 hours (3.56 days) (at 30±1.0°C).

Vayssières et al. 2008:

Eggs of B. cucurbitae , collected from adults reared for two generations on Cucumis sativus fruits, were placed on 150 g of C. sativus fruit with fresh fruit added as needed, and reared through pupariation to adult emergence. Survivorship from egg to adult, at 25°C, was 82±3%. Larvae successfully developed through pupariation at 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C.

Listing Only: + Agarwal et al. 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Australian Quarantine Service, Commonwealth Department of Primary Industry 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Ayyar 1935 (listed as Chaetodacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Back and Pemberton 1914 (listed as cucumber); + Bateman 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Beller and Bhenchitr 1936 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantelo and Pholboon 1965 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Cantrell et al. 1999; Chaturvedi 1947 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Christenson and Foote 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Copeland et al. 2009; + Cunningham et al. 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; EcoPort 2008; European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a major host); Etienne 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Etienne 1972 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; adults obtained very frequently); Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; + Greene 1929 (listed as cucumber); Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett ); +Harris 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Harris et al. 2010; + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as cucumber); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000; + Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Kalshoven 1981 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as ketimun); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis satifus L.); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as cucumber); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Keck 1951 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Khan et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Lall and Singh 1959 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumbar); + Leblanc 2000 (listed as cucumber); Leblanc et al. 2013b; + Lee et al. 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Liquido 1991b (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Liu 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Mamet and Williams 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as cucumber); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as cucumbers); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a plant that is frequently injured); Meksongsee et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Cucumis sp. and as cucumber); Messing et al. 1995; Moiz et al. 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis sativa L); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as cucumber); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Nishida and Bess 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); + Nishida and Bess 1957 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002; Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Puttarudriah and Usman 1954 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Queensland Government 2015 (listed as cucumber); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as being very favorable as a host); Qureshi et al. 1974 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Renjhen 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Singh et al. 2004; + Symonds et al. 2009 (listed as cucumber); + Terry 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as cucumber; listed as a preferred host); +Vagalo et al. 1997 (listed as cucumber); +Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Vargas et al. 2004; Vargas and Prokopy 2006; Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +Vijaysegaran and Osman 1991 (listed as cucumber); +Walker 2005 (listed as cucumber); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber; listed as a preferred host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber; listed as a preferred host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as cucumber; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as infesting both fruit and stem); +Yang 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucumber); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Cucumis sativus L. var. anatolicus Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. anglicus L. H. Bailey , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. cilicicus Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus cv.-gr. pickling cucumber, see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus cv. –gr. slicing cucumber, see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. europaeus Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. falcatus Gabeav , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. indo-europaeus Gabaev, see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. irano-turanicus Gabaev, see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. izmir Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12580

Common Names: cetriolino da sottaceto (Italian), cetriolo (Italian), cetriolo da tavola (Italian), cohombro (Spanish), concombre (French), concombre commun (French), cornichon (French), cucumber (English), gherkin (English), gurka (Swedish), Gurke (German), huang gua (transcribed Chinese), khira ( India), ky-uri (Japanese romaji), kyuri (Japanese romaji), oi (transcribed Korean), pepino (Portuguese), pepino (Spanish).

Cultivated: Widely cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Kumar et al. 2008:

Bangalore, South India

Cucumis sativus variety ‘ Ijax ’ fruits (listed, also, as pickling cucumber and gherkin)

were harvested monthly at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, South India from July 2002 to October 2003 (a total of 67 harvests). At each harvest, damaged and healthy fruits were sorted and weighed separately, with damaged fruits placed in separate cages on a thin layer of sand to facilitate pupation and adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae and D. ciliatus adults that emerged were counted. Infestation of C. sativus L. var. ‘ Ijax’ (by month of collection) by B. cucurbitae (using data from July 2002 – April 2003, June 2003, August 2003 and October 2003 only, because the remaining collections in 2003 were co-infested by D. ciliatus ) averaged 27.45% (range: 0.0–63.31%), with an average infestation rate of 76.19 individuals per kg fruit (range: 0.0–307.51).

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 47,208 C. sativus var. sativus fruits were collected (187 collections overall) from four islands/ island groups (Amami, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 1,470 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in each of the islands/island groups) of 8.4%.

Synonym: Cucumis sativus L. var. anatolicus Gabaev , Cucumis sativus L. var. anglicus L. H. Bailey , Cucumis sativus L. var. cilicicus Gabaev , Cucumis sativus cv.-gr. pickling cucumber, Cucumis sativus cv.–gr. slicing cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. var. europaeus Gabaev , Cucumis sativus L. var. falcatus Gabeav , Cucumis sativus L. var. indo-europaeus Gabaev, Cucumis sativus L. var. irano-turanicus Gabaev, Cucumis sativus L. var. izmir Gabaev , Cucumis sativus L. var. squamosus Gabaev , Cucumis sativus L. var. testudaceus Gabaev , Cucumis sativus L. var. tuverculatus Gabaev , Cucumis sativus L. var. vulgatus Gabaev

Cucumis sativus L. var. squamosus Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. testudaceus Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. tuverculatus Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis sativus L. var. vulgatus Gabaev , see Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus

Cucumis spp. Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 300158 Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 2 samples of Cucumis

sp. Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Mwatawala et al. 2009b:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Cucumis sp. fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through

October 2006, and from August through December 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 551 collected fruits (6.214 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 88.83 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Twenty-four (24) immature Cucumis sp. fruits (wild fruits, green with stout thorns)

(0.22 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 2 of 2 collections (100%), with an overall infestation rate of 136.36 flies/kg fruit and 136.36 flies/kg infested fruit. Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucumis spp. fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on four occasions between 1999 and 2007. Average recovery of live larvae (three occasions) was 11.0 (range: 2–22); and on one occasion in 2007, 20 live pupae were recovered.

Bangladesh

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from

Cucumis spp. fruits, originating in Bangladesh, in New York (JFK) on five occasions in 1990. Average recovery was 1.0 live larva.

India

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucumis spp. fruit(s), originating in India, in Texas (Dallas/Ft. Worth) on one occasion in 1997. Recovery was three live larvae.

United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucumis spp. fruit(s), originating in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and N. Ireland, in Missouri (St. Louis) on one occasion in 1994. Recovery was three live pupae. Listing Only: European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a minor host); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Vijaysegaran 1985 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Cucumis trigonus Roxb. , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo

Cucumis utilissimus Roxb. , see Cucumis melo L. subsp. agrestis (Naudin) Pangalo var. conomon (Thunb.) Makino

Cucumis vulgaris var. fistulosus , see Benincasa fistulosa (Stocks) H. Schaef. and S. S. Renner

Cucurbita citrullus L., see Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai subsp. lanatus

Cucurbita hispida Thunb. , see Benincasa hispida (Thunb.) Cogn.

Cucurbita lagenaria L., see Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

Cucurbita leucantha Duchesne , see Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

Cucurbita longa hort., see Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

Cucurbita luffa hort., see Luffa aegyptiaca Mill.

Cucurbita maxima Duchesne

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12597

Common Names: great pumpkin (English), halva kaddu (Urdu-Pakistan), jättepumpa (Swedish), mitha kaddu (Urdu-Pakistan), pumpkin (English), red gourd (English), Reisen-Kürbis (German), Speise-Kürbis (German), squash (English), sun gua (transcribed Chinese), winter squash (English), zucca (Italian). Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Southern South America: Argentina, Uruguay. Cultivated: Widely cultivated. Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of C. maxima .

Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Clausen et al. 1965:

Malaysia (Sabah) (referred to as North Borneo; place names listed are in present day

Sabah, Malaysia)

From collections of C. maxima in June 1951 in Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North

Borneo), 105 B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) puparia were recovered.

Jacquard et al. 2013:

Réunion Island, France

Bactrocera cucurbitae -infested C. maxima fruits were collected from nine locations on

Réunion Island in 2009 and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Seven hundred and thirty-eight (738) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.

+ Jakhar and Pareek 2005:

Jobner, State of Rajasthan, India

Seeds of nine cucurbit species were sown in a randomized block design with four replications at the Horticultural Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture in Jobner, India during the kharif season in 2000. The infestation rate of C. maxima fruits (listed as pumpkin) by B. cucurbitae averaged 15.87% (range: 13.39–17.73%) over the course of four collection dates, each 3 days apart, in September 2000.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 60,152 C. maxima and C. moschata fruits (the two species not differentiated) were collected (182 collections overall) from five islands/island groups (Amami, Kume, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 2,494 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 8.01%.

Nath et al. 1976:

Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, State of Karnataka, India

Eighty-two (82) varieties of pumpkin (a mix of Cucurbita maxima Duch and C. moschata

Duch varieties) were screened for the resistence to B. cucurbitae damage (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in Bangalore, India in 1969. Varieties were planted in mid-July in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Resistance was measured by estimating the percentage damaged fruits per plant three times at 2-week intervals. No infestation was found in 8 of the varieties (9.75%) at any of the three assessment periods. Five (5) of these varieties, which also had good yield with moderate fruit qualities, were selected for further trials (IHR 79-2 [ C. maxima ], IHR 35 [ C. moschata ], IHR 40 [ C. moschata ], IHR 83 [ C. moschata ], and IHR 86 [ C. moschata ]). Further trials with these 5 varieties were conducted in 1970, where IHR 35 and IHR 86 were found to be susceptible to infestation by B. cucurbitae and production or quality issues were identified for IHR 40 and IHR 83. Pumpkin line IHR 79-2, renamed Arka Suryamukhi, was released as the first B. cucurbitae resistant pumpkin cultivar for general cultivation in the southern parts of India.

