Ctenitis falciculata (Raddi) Ching (1940: 250)

Viveros, Raquel Stauffer, Rouhan, Germinal & Salino, Alexandre, 2018, A taxonomic monograph of the fern genus Ctenitis (Dryopteridaceae) in South America, Phytotaxa 385 (1), pp. 448-450 : 448-450

11. Ctenitis falciculata (Raddi) Ching (1940: 250) . Figs. 09K, 18D. Aspidium falciculatum Raddi (1819: 289) . Dryopteris falciculata (Raddi) Kuntze (1893: 378) . Type:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Raddi s.n. (lectotype PI!, designated by Viveros & Salino 2015, isolectotype FI!).

Polypodium ciliatum Presl (1822: 169) . Type: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Pohl s.n. (lectotype PRC! designated by Viveros & Salino 2015).

Aspidium chrysolobum Link (1833: 117) . Nephrodium chrysolobum (Link) Fée (1852a: 305) . Dryopteris chrysoloba (Link) Kuntze (1891: 812) . Type: — BRAZIL. Unknown s.n. (lectotype B 20 0055482! designated by Viveros & Salino 2015).

Aspidium schomburgkii Klotzsch (1847: 369) . Type : — GUYANA. Schomburgk 1167 (holotype B 20 0055494!).

Aspidium schottianum Kunze ex Hooker & Baker (1868: 262) . Type: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Schott s.n. (lectotype PRC!, designated by Viveros & Salino 2015).

Aspidium sericeum Fée (1869: 144) . Dryopteris falciculata f. sericea (Fée) Christensen (1913a: 92) . Type: — BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou 1658 (lectotype P 00633646!, designated by Viveros & Salino 2015, isolectotypes P 00170029!, P 00633645!); remaining syntypes:— BRAZIL. Rio de Janeiro, Glaziou 957 (P 00633644!, P 00633643!, P 02141715!, P 00170028!).

Stems erect or ascending, 1.2–2.0 cm diam., scales 3.7–6.80 × 0.6–1.2 mm, castaneous or dark brown, subclathrate, lanceolate, entire, with or without some short fimbriae at base; leaves (26) 46.1–92.5 cm long; petioles 11.3–41 cm × 0.8–2.8 mm, with 3 vascular bundles at base, stramineous, tan or brownish, scales 3.3–5.7 × 0.2–0.9 mm, dark brown to blackish, subclathrate, not tangled on petiole base, patent or ascending, flattish, flaccid, lanceolate with truncate or slightly cordate base and attenuate apex, entire or slightly denticulate, with or without some short fimbriae at base and laterally, dense catenate trichomes abaxially, sparse glandular trichomes or absent; laminae 14.7–51.5 × 9.5–23.4 cm, width ca. 1/2 of length, sometimes somewhat narrower or wider, 1-pinnate-pinnatisect or 1-pinnate-pinnatifid basally, 1-pinnate-pinnatifid medially and apically, lanceolate or ovate, apex confluent; rachises stramineous, tan or brownish, scales like those on distal portion of petioles, dense catenate trichomes abaxially, sparse or absent glandular trichomes; pinnae 6–16 pairs, the basal and medial ones stalked to 1.8 mm long or sessile, the apical ones sessile, basal pinnae basiscopically and acroscopically somewhat equally developed, the medial 4.7–11 × 1.2–2.7 cm, lanceolate, incised more than 3/4 of the distance between the segment apex and

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costa, basal segments as long as the next, apex acute, attenuate or caudate; adaxial pinnae axes scales absent, catenate trichomes dense on costa, sparse on costula and veins, bacilliform trichomes sparse on costule and veins or absent; adaxial laminar surface between veins with sparse to dense catenate trichomes and sometimes also with bacilliform and glandular trichomes; abaxial pinnae axes with sparse scales on costa, 0.5–1.9 × 0.1–0.4 mm, dark brown to blackish or castaneous, clathrate, ascending, mostly flattish, but can be vaulted at base, flaccid, lanceolate with truncate or slightly cordate base and attenuate or filiform apex, entire, with or without some short fimbriae at base, proscales absent, catenate trichomes dense on costa, sparse on costule and veins, bacilliform trichomes absent or sparse on costula and veins, glandular trichomes absent, filiform trichomes absent; abaxial laminar surface between veins with dense catenate trichomes, absent or sparse bacilliform trichomes, absent or rare glandular trichomes; segments 12–21 pairs, (2.5) 2.8–5.2 mm wide, patent or subfalcate, entire, repand or crenate, apex obtuso, margin with catenate trichomes, the distance from each other is narrower than segments width; veins simple, 5–10 pairs per segment, the basal ones from adjacent segments end at margin well above the sinus; sori medial or supramedial, indusia conspicuous, entire, with catenate trichomes, sometimes also with bacilliform trichomes; spores with coarse folds.

Selected specimens examined:— BRAZIL. Bahia: Almadina, Serra dos Sete Paus, 6 km de Almadina na estrada para Ibitupã, daí 7 km N para a comunidade de Sete Paus, na nascente do Rio Almada , 578 m, 14º44’S, 39º42’W, 19 July 2005, Matos et al. 712 ( CEPEC) ; Espírito Santo: Jatiboca , 13 May 1946, Brade et al. s.n. ( RB) ; Nova Venécia, APA da Pedra do Elefante , 221 m, 18°46'37" S, 40°26'38" W, 18 February 2008, Labiak et al. 4675 ( RB) ; Serra , 19 July 1973, Araújo & Peixoto 305 ( RB) ; Minas Gerais: Divino, Fazenda Fortaleza , 700 m, 20°33' S, 42°09' W, 21 June 1988, Leoni & Lourenço 288 ( RB) ; Monte Belo, Fazenda Lagoa , 13 April 1983, Vieira 687 ( RB) ; Novo Cruzeiro, Fazenda Araras , 17º 36’47’’S, 41º57’49.3’’ W, 754 m, 10 February 2004, Stehmann et al. 3646 ( BHCB) ; Pará: Rio Cuminá , September 1928, Sampaio s.n. (R) ; Paraná: Manoel Ribas , 12 December 1973, Hatschbach 33493 ( UC) ; São João do Triunfo , 15 October 1961, Filho s.n. ( UPCB) ; Rio de Janeiro: Mangaratiba, Reserva Ecológica do Rio das Pedras, 19 October 1996, Bovini et al. 1088 ( RB) ; Nova Friburgo , a caminho da Fazenda São João, 11 November 1976, Windisch & Ghillany 587 ( HB) ; Petrópolis , March 1915, Diajo 338 ( HB) ; Rio de Janeiro, Floresta da Tijuca, Complexo da Pedra da Gávea , Pico dos Quatro, 22º 00’20’’S, 43º 17’18’’W, 224 m, 11 January 2010, Fraga et al. 2830 ( RB) ; Santa Catarina: Florianópolis, Armação do Sul , 100 m, 15 December 1947, Sehnem 3156 ( RB) ; Meleiro-Araranguá , 1 February 1944, Reitz 1091 