+ Severin et al. 1914:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Six (6) C. maxima fruits (listed as pumpkin), ranging in size from 6.4–12.1 cm long, were taken from a field and held in separate breeding jars. Two thousand two hundred twenty-two (2,222) B. cucurbitae adults were recovered, averaging 370 per pumkin (range: 183–637). Syed 1971: Faisalabad, Gujranwala, Murree, and Rawalpindi, Province of Punjab; Hyderabad,

Sindh Province, Pakistan In Faisalabad and Gujranwala (1962–1963), some C. maxima fruits were infested by

B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in June; in Murree (1963), B. cucurbitae was reared from C. maxima fruits in September and October; in Rawalpindi (1962–1963), a few C. maxima fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae in October; In Hyderabad (1964–1965), 3% of C. maxima fruits were infested in July by a mix of B. cucurbitae and Dacus ciliatus (40%:60%). Total number of fruits collected were not given. Tsuruta et al. 1997:

Sri Lanka

Bactrocera cucurbitae adults (numbers not reported) were recovered from unspecifed numbers of C. maxima fruits collected from the Palakuda and Wattala areas of Sri Lanka. No infestation rate data were given. Vayssières et al. 2007:

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Senegal, West

Africa Tephritid fruit fly-infested C. maxima fruits were collected from untreated orchards in eight countries in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. maxima fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 51– 75 pupae /kg fruit. For comparison, the authors indicated that the infestation level of C. maxima fruits averaged over 100 pupae /kg fruit on Réunion Island. Vayssières and Carel 1999: Réunion Island, France

Cucurbita maxima fruits of an undetermined variety were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 1,152.2 (standard deviation = 1,866) adults per kg infested fruit. Interception Data: PestID 2016: Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbita maxima fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on two occasions in 1988. Average recovery was 2.0 live larvae. South Korea

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from

Cucurbita maxima fruit(s), originating in South Korea, on a ship at a port in Texas (Houston) on one occasion in 2010. Recovery was six live larvae, 30 live pupae, and two live adults. USDA 1946: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from squash ( C.

maxima) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Washington (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1944 and 30 June 1945 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA. USDA 1948a: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from squash ( C.

maxima) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at ports in California and Massachusetts (6 interceptions in non-entry host) between 1 July 1945 and 30 June 1946 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1948b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from squash ( C. maxima ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1946 and 30 June 1947 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1950:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from squash ( C. maxima ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (2 interceptions in non-entry hosts) between 1 July 1947 and 30 June 1948 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1951:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from squash ( C. maxima ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted (1 interception in non-entry host) at a port in California between 1 July 1948 and 30 June 1949 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1954:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from squash ( C. maxima ) which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by state inspection in California.

USDA 1954:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from squash ( C. maxima ) which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Texas (1 interception in nonentry host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1965:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from winter squash ( C. maxima ) which originated in air baggage and was intercepted in Hawaii (1 interception in consumption host) between 1 July 1963 and 30 June 1964 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Lab Infestation:

Akter et al. 2010:

In a laboratory host preference study conducted in Bangladesh during 2005 to 2006, 250 g of C. maxima , along with 250 g of each of five other vegetables ( Cucumis sativus , Momordica charantia , Solanum lycopersicum var. lycopersicum , S. melongena , and Trichosanthes cucumerina ), were simultaneously exposed to 100 15–20-day-old gravid female B. cucurbitae flies for 3 hours, then placed over saw dust. The saw dust was sieved to recover pupae which were transferred to Petri dishes and held until adult emergence. The trial was replicated five times. Recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adults averaged 319±44.40 and 275±38.19, respectively (1,276 and 1,100 per kg fruit, respectively). The order of adult recovery (greatest to smallest) was: S. melongena > T. cucumerina > C. maxima > C. sativus > M. charantia > S. lycopersicum .

Khan et al. 2011:

In a choice test, 50.0 g of C. maxima fruits, along with 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 50 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside a small cage, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of

118±6.64 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 72.03% (85.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .

In a no-choice test, 50.0 g of C. maxima fruits, as well as 50.0 g of each of eight other natural hosts, were exposed for 20 minutes to 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. cucurbitae and 5 pairs of 15–20-day-old B. tau inside separate small cages, after which fruit samples were removed and placed separately on sawdust inside a cloth-covered plastic bowl for pupation. The sawdust was sieved after 6 to 8 days to recover pupae (of both fly species) which were held for adult emergence. Out of a mean infestation of 52±0.33 pupae recovered (mixed infestation of B. cucurbitae and B. tau ), 40.38% (21.0) of the recovered pupae emerged as adult B. cucurbitae .

Ponce 1937:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was reared in the laboratory on C.

maxima fruit. At a mean temperature of 29.07°C, the overall larval period lasted 6.66 days, based on “six cultures” (replications).

Rajamannar 1962:

Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ; listed as L. vulgaris ), 90 of 100 (90%) 1 st instar larvae raised on C. maxima (listed as pumpkin) fruit pupated, with an average time to pupation of 4.9 days. In a separate test, 92 of 100 (92%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on pieces of C. maxima fruit (an average of 18.4 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).

Saha et al. 2007:

The relative quality of seven different B. cucurbitae fruit hosts was assessed by comparing pupal recovery (in F 1 and F 2 generations) following exposure of 500 g of each fruit to 200 gravid B. cucurbitae adults (from laboratory-adapted stock culture) for 30 minutes. For C. maxima , 355 and 429 pupae (710 and 858 pupae /kg fruit) and 312 and 420 adults (625 and 841 adults per kg fruit) were recovered in the F 1 and F 2 generations, respectively.

Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a primary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a primary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Liquido 1991b (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a plant that is frequently injured); Moiz et al. 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as phat and as C. maxima ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as being very favorable as a host); Qureshi et al. 1974 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2004; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); Vargas and Prokopy 2006; Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson- Harris 1992 (listed as infesting both fruit and stems); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pumpkin); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Cucurbita melopepo L., see Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. ovifera (L.) D. S. Decker var. ovifera (L.) Harz

Cucurbita moschata Duchesne

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12601

Common Names: abóbora-rasteira (Portuguese), auyama (Spanish), ayote (Spanish), Bisam-Kürbis (German), butternut pumpkin (English), butternut squash (English), calabaza moscada (Spanish), calabaza pellejo (Spanish), calabaza pumpkin (English), cheese pumpkin (English), chicamita (Spanish), citrouille (French), courge musquée (French), golden cushaw (English), halva kaddu (Urdu-Pakistan),

hobag (transcribed Korean), kikuza-kabocha (Japanese Rōmaji), lacayote (Spanish), Moschuskürbis (German), nan gua (transcribed Chinese), pâtisson (French), pumpkin (English), red gourd (English- Pakistan), sequaloa (Spanish), sitaphal ( India), Spanish gourd (English-Pakistan), squash (English), squash gourd (English-Pakistan), sweet gourd (English – Bangladesh), winter crookneck squash (English), zapallo (Spanish), zucca torta (Italian). Cultivated: Only cultivated. Origin: Probable origin N. Colombia. Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 24 samples of both fruits and flowers of C. moschata . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Amin et al. 2011:

Dinajpur, Bangladesh

From April through July 2009, C. moschata was grown in a randomized complete design with four other cucurbit species (four replicates) at the Entomology Farm Laboratory, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Fruits were observed for infestation by B. cucurbitae , and harvested at maturity stage. An average of 71.5±3.7% of C. moschata fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae . Adult B. cucurbitae were also recovered from field-infested C. moschata fruits brought to the laboratory.

Bains and Sidhu 1984:

State of Punjab, India

Field observations of infestation of pumpkin ( C. moschata ) fruits by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were made at 10-day intervals in Punjab, India, between May and September. Infested fruits were found in 7 of 14 observations (50%) with an average infestation rate of 4.69 (±1.78 [standard error])%.

Chaudhary and Patel 2007a:

State of Gujarat, India

During 2004 through 2005, naturally infested C. moschata fruits (listed, also, as pumpkin) were kept on a 5.0 cm layer of sieved soil in a galvanised round cage. Adult B. cucurbitae , emerged from pupae recovered by sieving the soil, were used in laboratory-based B. cucurbitae life cycle studies.

Chinajariyawong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Bactrocera cucurbitae was reared from 1 sample of C. moschata collected in Thailand.

No infestation rate data were given.

Clarke et al. 2001:

Thailand

Eighty-six (86) (8.99 kg) infested C. moschata fruits were collected in Chiang Rai, Thailand from 1986 to 1994. Infestation rates of 1.3 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 12.3 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruit were observed. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock.

+ Gupta and Verma 1978 :

Hisar (listed as Hissar), State of Haryana, India

Cucurbita moschata (listed as pumpkin) was grown from seed planted 28 February 1975,

in a randomized complete block design with ten other cucurbit crops in Hisar, Haryana State, India. Fallen and marketable sized fruits were collected/picked every 3 days and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infestation results were summarized weekly. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was found in 3 of 7 weekly summaries (42.9%). Overall, 40 (179.6 kg) fruits were collected, of which 5 were infested, for averages of 5.7 fruits collected per week with an average infestation rate of 12.5%.

Kittayapong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Cucurbita moschata fruits and flowers were collected throughout Thailand within the time period of October 1995 through December 1998. Collections were placed over sawdust in a ventilated plastic container and brought back to the laboratory at Mahidol University in Bangkok. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from C. moschata fruits and both B. cucurbitae and B. tau sp. A were recovered from C. moschata flowers. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 60,152 C. maxima and C. moschata fruits (the two species were not differentiated) were collected (182 collections overall) from five islands/island groups (Amami, Kume, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 2,494 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 8.01%.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Seven hundred seventy-one (771) immature C. moschata fruits (33.269 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 51 of 93 collections (54.84%), with an overall infestation rate of 43.85 flies/kg fruit and 61.08 flies/kg infested fruit.

Nath et al. 1976:

Hessaraghatta, Bangalore, State of Karnataka, India

Eighty-two (82) varieties of pumpkin (a mix of Cucurbita maxima Duch and C. moschata

Duch varieties) were screened for resistence to B. cucurbitae damage (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in Bangalore, India in 1969. Varieties were planted in mid-July in a randomized block design with three replications. Resistance was measured by estimating the percentage damaged fruits per plant three times at 2-week intervals. No infestation was found in 8 of the varieties (9.75%) at any of the three assessment periods. Five (5) of these varieties, which also had good yield with moderate fruit qualities, were selected for further trials (IHR 79-2 [ C. maxima ], IHR 35 [ C. moschata ], IHR 40 [ C. moschata ], IHR 83 [ C. moschata ], and IHR 86 [ C. moschata ]). Further trials with these 5 varieties were conducted in 1970, where IHR 35 and IHR 86 were found to be susceptible to infestation by B. cucurbitae and production or quality issues were identified for IHR 40 and IHR 83. Pumpkin line IHR 79-2, renamed Arka Suryamukhi, was released as the first B. cucurbitae resistant pumpkin cultivar for general cultivation in the southern parts of India.

Nath and Bhushan 2006:

Varanasi, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucurbita moschata was sown, with three replications, in Varanasi, India, the last week of March (summer season) and again the last week of June (rainy season) in both 2001 and 2002. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 2.0% (range: 1.3–2.7%) in the summer season and 9.3% (range: 7.4–11.1%) in the rainy season.

+ Pareek and Kavadia 1994:

Jobner and Udaipur, state of Rajasthan, India

Cucurbita moschata fruits (listed as pumpkin, variety ‘Arka suryamukhi’) were raised in a randomized block design with nine other cucurbit crops (with three replicated plots) for assessment of preference of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The trials were conducted from February to June in 1979, and again in 1981, in Udaipur (semi-humid agroclimatic conditions) and in 1980 and 1981 in Jobner (semi-arid agroclimatic condition). Fruits were examined on 10 plants per replicate twice a week, and then percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae calculated. Percentage infestation averaged 22.6% (range: 21.5–23.8%) in Udaipur and 12.3% (range: 12.7–11.9%) in Jobner.

Pradhan 1977:

Nepal

Cucurbita moschata was planted by seed in Nepal in four separate plots (four replicates) during the first week of April in 1974 and again in 1975. Daily counts were made of infestation of flowers and then of fruits by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infested flowers and fruits were detached and thrown to the ground after observations were completed. Infestation rate of flowers averaged 52.14% (range: 29.03–76.92%) in 1974 and 58.73% (range: 41.55–70.22%) in 1975. Infestation rate of fruits averaged 36.97% (range: 28.7–59.2%) in 1974 and 24.2% (range: 8.3–33.5%) in 1975. Lab Infestation:

Amin et al. 2011:

Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and B. cucurbitae – infested C. moschata fruits were collected from a field at the Entomology Farm Laboratory, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, in Dinajpur, Bangladesh and held in jars in a laboratory at 25±2°C, 60±5% RH and a 12:12 (L:D) h photoperiod. Adult male and female B. cucurbitae that emerged were kept in the same jar and provided fresh C. moschata fruit for oviposition. Larvae, pupae and adults that emerged from these stock cultures were used for observation of B. cucurbitae life history parameters.

+ Batra 1964:

From December 1959 to April 1960, adult B. cucurbitae flies (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in rearing cages were supplied with Psidium guajava fruit (halved) (listed as guava), peeled C. moschata flesh (listed as pumpkin), Lagenaria siceraria ovaries or very young fruits (listed as bottle gourd) and bottle gourd flowers, placed in separate corners. Food was changed at an interval of 3 to 4 days. On every change, infested fruit was held in a rearing jar for adult recovery. Adult recovery came 52.46% from pumpkin. Eggs were recovered in pumpkin sections in 16 out of 18 replications (88.9%). From 16 replications of eggs laid in pumpkin, the average egg to adult development period ranged from 18.93 to 22.13 days (but no rearing temperature was given).

Bhatia and Mahto 1970:

A stock colony of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was maintained in the laboratory on C. moschata fruit.

Additionally, freshly laid B. cucurbitae eggs (zero-one hour old) were collected, placed on a thin slice of pumpkin placed on moist sand, and maintained at a range of temperatures until pupation. Newly formed pupae were held on moist sand in glass tubes. Average B. cucurbitae durations, from oviposition to adult emergence, were 36.30, 23.60, 12.61 11.17 and 12.5 days at 15.0°C, 20.0°C, 25.0°C, 27.5°C and 30.0°C, respectively.

Chaudhary and Patel 2007a:

Details on the duration of B. cucurbitae life cycle stages were recorded following oviposition by 1 st generation flies on fresh and tender C. moschata fruits (also listed as pumpkin), followed by transfer of eggs to pumpkin pulp, followed by transfer of 3 rd instars to 2.5 x 2.5 cm pumpkin pieces. Total life period of B. cucurbitae flies reared on pumpkin from egg to adult death, at an average of 24.6°C and 53.6% RH, averaged 54.15 (25.5–66.5) days (males) and 57.65 (45–77.5) days (females).

Doharey 1983:

A colony of B. cucurbitae was maintained on cut, small pieces of pumpkin ( Cucurbita moschata ). Eggs laid in fruits were removed daily and placed on sterilized sand in glass rearing jars. Freshly formed pupae were transferred to smaller glass jars and held on sterile sand until adult emergence. Holding temperature was 27±1°C. The incubation period on pumpkin averaged 4.0 days, the larval period averaged 5.0 days, and the pupal period averaged 7.2 days, totaling 16.2 days from egg to adult.

Duyck et al. 2004:

Laboratory-reared B. cucurbitae flies were reared from the host plant, Cucurbita moschata , for use in field cage tests of the relative attractiveness of different protein hydrolysate solutions.

+ Finney 1951:

Cucurbita moschata fruit (listed as Kona pumpkin) was reported by the author as an excellent medium for culturing B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

+ Gupta and Verma 1979 :

In a study assessing the effectiveness of insecticides as contact poisons to kill adult B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) fruit flies, immatures were raised on C. moschata fruits (listed as pumpkin) at a controlled temperature of 28±2°C.

+ Gupta and Verma 1977 :

In a study assessing the effectiveness of insecticidal dusts applied to soil in killing B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) fruit flies before adult emergence, immatures were raised on C. moschata fruits (listed as pumpkin) at a controlled temperature of 28±2°C, and were then transferred to jars (20 per jar; three replications) holding moistened soil and a small piece of pumpkin fruit. In the control group, an average of 91.7% of maggots emerged successfully as adults.

Kuba and Koyama 1982:

Three strains of Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were all reared on C. moschata at 25°C (40–70% RH; 14:10 [L:D] h) for use in mating behavior studies.

Matsuyama and Kuba 2002:

First generation (F1) B. cucurbitae adult flies for use in a mating compatibility test were obtained from larvae reared in the lab on C. moschata fruits following oviposition of adult flies recovered from naturally infested Luffa aegyptiaca (listed as L. cylindrica ) fruits.

Yang et al. 1994:

Larvae of B. cucurbitae were reared on C. moschata fruits. After three generations, the offspring were used in experiments. A pumpkin slice was exposed to gravid adult B. cucurbitae for 1 hour, after which eggs were removed and placed on moist black cloth in a Petri dish. Fifty (50) newly emerged larvae were placed on fresh pieces of pumpkin held over a layer of sand in a mesh-covered 1-liter jar. Growth and survival were monitored at a temperature of 25±0.5 ° C, 50–75% RH and a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D) h. The average durations of larval and pupal stages were 3.8±0.8 and 9.0±0.6 days, respectively, with an average survivorship of 90% for both life stages.

Listing Only: Beller and Bhenchitr 1936 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); Cantrell et al. 1999; Chaturvedi 1947 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Chaudhary and Patel 2007b; De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as pumpkin); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Jamnongluk et al. 2002; Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a plant that is frequently injured); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Singh et al. 2004; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Cucurbita pepo var. moschata Duchesne

Cucurbita pepo L.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12606

Common Names: bitter bottle gourd (English), bush squash (English), calabaza (Spanish-Mexico), citrouille (French), courge pepon (French), Gemüse-Kürbis (German), ghia kaddu (Urdu-Pakistan), marrow (English), pumpa (Swedish), pumpkin (English), squash (English), xi hu lu (transcribed Chinese), zucchino (Italian).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – North-Central U.S.A.: United States – Missouri, Oklahoma; Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi; South-Central U.S.A.: United States – Texas; Northern Mexico: Mexico – Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas.

Naturalized: NORTHERN AMERICA – North-Central U.S.A.: United States – Illinois; Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Kentucky.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of C. pepo .

Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

(Note: the authors referred to the scientific name Cucurbita pepo for their use of the common name “pumpkin” in Back and Pemberton 1914). Cucurbita pepo (listed as pumpkin) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that as many as 650 adult melon flies were reared from a pumpkin no more than 4 inches long and that a staminate bloom, while still in bud, may support as many as 37 melon fly larvae. Illustrations were provided of infested flowers and fruits.

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

(Note: the authors referred to the scientific name Cucurbita pepo for their use of the common name “pumpkin” in Back and Pemberton 1914). Pumpkin is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that it “may support numerous colonies of larvae in open surface wounds and become badly deformed.” During the winter months in Kahuku, 250 out of 254 nearly full-grown pumpkins were found variously deformed. The authors reported that as many as 650 adult melon flies were reared from a pumpkin not more than 10 cm long and that a staminate bloom, while still in bud, may support as many as 37 well-grown melon fly larvae. It was also noted that, in March, a field of pumpkins was found badly infested in Haleiwa, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Illustrations were provided of infested flowers and fruits.

Badii et al. 2015:

Northern Ghana

Cucurbita pepo fruits were collected from Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions of Ghana. Fruits were brought to a laboratory in Nyankpala, Ghana, and held over a layer of sterilized sand. Pupae recovered from the sand were held on moistened filter paper in Petri plates until adult emergence. Adults were killed and identified after being fed for 3 days. Taxonomic keys were used for species identification, with final species confirmation provided by Dr. Maxwell Billah. Adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from C. pepo fruits. Also recovered were adult Dacus ciliatus and D. vertebratus .

Bains and Sidhu 1984:

State of Punjab, India

Field observations of infestation of summer squash ( C. pepo ) fruits by B. cucurbitae

(listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were made at 10-day intervals in Punjab, India, between March and June. Infested fruits were found in 3 of 7 observations (42.9%) with an average infestation rate of 0.86 (±0.45 [standard error])%.

Carey et al. 1985:

Waimanalo, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

B. cucurbitae lab colony (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was established from B. cucurbitae -infested C. pepo fruits (also listed as zucchini squash) collected at the Hawaii Agricultural Field Station, near Waimanalo, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

+ Gupta and Verma 1978 :

Hisar (listed as Hissar), State of Haryana, India

Cucurbita pepo (listed as summer squash) was grown from seed planted 28 February

1975, in a randomized complete block designs with ten other cucurbit crops in Hisar, Haryana State, India. Fallen and marketable sized fruits were collected/picked every 3 days and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infestation results were summarized weekly. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was found in 4 of 6 weekly summaries (66.7%). Overall, 77 (31.9 kg) fruits were collected, of which 8 were infested, for averages of 12.8 fruits collected per week with an average infestation rate of 9.1%.

Harris and Lee 1989:

Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Between August 1978 and January 1980, 15 C. pepo fruits were collected at Hoolehua,

Island of Molokai, Hawaii and held over sand in fruit holding buckets or boxes. Seven hundred thirty-six (736) B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) pupae were recovered from which 647 adults emerged. Overall infestation rate was 37.0 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit.

Jacquard et al. 2013:

Réunion Island, France

Bactrocera cucurbitae- infested C. pepo fruits were collected from three sites on Réunion

Island from January to April 2009, and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Seventy-three (73) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.

Khan et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

One hundred (100) C. pepo fruits (when available) were randomly observed monthly in the field from 1985 through 1986 and percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) calculated. Cucurbita pepo infestation averaged 0–25% in May and between October to December; 26–50% in April, June, July and September; and 51–75% in August.

Leblanc et al. 2012:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG)

Cucurbita pepo fruits were collected during 1997 to 2000 in PNG and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 24 of 64 (37.5%) samples in PNG.

Leblanc et al. 2013a:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG)

Cucurbita pepo fruits (580 fruits; 316.17 kg) were collected during 1997 to 2000 in

PNG and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 12 of 50 (24.0%) of the samples in PNG with an overall infestation rate of 2.75 flies/kg fruit and 10.70 flies/kg infested fruit.

Liquido et al. 1994:

Island of Maui, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From July 1990 to October 1992, 3 (0.047 kg) ripe “on plant” or ground C. pepo cv. zucchini fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on Maui Island, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed and counted and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24° C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested C. pepo cv. zucchini fruits with an overall infestation rate of 15.67 larvae and pupae per fruit (1,000.00 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 13 C. pepo fruits were collected (3 collections overall) from one island/island group (Amami) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 5 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the island/island group) of 33.3%.

Purcell and Messing 1996:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Zucchini ( C. pepo var. ‘Green Magic’) seeds were planted on two occasions: 9 May 1994,

and 1 September 1995. On 14 October, 2 November, 14 December, and 19 December 1995, between 250–400 sexually mature female B. cucurbitae adults were released into the fields to produce high infestation rates in hosts. Four age/ripeness categories of fruits were collected: immature, commercial sized, oversize, and rotting. Fruits were sampled weekly from eight randomly selected quadrats. Average recovery was 54.9 (27 samples), 37.0 (28 samples), 3.7 (14 samples), and 107.8 (18 samples) B. cucurbitae per kg fruit from the four fruit categories, respectively.

Sapkota et al. 2010:

Lamjung, Nepal

In a test of methods of control to reduce infestation of C. pepo var. ‘Bulam House’ by B.

cucurbitae, 28-day-old seedlings were set out on 25 January 2008, in Lamjung, Nepal, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. In the untreated control, B. cucurbitae caused damage to 2.27 ovaries of unopened flowers per plant, to 32.5% of immature (<100 g) post-set fruits, and to 21.82% of market-sized (> 100 g) fruits.

+ Singh et al. 2000:

Kanpur, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Cucurbita pepo fruits (listed as pumpkin) were collected weekly at growers’ fields at the bank of the river Ganga in Kanpur beginning in February 1997. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was determined (by observation) at each picking. The overall average B. cucurbitae infestation rate was 21.6%.

+ Sookar and Khayratee 2000:

Plaine Sophie, Mauritius

Control of infestation of C. pepo fruits (listed as courgette, squash and pumpkin) by B.

cucurbitae through the use of only cover sprays (year one) was compared with control by cover sprays plus spot sprays of protein bait + toxicant and cuelure + toxicant traps (year two). Every 2 weeks, courgette, squash and pumpkin fruits with fruit fly punctures were randomly sampled and placed in a plastic tray over dry sand. The sand was sifted after 10 days for B. cucurbitae pupal recovery. Pupae were held in insect cages until adult emergence. From January to December 1999, when the cover spray only control method was used, average infestation of courgette fruits over 2-week intervals ranged from 163 to 386 pupae /kg infested fruit; average infestation of squash fruits over 2-week intervals ranged from 324 to 530 pupae /kg infested fruit; and average infestation of pumpkin fruits over 2-week intervals ranged from 325 to 467 pupae /kg infested fruit.

Stonehouse et al. 2007:

Sardarkrushinagar, State of Gujarat, India

In a study comparing the effectiveness of protein bait spray applications for control of tephritid fruit fly infestation in C. pepo fruits (also listed as pumpkin) at the farm level versus the village level (defined to be 1.0 km 2) in Sardarkrushinagar, India, between 3 and 12 harvests of C. pepo fruits were made in each of 2 years at farms with varying extent of bait spray application. Percentage infestation was determined based either on visual examination of fruit to detect oviposition or by rearing out adult flies in the laboratory. On two farms in Sardarkrushinagar where no bait spray was applied, an average of 56.6% of the fruits was infested. Infestation was primarily by B. cucurbitae , but accompanied in some cases by a minority of other species.

Syed 1971:

Peshawar Valley, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan

In Peshawar Valley (1962–1963), 56% of C. pepo fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae

(listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in May; infestation rate dropped to 25% in June. Total number of fruits collected were not given.

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Five (5) varieties of Cucurbita pepo fruits were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 944 (standard deviation [ SD] = 1,670) adults per kg infested fruit (a local variety of citrouille); 443 ( SD = 914.7) adults per kg infested fruit (courgette var. ‘Aphrodite’); 433.3 ( SD = 674.7) adults per kg infested fruit (courgette var. ‘Aurore’); 0.6 ( SD = 4.2) adults per kg infested fruit (courgette var. ‘Supremo’); and 0.8 ( SD = 8.7) adults per kg infested fruit (courgette var. ‘Tarmino’).

Vayssières et al. 2007:

Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, Niger and Senegal, West

Africa

Tephritid fruit fly-infested Cucurbita pepo fruits were collected from from untreated orchards in eight countries in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. pepo fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 26– 50 pupae /kg fruit. For comparison, the authors indicated that the infestation level of C. pepo fruits averaged over 100 pupae /kg fruit on Réunion Island. Wong et al. 1986: Waimanalo, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Wild B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were obtained from mature larvae and pupae recovered from naturally infested C. pepo fruits collected from 1982 to 1985 in Waimanalo, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Wong et al. 1991: Waimanalo, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Wild B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were obtained from mature larvae and pupae recovered from naturally infested C. pepo fruits collected from 1984 to 1985 in Waimanalo, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Interception Data: PestID 2016: Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbita pepo fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on five occasions between 1992 and 2005. Average recovery of live larvae was 5.0; and on one occasion in 2005, two live pupae were recovered. USDA 1954: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pumpkin ( C. pepo )

which originated from Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in consumption host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by state inspection in California. USDA 1955: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from pumpkin ( C. pepo )

which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Texas (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1952 and 30 June 1953 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA. USDA 1959: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from zucchini squash

( C. pepo ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in nonentry host) between 1 July 1957 and 30 June 1958 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA. USDA 1962: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from zucchini squash

( C. pepo ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in nonentry host) between 1 July 1960 and 30 June 1961 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA. USDA 1966: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from zucchini squash

( C. pepo ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at stores in California (1 interception in nonentry host) between 1 July 1964 and 30 June 1965 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA. Lab Infestation: Carey et al. 1985:

Fifty (50) newly emerged 1 st generation B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae )

(four replications) were added to a small portion of C. pepo fruit (also listed as zucchini squash) and held at 25 (±2.0)°C and 60.0 (±6.0)% RH in a covered Petri plate, with additional host material added as needed. When some of the larvae approached maturity, the Petri plate was opened and placed in sand in a larger container to allow for pupation. The sand was then sifted daily to recover pupae which were held at the same conditions of temperature and relative humidity. On average, 79% of the larvae survived to adult emergence, with an average larva to adult development time of 17.2 days.

Fifty (50) newly emerged 1 st generation B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae )

(4 replications) were added to a small portion of C. pepo fruit (also listed as long squash) and held at 25 (±2.0)°C and 60.0 (±6.0)% RH in a covered Petri plate, with additional host material added as needed. When some of the larvae approached maturity, the Petri plate was opened and placed in sand in a larger container to allow for pupation. The sand was then sifted daily to recover pupae which were held at the same conditions of temperature and relative humidity. On average, 44% of the larvae survived to adult emergence, with an average larva to adult development time of 20.0 days.

Koul and Bhagat 1994b:

Bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ) was used to rear B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in the lab. Eggs obtained from flies maintained on bottle gourd were placed on a thin slice of tender and fresh C. pepo fruit. Newly emerged B. cucurbitae larvae were transferred to freshly cut C. pepo slices placed in glass tubes for 2–5 days and then held over sand (4 cm thick) until pupation. Pupae were sieved daily and individually transferred to glass tubes with a 3-cm sand layer moistened with water and held until adult emergence. Freshly emerged flies were held in glass tubes after pairing, provided with a slice of C. pepo fruit and a cotton plug soaked in 10% honey solution. Larval duration averaged 5.7 days, compared to 3.5, 4.2, 4.7, and 4.7 days, when reared on Momordica charantia , Lagenaria siceraria , Cucumis sativus , and Benincasa fistulosa , respectively. No temperature or relative humidity data were provided.

Quilici et al. 2004:

In parasitoid efficacy experiments, C. pepo fruits were placed in cages and exposed to gravid B. cucurbitae females for 24 hours. Fruits were transferred to plastic boxes and held with potato flocks for 6 days. Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae were recovered from artificially infested C. pepo fruits, exposed to parasitoids, and held with their media (potato flocks) over dry sawdust in plastic boxes (355x235x 130mm) at 25±1°C (60±10% RH) until adult emergence (3–4 days). Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from artificially infested C. pepo fruits.

Sarwar et al. 2013:

Healthy, undamaged, mature and ripe C. pepo fruits were collected from a local marketplace in Faisalabad, Pakistan. One hundred twenty-five (125) g of fruits were placed in the bottom of a sieve that was suspended from a guava ( Psidium guajava ) tree in a guava orchard that was not bearing fruits (with 3 replications). Fruits were left exposed to wild B. cucurbitae flies for 48 hours. Fruits from each replication were placed over sand in muslin cloth-topped plastic containers and held for 2 to 3 weeks. Bactrocera cucurbitae puparia, recovered by sieving the sand, were placed in moist sand in a Petri plate and held for adult emergence. An average of 3.83 B. cucurbitae pupae (30.6 pupae/ kg fruit) were recovered from which an average of 2.17 adult flies (17.4 adult flies/kg fruit) emerged. Shelly and Edu 2010:

Zucchini fruits ( C. pepo ), purchased in local supermarkets, were rinsed in water and introduced periodically for oviposition by B. cucurbitae adults. Infested fruits were held over vermiculite, with pupae sifted out, held in screen-covered trays, and marked with a dye 2 days before adult emergence. Emerged adults were held until sexually mature and then released in mark-release recapture trials. No infestation rate data were given.

Vayssières et al. 2004:

Bactrocera cucurbitae eggs were collected from ‘wild strain’ adults (although no host from which they were recovered is listed and there is no indication as to whether the strains may have completed one or more generations in the laboratory prior to egg collection). Eggs were placed on C. pepo fruits (separate tests for ‘pumpkin’ and ‘squash’) with life stage durations recorded through adult emergence at three different constant temperatures (four for pumpkin) and 75±10% relative humidity (photoperiod used not indicated). Total duration of the larval stage on pumpkin averaged 325 hours (13.54 days) (at 15±0.2°C); 174 hours (7.25 days) (at 20±0.5°C); 107.7 hours (4.49 days) (at 25±1.0°C); and 105.7 hours (4.40 days) (at 30±1.0°C). Total duration of the larval stage on squash averaged 179.7

hours (7.49 days) (at 20±0.5°C); 113 hours (4.71 days) (at 25±1.0°C); and 87.3 hours (3.64 days) (at 30±1.0°C).

Vayssières et al. 2008:

Bactrocera cucurbitae eggs, collected from adults reared for two generations on C. pepo (“pumpkin”), were placed on 150g of pumpkin, with fresh pumpkin added as needed, and reared through pupariation to adult emergence. Survivorship from egg to adult, at 25°C, was 84±2%. Larvae successfully developed through pupariation at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C, but did not develop at 15°C.

Bactrocera cucurbitae eggs, collected from adults reared for two generations on Cucurbita pepo (“squash”), were placed on 150 g of squash, with fresh squash added as needed, and reared through pupariation to adult emergence. Survivorship from egg to adult, at 25°C, was 77±2%. Larvae successfully developed through pupariation at 20°C, 25°C, and 30°C, but did not develop at 15°C.

Listing Only: Back and Pemberton 1914 (can lay eggs in fruit, unopened male and female flowers, stem and seedling); + Bateman 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pumpkin); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a primary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a primary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; EcoPort 2008; European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a major host); Etienne 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Etienne 1972 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; adults obtained very frequently); Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Khan et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pumpkin); Leblanc 2000; Mamet and Williams 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a plant that is frequently injured); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as pumpkin); Messing et al. 1995; Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucumis pepo ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002; Phillips 1946 (listed as Cucurbita peppo ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as being very favorable as a host); Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; Singh et al. 2004; Tsatsia and Hollingsworth 1997 (both squash and pumpkin were listed as varieties of Cucurbita pepo ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ- CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); Vargas et al. 2004; Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as infesting both fruit and stem in pumpkin C. pepo ); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Synonyms: Cucurbita galeottii Cogn. , Cucurbita mammeata Molina

Cucurbita pepo var. moschata Duchesne , see Cucurbita moschata Duchesne

Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. ovifera (L.) D. S. Decker var. ovifera (L.) Harz

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12607

Common Names: acorn squash (English), fordhook squash (English), kazari-kabocha (Japanese Rōmaji), ornamental gourd (English), pattypan squash (English), scallop squash (English), straightneck squash (English), summer crookneck squash (English), table queen squash (English).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Khan et al. 1992:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

In 1986, Cucurbita pepo subsp. ovifera var. ovifera (listed as both Cucurbita melopepo and as squashmelon; note that this scientific name was given for squashmelon in this paper, but, in Khan et al. 1993, the scientific name Citrullus lanatus var. fistulosus was given for squashmelon) was intersown in melon ( Cucumis melo L.) as a trap crop, with another plot of melon grown nearby as a control. The percentage fruit infestation was recorded every 10 days following initial fruit set. Cucurbita pepo subsp. ovifera var. ovifera infestation averaged 15.5%.

Khan et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Cucurbita pepo subsp. ovifera var. ovifera fruit samples (listed as Cucurbita melopepo )

(1 fruit at a time) were placed in a cage with adult B. cucurbitae flies (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) for 24 hours, then, 1 week later, were dissected to count the number of 2 nd and 3 rd instar larvae. Over five replications, averages of twenty-nine (29) 2 nd instar and one hundred forty (140) 3 rd instar larvae were recovered.

One hundred (100) Cucurbita pepo subsp. ovifera var. ovifera fruits (when available)

were randomly observed monthly in the field between 1985 and 1986 and percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae calculated. Cucurbita pepo subsp. ovifera var. ovifera infestation averaged 26–50% in February and June; 51–75% in July; and 76–100% in April and July through December. Listing Only: + Khan et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as squashmelon); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as C. pepo ovifera ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucurbita ovifera L.); Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucurbita ovifera L.); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cucurbita pepo var. ovifera ). Synonyms: Cucurbita melopepo L., Cucurbita ovifera L., Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo (L.) Harz, Cucurbita pepo L. var. patisson Filov , nom. nud.

Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 314934

Common Names: cocozelle (English), courgette (English), marrow (English), ornamental gourd (English), Patisson (German), pumpkin (English), spaghetti squash (English), vegetable marrow (English), zucchini (English), Zucchini (German).

Cultivated: Only cultivated.

Field Infestation:

+ Drew 1982:

Papua New Guinea

Specimens of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were reared from Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo fruits (listed as marrow) and are held in the collection of the Wau Ecology Institute in Papua New Guinea.

Lab Infestation:

+ Vargas et al. 2004:

In a study on parasitization of B. cucurbitae by Psyttalia fletcheri , Cucurbita pepo subsp. pepo fruits (listed as zucchini) were held in field cages with 200 male + 200 female F 1 generation flies (P 1 generation flies recovered from Coccinia grandis ; with collected eggs used to infest Carica papaya for the F 1 generation flies) alone (control) or with sterile B. cucurbitae flies, P. fletcheri , or with sterile flies + P. fletcheri . In the control cage, there was an average recovery of 840 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit.

Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a primary host); + Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as vegetable marrow); + EcoPort 2008 (listed as zucchini); + Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett ; listed as zucchini squash); Harris et al. 2010 (listed both as C. pepo and as zucchini); + Hollingsworth et al. 1996 (listed as marrow, a variety of C. pepo ); + Leblanc 2000 (listed as zucchini); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as zucchini); + Phillips 1946 (listed as vegetable marrow); + Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as marrow squash); + Queensland Government 2015 (listed as zucchini); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as zucchini); + Symonds et al. 2009 (listed as marrow); Vargas and Prokopy 2006 (listed as both Cucurbita pepo and as zucchini).

Synonyms: Cucumis pepo (L.) Dumort., Cucurbita pepo L. var. citrulina Filov , nom. nud., Cucurbita pepo L. var. giraumontia Filov , nom. nud., Cucurbita pepo L. var. styriaca Greb.

Cucurbita pepo L. var. citrulina Filov , nom. nud., see Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo

Cucurbita pepo L. var. giraumontia Filov , nom. nud., see Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo Cucurbita pepo L. var. patisson Filov , nom. nud., see Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. ovifera (L.) D. S. Decker var. ovifera (L.) Harz

Cucurbita pepo L. var. styriaca Greb. , see Cucurbita pepo L. subsp. pepo

Cucurbita siceraria Molina , see Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standl.

Cucurbita spp. Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 300161 Field Infestation:

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

(Note: the authors referred to the scientific name Cucurbita sp. for their use of the common name “squash” in Back and Pemberton 1914) Cucurbita spp. (listed as squash) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . Both squash stems and fruits can be infested by melon fly larvae. Illustration provided of infested squash vine.

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

(Note: the authors referred to the scientific name Cucurbita sp. for their use of the common name “squash” in Back and Pemberton 1914) Cucurbita spp. (listed as squash) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . Both squash stems and fruits can be infested by melon fly larvae. Illustration provided of infested squash vine.

+ Harris et al. 1986:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

One (1) collection of Cucurbita sp. fruits (about 1.2 kg) (listed as squash) was made on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii, between July 1980 and September 1982, with fruits held over moist sand for assessment of infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). One hundred and eight (108) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered (90 flies/kg fruit).

+ Lee 1972:

Taiwan

Cucurbita sp. plants (listed as squash) were grown in the field year-round from 2 June

1969 to 10 June 1970, and from March-August 1971. Fruits, picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, were placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover B. cucurbitae pupae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Pupal recovery per fruit was averaged quarterly for 1969 to 1970 harvests. Pupal recovery per kg fruit was averaged monthly for 1971 harvests. Bactrocera cucurbitae pupal recovery averaged 9.5, 0.0 and 0.0 pupae/fruit (1969–1970) and 1.6, 50.6, and 0.0 pupae/kg fruit (1971) overall, for fruits picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, repectively.

Mwatawala et al. 2009a:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Tender-skinned immature Cucurbita sp. fruits (referred to as both ‘pumpkin’ and as

Cucurbita sp. ) were randomly collected at regular intervals between October 2004 and October 2006 from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Six (6) of 9 (66.7%) Cucurbita sp. samples (3.82 kg) were infested by B. cucurbitae .

Mwatawala et al. 2009b:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Cucurbita sp. fruits (also referred to as pumpkin) were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 – October 2006, and from August-December 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 119 collected fruits (6.22 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 51.45 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2015:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Cucurbita sp. (“pumpkin”), Cucumis sativus , and Citrullus lanatus were directly sown both in mono-cropped plots and in plots where all three crops were “haphazardly mixed both within and between lines.” Two plots of each type were planted in each of three seasons: March–June 2013, October–December 2013 and April–July 2014. Planting dates for each crop species were adjusted based on days to flowering in order to synchronize fruit setting. Fruits in all plots were subject to natural infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ). At each sampling date, fruits of each species were randomly harvested from each plot and held in rearing containers containing sterilized sand as a pupation medium. Pupae were removed and held in Petri dishes with moist filter paper within emergence containers until adult emergence. From the mono-cropped Cucurbita sp. plots, 41.7% of fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae with an average infestation rate of 49.79 flies/kg fruit (out of 2.95 kg fruits). From the mix-cropped plots, 48.3% of fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae with an average infestation rate of 89.77 flies/kg fruit (out of 2.32 kg fruits).

+ Wen 1985:

Taiwan

Cucurbita sp. fruits (listed as pumpkin) were collected in southern Taiwan from September 1983 to April 1984. Infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) averaged 3.02% (bimonthly averages ranged from 2.04–3.74%).

+ Wong et al. 1989:

Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

On the island of Rota, 6 Cucurbita sp. fruits (listed as pumpkin) (from 4 collections)

were collected in 1985, and 4 fruits (from 1 collection) were collected in 1987. Also, 38 Cucurbita sp. fruits (listed as squash) (from 8 collections) was collected in 1985, 2 fruits (from 2 collections) were collected in 1986, and 42 fruits (from 8 collections) were collected in 1987. Fruits were held over moist sand in plastic containers with screened lids for recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery from “pumpkin” fruits averaged 0.0 pupae/kg fruit (1985) and 2.2 pupae/ kg fruit (1987). Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery from “squash” fruits averaged 0.6 pupae/kg fruit (1985), 0.0 pupae/kg fruit (1986), and 227.1 pupae/kg fruit (1987). Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbita sp. fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on 18 occasions between 1989 and 2013. Average recovery of live larvae was 5.3. Live pupae were also recovered in 2005 (2) and in 2013 (12).

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbita sp. flowers, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on two occasions between 2002 and 2003. Average recovery of live larvae was 5.5.

India

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbita sp. fruits, originating in India, at airports in San Francisco (1) and in New York (JFK: 2) on three occasions between 1992 and 1995. Average recovery was 2.3 live larvae.

Philippines

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbita sp. fruit(s), originating in the Philippines, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on one occasion in 2001. Recovery was 12 live larvae.

USDA 1948b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from acorn squash

( Cucurbita sp. ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Washington (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1946 and 30 June 1947 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1951:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ?) was recovered from squash ( Cucurbita sp. ) which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in non-entry host) between 1 July 1948 to 30 June 1949 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Lab Infestation:

Matsuyama and Kuba 2009:

First (F1) and second (F2) generation B. cucurbitae adult flies (for use in mating-related tests) were obtained from larvae reared in the lab on Cucurbita sp. fruits following oviposition of adult flies recovered from naturally infested Luffa aegyptiaca (listed as L. cylindrica Roem ) fruits.

Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pumpkin); Back and Pemberton 1914 (can lay eggs in fruit, unopened male and female flowers, stem and seedling); + Chen 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pumpkin); + Christenson and Foote 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a minor host); + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as winter squash); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both squash and as pumpkin); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kalshoven 1981 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as waluh); Margosian et al. 2009; +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as pumpkin); +Nishida 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pumpkin); + Symonds et al. 2009 (both pumpkin and squash are listed); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +Vagalo et al. 1997 (listed as pumpkin); + Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pumpkins); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both pumpkin and squash; listed as a preferred host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both pumpkin and squash; listed as a preferred host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as both pumpkin and squash; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992; +Willard 1920 (listed as both squash and pumpkin); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as squash).

Cucurbitaceae Juss. , nom. cons. Grin Family Number : 312 Field Infestation: Clausen et al. 1965: Malaysia (referred to as Malaya; place names indicate that it is predominantly present day Malaysia, but may include fruits from Singapore as well) From mixed species of Cucurbitaceae collected from January to May 1949, in Malaysia (predominantly present day Malaysia, but may include fruits from Singapore as well), 23,851 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ) and Bactrocera tau (listed as D. hageni Meij ) (ratio not stated). South China

From mixed species of Cucurbitaceae collected from July to September 1950 in South

China, 3,465 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ) and Bactrocera tau (listed as Dacus nubilus Hendel ) (ratio not stated). North India

From collections of mixed species of Cucurbitaceae fruits from September 1949 to October 1950 in Northern India, 11,904 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) and Dacus ciliatus Loew. South India

From collections of mixed species of Cucurbitaceae fruits from March to May 1950 in

Southern India, 9,833 B. cucurbitae puparia (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) were recovered. Sri Lanka (referred to as Ceylon)

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) puparia recovered from collections of mixed species of Cucurbitaceae fruits in Sri Lanka were shipped to Hawaii during August and September 1951. Kenya

From collections of mixed species of Cucurbitaceae fruits from August 1949 to June

1950, in Kenya, some B. cucurbitae puparia (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered, but relatively few compared to puparia recovered of Dacus bivittatus var. cucumarius Sack and Dacus ciliatus Loew.

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Bahrain

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbitaceae fruit(s), originating in Bahrain, at an airport in Massachusetts (Boston) on one occasion in 2001. Recovery was 18 live larvae.

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from

Cucurbitaceae fruit(s), originating in Hawaii, at airports in Hawaii (Honolulu–1; Lihue–2) on three occasions between 1991 and 2006. Average recovery was 3.3 live larvae.

India

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from

Cucurbitaceae fruit(s), originating in India, at airports in Pennsylvania (Pittsburgh) and in California (Los Angeles) on two occasions (1989 and 1994, respectively). Recovery was 31 live larvae (1989), and one live larva (1994).

Pakistan

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Cucurbitaceae fruit(s), originating in Pakistan, at a California airport (Los Angeles) on one occasion in 2001. Recovery was one live larva.

Listing Only: + Agarwal et al. 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); + Back and Pemberton 1917 (listed as cucurbitaceous plants); + Back and Pemberton 1918 (listed as cucurbitaceous plants); + Batra 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbit vegetables); + Bhagat et al. 1998 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); + Bhatia and Mahto 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbitaceous vegetables); + Borah 1997 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbit fruits); + Botha et al. 2004 (listed as cucurbits); CABI 2016; CERIS 1993 (listed as cucurbit crops); + Chaudhary and Patel 2007a (listed as cucurbitaceous fruits); + Commonwealth Institute of Entomology 1978 (listed as cucurbits); Clausen et al. 1965 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Drew 1989 (listed as cucurbit crops); + Drew et al. 1978 (listed as cucurbits); European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a minor host); + Fletcher 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as infesting the male flowers of cucurbits); + Gupta and Verma 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); + Gupta and Verma 1982 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbit fruits); + Hardy 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); +Harris 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as cucurbits); + Holdaway and Look 1942 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); + Hollingsworth et al. 1996 (listed as cucurbits); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Iwahashi et al. 1976 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbit crops); + Kakinohana et al. 1997 (listed as cucurbit crops); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as cucurbits); + Kazi 1976 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); Kumagai et al. 1996; + Kumar et al. 2008 (listed as cucurbitaceous vegetables and fruits); + Lall 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits and cucurbitaceous vegetables); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits and cucurbitaceous vegetables); + Lall and Singh 1959 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbit vegetables); +Mahmood and Mishkatullah 2007 (listed as cucurbit crops); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as cucurbits); + Messing et al. 1995 (listed as cucurbits); Munro 1984 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ; listed as infesting cucurbits generally, cultivated and wild); Nafus 1997 (infests cucurbits in the Mariana Islands); + Nath 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); Nath et al. 1976; +Nishida 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley and Dohanian 1957 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; + Pruthi and Batra 1938 (listed as Chaetodacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); + Queensland Government 2015 (listed as cucurbits); + Qureshi et al. 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbitaceous vegetables); + Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); Ramadan and Messing 2003; + Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Talpur et al. 1994 (listed as cucurbit vegetables); + Tenakanai 1997 (listed as all cucurbits, wild and cultivated); + Terry 1906

(listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbitaceous fruits); + Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as all the members of the plant family Cucurbitaceae ); +Vijaysegaran and Hong 2000 (listed as cucurbits); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as cucurbits); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as cucurbits).

Cupania sapida Voigt , see Blighia sapida K. D. Koenig

Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12773

Common Names: achoccha (Quichua-Peru), achocha (English), achocha (French), caiba (Spanish), caifa (Spanish-Costa Rica), caigua (Spanish), caihua (Spanish), caygua (Spanish), concombre grimpant (French), jaiba (Spanish-Costa Rica), Korila (German), korila (Swedish), lady’s-slipper (English), pepino de comer (Spanish), pepino de rellenar (Spanish-Columbia), penino hueco (Spanish), slipper goard (English), stuffing gourd (English), stuffing-cucumber (English), tamiá de cipō (Portuguese), tamiá de comer (Portuguese), wild cucumber (English), xiao que gua (transcribed Chinese).

Cultivated: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Xizang, Yunnan; Eastern Asia: Taiwan; ASIA- TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan; India; Nepal; Malesia: Malaysia; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Costa Rica; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Northern South America: Venezuela; Western South America: Bolivia; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Southern South America: Argentina – Jujuy, Salta.

Origin: Andean South America.

Field Infestation:

Jacquard et al. 2013:

Réunion Island, France

Bactrocera cucurbitae -infested C. pedata fruits were collected from three sites on Réunion Island from June to September 2009, and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Sixty-four (64) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Cyclanthera pedata fruits of a local variety were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 519.8 (standard deviation = 1,084) adults per kg infested fruit.

Listing Only: De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as Cylanthera pedata ); De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as Cylanthera pedata ; listed as being very favorable as a host).

Synonyms: Cyclanthera pedata var. edulis (Naudin) Cogn. , Momordica pedata L.

Cyclanthera pedata var. edulis (Naudin) Cogn. , see Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad.

Cydonia oblonga Mill.

Family: Rosaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 12779

Common Names: ajva (transliterated Russian), cognassier (French), coing (French), kvitten (Swedish), marmelo (Portuguese), membrillero (Spanish), membrillo (Spanish), quince (English), Quitte (German), Quittenbaum (German), wen po (transcribed Chinese).

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Western Asia: Iran; Caucasus: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Russian Federation – Ciscaucasia, Dagestan; Middle Asia: Turkmenistan [Kopet Dagh].

Naturalized: Naturalized elsewhere.

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Syed 1971:

Harnai and Quetta, Province of Balochistan, Pakistan

In Harnai and Quetta (1964–1965), B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was reared from Cydonia oblonga (listed as Cydonia vulgaris ) in December. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.

Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; Cantrell et al. 1999; Hollingsworth et al. 1996; + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as quince); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; White and Elson-Harris 1992.

Synonyms: Cydonia vulgaris Pers. , Pyrus cydonia L.

Cydonia vulgaris Pers. , see Cydonia oblonga Mill.

Cylanthera pedata (L.) Schrad., see Cyclanthera pedata (L.) Schrad.

Cyphomandra betacea (Cav.) Sendtn. , see Solanum betaceum Cav.

Cyphomandra crassifolia Kuntze , see Solanum betaceum Cav.

Cyphomandra Mart. ex Sendtn. , see Solanum L.

Cyphomandra spp. , see Solanum spp.

Cyrtonema Schrad. , see Kedrostis Medik.

Cytisus cajan L., see Cajanus cajan (L.) Huth

Daubentonia DC. , see Sesbania Scop.

Daubentonia spp. , see Sesbania spp.

Detariaceae Hess , see Fabaceae Lindl. , nom. cons.

Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Family: Sapindaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 14131

Common Names: longan (English) , longán (Spanish) , longan (Swedish) , Longanbaum (German), Longanbeere (German), longanier (French), mata kucing (Malay), oeil de dragon (French).

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, Yunnan; Eastern Asia: Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines.

Cultivated: Cultivated elsewhere.

Listing Only: White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Euphoria longana Lam. , Nephelium longana (Lam.) Cambess.

Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. longan

Family: Sapindaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 403166

Common Names: longan (English) .

Native: ASIA TROPICAL – Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia.

Field Infestation:

McBride and Tanada 1949:

Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Ninety-four (94) D. longan fruits (listed as Euphoria longan [Lour.] Steud.) were collected on 14 July 1947, in Nuuanu, Honolulu, by M. Chong. Recovered from these fruits were 10 B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ), and 2 B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The authors listed D. longan as a doubtful host.

Listing Only: Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Euphoria longan [Lour.] Steud.); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Euphoria longan ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Euphoria longan ; listed as a “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Euphorbia longan , which is listed as a doubtful host); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Euphorbia longan ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Euphoria longan ; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Synonyms: Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud. , Nephelium longan (Lour.) Hook.

Diospyros digyna Jacq.

Family: Ebenaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 14280

Common Names: barbaquois (French), black persimmon (English), black sapote (English), Ebenholzbaum (German), schwarze Sapote (German), sapote negro (Spanish), svart sapote (Swedish), zapote negro (Spanish).

Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Western South America: Colombia.

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Nigeria

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Diospyros digyna fruit(s), originating in Nigeria, at an airport in Michigan (Detroit) on one occasion in 2001. Recovery was one live larva.

Diplocyclos palmatus (L.) C. Jeffrey

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 409855

Common Names: lollipop-climber (English), polkagrisreva (Swedish), striped-cucumber (English).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi, Equatorial Guinea – Bioko; Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Zaire; South Tropical Africa: Mozambique, Zambia; ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guangdong, Guangxi; Eastern Asia: Japan – Ryukyu Islands, Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bhutan, India – Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal; Nepal, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Vietnam; Malesia: Malaysia, Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia.

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Iwahashi 1977:

Kume Island, Okinawa Islands, Japan

Over 2,000 wild D. palmatus fruits (listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ) were collected monthly from June 1972 to January 1975 on Kume Island and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). These collections were made before the start of an SIT-based eradication program, but male annihilation efforts and protein bait sprays were applied from November 1972 to January 1975. Infestation was assessed through dissection of fruits with apparent infestation or punctures and holding all other collected fruits on moistened sand. Average percentage infestation ranged from 2.56 to 23.62%.

Iwahashi et al. 1976:

Kume Island, Okinawa Islands, Japan

Wild D. palmatus fruits (listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ) were collected monthly from June 1972 to January 1975 on Kume Island and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). These collections were made before the start of an SIT-based eradication program, but male annihilation efforts and protein bait sprays were applied from November 1972 to January 1975. Infestation was assessed through dissection of fruits with apparent infestation or punctures and holding all other collected fruits on moistened sand. Out of 4,910 D. palmatus fruits collected from June

1972– January 1975 on Kume Island (before the start of SIT), 277 fruits were found to be infested. The average monthly infestation rate was 6.44% (range: 1.28–12.0%).

Iwaizumi 1993:

Southern Okinawa Island, Japan

Diplocyclos palmatus fruits were collected monthly in the southern part of Okinawa

Island from May through June 1987 and December 1987 through February 1988, and held on sand in plastic containers until adult fly emergence. Out of 1,955 fruits collected, 100 were infested by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), with an average monthly infestation rate of 4.38% (range: 0.0–17.2%).

Kittayapong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Diplocyclos palmatus fruits (listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ) were collected throughout

Thailand within the time period of October 1995 to December 1998. Collections were placed over sawdust in a ventilated plastic container and brought back to the laboratory at Mahidol University in Bangkok. Bactrocera cucurbitae , Bactrocera rubella (Hardy) and B. tau sp. A were all recovered from D. palmatus fruits. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.

Koyama et al. 1981:

Minatogawa, Okinawa, Japan

Twelve thousand three hundred fifteen (12,315) Diplocyclos palmatus fruits were collected in Minatogawa over the course of 12 monthly collections extending from June 1979 to May 1980. The number of fruits collected per collection ranged from 438 to 1,459 and averaged 1,026.25. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered in 11 of 12 collections (91.7%). Out of 12,315 fruits collected, 443 were infested by B. cucurbitae (3.60%). The average monthly infestation rate by B. cucurbitae was 4.76% (range: 0.0–18.8%). Totals of 1,376 pupa and 1,109 adults of B. cucurbitae were recovered. Average monthly B. cucurbitae recoveries were 0.145 pupae/fruit, 3.28 pupae/infested fruit, 0.116 adults/fruit and 2.96 adults/infested fruit. Overall B. cucurbitae recoveries averaged 0.112 pupae/ fruit, 3.11 pupae/infested fruit, 0.090 adults/fruit and 2.50 adults/infested fruit.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 392,313 D. palmatus fruits were collected (449 collections overall) from five islands/island groups (Amami, Kume, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 18,905 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 4.1%.

Tsuruta et al. 1997:

Sri Lanka

Sixty-three (63) B. cucurbitae adults were recovered from D. palmatus flowers and galls in Sri Lanka. Recoveries from flowers came from Kiralogama (46), Kalakaradawa (1), and Laggala (3). Recoveries from galls came from Laggala (13). No infestation rate data were given. Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa [L.] Naud.); Copeland et al. 2009; De Meyer et al. 2014; Dhillon et al. 2005a; Holbrook 1967 (listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa [L.] Naud.); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ); Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Prokopy and Koyama 1982 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Diplocylos palmatus and Bryonopsis laciniosa ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both Bryonopsis laciniosa and Diplocylos palmatus ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Bryonopsis laciniosa ; insufficient data to justify regulation); Weems et al. 2001 (listed as a wild host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as a wild host). Synonyms: Bryonia laciniosa auct., Bryonia palmata L., Bryonopsis laciniosa auct., Zehneria erythrocarpa F. Muell.

Dolichos lablab L., see Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet subsp. purpureus

Dolichos purpureus L., see Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet subsp. purpureus

Dolichos sesquipedalis L., see Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Sesquipedalis Group

Dolichos sinensis L., see Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Unguiculata Group

Dolichos unguiculata L., see Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. subsp. unguiculata Unguiculata Group

Dracaena curtisii Ridl.

Family: Agavaceae

Grin Nomen Number : No listing in GRIN for this species; naming authority taken from The Plant List.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of Dracaena curtisii (listed as Dracaena curtissi ). Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host; listed as D. curtissi ); Cantrell et al. 1999 (listed as D. curtissi ); De Meyer et al. 2014 (listed as D. curtissi ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015 (listed as D. curtissi ).

Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. and Rolfe

Family: Anacardiaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 14665

Common Names: Argus pheasant-tree (English), dao (Swedish) , Drachenapfel (German).

Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – India Subcontinent: India; Indo-China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines; PACIFIC – Southwestern Pacific: Solomon Islands.

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Clausen et al. 1965:

Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo; place names listed are in present day Sabah, Malaysia)

From collections of D. dao in June 1951 in Sabah, Malaysia (referred to as North Borneo), 350 B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) puparia were recovered. Bactrocera cucurbitae was the dominant infesting species in D. dao .

Listing Only: USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Comeurya cumingiana Baill. , Dracontomelon cumingianum (Baill.) Baill. , Dracontomelon edule (Blanco) Skeels , Dracontomelon mangiferum (Blume) Blume , Paliurus dao Blanco , Paliurus edulis Blanco

Dracontomelon cumingianum (Baill.) Baill. , see Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. and Rolfe

Dracontomelon edule (Blanco) Skeels , see Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. and Rolfe

Dracontomelon mangiferum (Blume) Blume , see Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. and Rolfe Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 405675

Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China: Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia – Kalimantan, Sumatra; Malaysia.

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as Endospermum malaccense , which is listed as a synonym of Endospermum diadenum by The Plant List); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Endospermum malaccense ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Endospermum malaccense ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Endospermum malaccense ; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Synonyms: Melanolepis diadena Miq.

Endospermum malaccense Benth. Ex. Müll. Arg. , see Endospermum diadenum (Miq.) Airy Shaw

Eriobotrya japonica (Thunb.) Lindl.

Family: Rosaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 15602

Common Names: bibasse (Unknown), bibassier (French), Japanese-medlar (English), japanische Mispel (German), japanische Wollmispel (German), japansk mispel (Swedish), loquat (English), lukwart (Afrikaans), néflier du Japon (French), nespereira (Portuguese), níspero (Spanish), níspero del Japón (Spanish), nispolero (Spanish), pi ba (transcribed Chinese).

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Hubei, Sichuan; Eastern Asia: Japan – Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku.

Cultivated: ASIA-TEMPERATE – Eastern Asia: Taiwan; also cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Chinajariyawong et al. 2000:

Malaysia

Bactrocera cucurbitae was reared from 1 sample of E. japonica collected in Malaysia. No infestation rate data were given.

+ Chong 1952:

Kula, Island of Maui, Hawaii, U.S.A.

One Diachasmimorpha kraussii (Fullaway) (listed as Opius kraussi ) parasitoid was recovered in July, 1951, by Llewellyn Akaka from Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) that had infested E. japonica fruits (listed as loquat).

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Nigeria

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Eriobotrya japonica fruit(s), originating in Nigeria, at an airport in Missouri (St. Louis) on one occasion in 2008. Recovery was one live larva.

Listing Only: + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as loquat); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Vargas et al. 2004; White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Mespilus japonica Thunb.

Eugenia aquea Burm. f., see Syzygium aqueum (Burm. f.) Alston

Eugenia brasiliana (L.) Aubl., see Eugenia uniflora L.

Eugenia jambos L., see Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston

Eugenia javanica Lam. , see Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. and L. M. Perry

Eugenia malaccensis L., see Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. and L. M. Perry

Eugenia michelii Lam. , see Eugenia uniflora L.

Eugenia myrtifolia Salisb. , see Eugenia uniflora L.

Eugenia spp.

Family: Myrtaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 312348

Listing Only: Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ).

Eugenia uniflora L.

Family: Myrtaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 16210

Common Names: Brazil-cherry (English), Cayennekirsche (German), cerezo de Cayena (Spanish), cerisier carré (French), cerisier de Cayenne (French), körsbärsmyrten (Swedish), nagapiry (Spanish), pitanga (Spanish), pitanga-da-praia (Portuguese), pitanga-mulata (Portuguese-Brazil), pitanga-roxa (Portuguese-Brazil), pitanga-vermelha (Portuguese-Brazil), Surinam-cherry (English), Surinam- Kirschmyrte (German), Surinamkirsche (German).

Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Brazil: Brazil – Minas Gerais, Parana, Rio Grande do Sul, Rio de Janeiro, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo ; Western South America : Bolivia – La Paz, Santa Cruz, Tarija ; Southern South America : Argentina – Catamarca, Chaco, Corrientes, Entre Rios, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Santa Fe, Tucuman ; Paraguay, Uruguay.

Naturalized: AFRICA – Southern Africa: South Africa; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Queensland; NORTHERN AMERICA – United States; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: West Indies.

Cultivated: also cultivated in tropics.

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as a “non-host or host of undetermined status”); USDA-APHIS- PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Synonyms: Eugenia brasiliana (L.) Aubl., Eugenia michelii Lam. , Eugenia myrtifolia Salisb. , Myrtus brasiliana L.

Euphorbia geniculata Ortega , see Euphorbia heterophylla L.

Euphorbia heterophylla L.

Family: Euphorbiaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 16374

Common Names: adeus-Brasil (Portuguese-Brazil), amendoim-bravo (Portuguese-Brazil), caca poule (French), café-do-diabo (Portuguese-Brazil), flor-do-poeta (Portuguese), golondrina (Spanish), hierba de leche (Spanish), Japanese poinsettia (English), laban el-homara (Arabic), labeinah (Arabic), lechosa (Spanish), leiteira (Portuguese-Brazil), Mexican fireplant (English), milkweed (English), painted euphorbia (English), painted spurge (English), paintedleaf (English), pascuilla (Spanish), Poinsettien- Wolfsmilch (German).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi; South-Central U.S.A.: United States – Texas; Southwestern U.S.A.: United States – Arizona, California; Northern Mexico: Mexico – Baja Sur, Chihuahua, Durango, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tamaulipas; Southern Mexico: Mexico – Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Anguilla; Antigua and Barbuda; Bahamas; Bermuda; Cayman Islands; Cuba; Dominica; Dominican Republic; Gernada; Haiti; Jamaica; Martinique; Montserrat; Netherlands Antilles; Puerto Rico; St. Lucia; Trinidad and Tobago; Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands ( U.S.); Central America: Belize; Costa Rica; El Salvador; Guatemala; Honduras; Nicaragua; Panama; Northern South America: French Guiana; Guyana; Suriname; Venezuela; Brazil: Brazil – Amazonas, Bahia, Federal District, Goias, Maranhao, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rondonia, Santa Catarina, Sao Paulo; Western South America: Bolivia – Cochabamba, La Paz, Santa Cruz; Colombia; Ecuador; Peru; Southern South America: Argentina – Cordoba, Corrientes, Formosa, Jujuy, Misiones, Salta, Tucuman; Paraguay; exact native range in neotropics obscure.

Naturalized: naturalized throughout tropic, subtropic, and warm-temperature regions

Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as Euphorbia geniculata ; listed as a wild host).

Synonyms: Euphorbia geniculata Ortega , Euphorbia pruniflora Jacq. , Poinsettia heterophylla (L.) Klotzsch and Garcke

Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud. , see Dimocarpus longan Lour. subsp. longan

Euphoria longana Lam. , see Dimocarpus longan Lour.

Euphorbia pruniflora Jacq. , see Euphorbia heterophylla L.

Fabaceae Lindl. , nom. cons.

Grin Family Number : 440

Listing Only: + Commonwealth Institute of Entomology 1978 (listed as legumes); European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a minor host); + Terry 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as leguminous plant fruits).

Synonyms: Acaciaceae E. Mey. , Aspalathaceae Martinov , Astragalaceae Bercht. and J. Presl , Caesalpiniaceae R. Br. , nom. cons., Cassiaceae Vest , Ceratoniaceae Link , Detariaceae Hess , Hedysaraceae Bercht. and J. Presl , Inocarpaceae Zoll. , Leguminosae Juss. , nom. cons., Mimosaceae R. Br. , nom. cons., Papilionaceae Giseke , nom. cons., Phaseolaceae Mart. , Swartziaceae Bartl. , Viciaceae Oken

Feijoa sellowiana (O. Berg) O. Berg , see Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret

Ficus beecheyana Hook. and Arn. , see Ficus erecta Thunb.

Ficus bibracteata Miq. , see Ficus spp.

Ficus caprificus Risso , see Ficus carica L.

Ficus carica L.

Family: Moraceae

Grin Nomen Number : 16801

Common Names: anjir (India-Hindi), carique (French), common fig (English), echte Feige (German), Essfeige (German), Feigenbaum (German), fico (Italian), fig (English), figo (Portuguese-Brazil), figueira (Portuguese), figueira-comum (Portuguese-Brazil), figueira-da-europa (Portuguese-Brazil), figueira-do-reino (Portuguese-Brazil), figuier commun (French), fikon (Swedish), getfikon (Swedish), higo (Spanish), higuera común (Spanish), muhwagwanamu (transcribed Korean), teen (Arabic), wu hua guo (transcribed Chinese).

Native: AFRICA – Northern Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Western Asia: Afghanistan; Cyprus; Egypt – Sinai, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey; Caucasus: Azerbaijan; Middle Asia: Tajikistan, Turkmenistan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Pakistan; EUROPE – Southeastern Europe: Greece, Crete, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily; Southwestern Europ e: France, Corsica, Spain – Baleares; native range obscure.

Naturalized: AFRICA – Macaronesia : Cape Verde, Portugal – Azores, Madeira Islands; Spain – Canary Islands; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; New Zealand: New Zealand; EUROPE –Europe; NORTHERN AMERICA – United States; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Western South America: Ecuador – Galapagos Islands.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Field Infestation:

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Kaimuki, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Ficus carica (listed as fig) is listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae . The authors reported that O. H. Swezy reared adult melon flies from figs grown in Kaimuki, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. The authors, though, further noted that this is one of several fruits that has “never been known to serve regularly” as a melon fly host and that this record of infestation “must be considered as exceptional.”

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Ficus carica (listed as fig) is listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae . The authors stated that adult melon flies have been reared from fig, but that fig does not serve regularly as a host; that it is attacked by melon fly only in rare instances, and then only slightly. Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as fig); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as fig); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “ocassionally infested”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Khan et al. 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as fig); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as fig); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as rarely injured); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as fig); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Phillips 1946 (listed as figs); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; + Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as fig); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as fig); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as fig; listed as an occasional host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as fig; listed as an occasional host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as fig; listed as an occasional host); White and Elson-Harris 1992. Synonyms: Ficus caprificus Risso , Ficus carica var. caprificus (Risso) Tschirch and Ravasini

Ficus carica var. caprificus (Risso) Tschirch and Ravasini , see Ficus carica L.

Ficus chartacea (Wall. ex Kurz) Wall. ex King

Family: Moraceae

Grin Nomen Number : No listing in GRIN for this species; naming authority taken from The Plant List.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

In 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 1 sample of F. chartacea . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015.

Ficus erecta Thunb.

Family: Moraceae

Grin Nomen Number : 16836

Common Names: Ai xiao tian xian guo (transcribed Chinese).

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang ; Eastern Asia: Japan – Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands , Shikoku ; Korea, South – Cheju ; Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China : Vietnam .

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Field Infestation:

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 34,749 F. erecta fruits were collected (19 collections overall) from one island/island group

(Okinawa) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 3 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the island/island group) of 0.0025%.

Synonyms: Ficus beecheyana Hook. and Arn. , Ficus erecta L. var. beecheyana (Hook. and Arn.) King

Ficus erecta L. var. beecheyana (Hook. and Arn.) King , see Ficus erecta Thunb.

Ficus hookeri Sweet , see Ficus spp.

Ficus lucida Aiton , see Ficus spp.

Ficus pumila L.

Family: Moraceae

Grin Nomen Number : 16951

Common Names: Bi li (transcribed Chinese), climbing fig (English), creeping fig (English), creeping rubberplant (English), figvine (English), figuier rampant (French), higuera trepadora (Spanish), klätterfikus (Swedish), Kletterfeige (German), ō- itabi (Japanese Rōmaji).

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China-Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, Zhejiang ; Eastern Asia: Japan – Honshu, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands , Shikoku ; Taiwan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China: Vietnam.

Cultivated: widely cultivated.

Field Infestation:

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 12,101 F. pumila fruits were collected (19 collections overall) from one island/island group (Okinawa) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 7 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in the islands/island groups) of 0.015%.

Ficus spp.

Family: Moraceae

Grin Nomen Number : 310932

Listing Only: Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015 (listed as Ficus ).

Synonyms: Ficus bibracteata Miq. , Ficus hookeri Sweet , Ficus lucida Aiton , Ficus wendlandii hort. ex Gentil , nom. nud.

Ficus wendlandii hort. ex Gentil , nom. nud., see Ficus spp.

Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier

Family: Rosaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 244

Common Names: Ananaserdbeere (German), Erdbeere (German), fresa (Spanish), fresa ananás (Spanish), fraisier (French), fraisier ananas (French), garden strawberry (English), Gartenerdbeere (German), Kulturerdbeere (German), morangueiro (Portuguese), oranda-ichigo (Japanese Rōmaji), strawberry (English), ttalgi (transcribed Korean).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Western Canada: Canada – British Columbia; Northwestern U.S.A.: United States – Oregon, Washington; Southwestern U.S.A.: United States – California.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated.

Lab Infestation:

Iwaizumi et al. 1994:

Intact, mature F. × ananassa fruits were exposed to 10 gravid female B. cucurbitae for 24 hours in a screen-net cage. An average (over three replications) of 19.3±9.0 adults was recovered. Strawberries punctured several times with insect pins were similarly exposed to 10 gravid females, with an average recovery of 11.3±16.0 adult flies. Synonyms: Fragaria chiloensis var. ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Ser. , Fragaria × magna auct., Potentilla × ananassa (Duchesne ex Rozier) Mabb.

Fragaria × magna auct., see Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier

Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Mill.

Family: Rosaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 246

Common Names: beach strawberry (English), Chilean strawberry (English), Chileerdbeere (German), chilère (French), Chiloe strawberry (English), fraisier du Chili (French), fresa chilena (Spanish), frutilla (Spanish), moranguiero-do-Chile (Portuguese).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Subarctic America: United States – Alaska; Western Canada: Canada – British Columbia; Northwestern U.S.A.: United States – Oregon, Washington; Southwestern U.S.A.: United States – California; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii; SOUTH- ERN AMERICA – Southern South America: Argentina; Chile.

Cultivated: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Western South America: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru; Southern South America: Argentina; Chile.

Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Fragaria chiloansis ); Holbrook 1967; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).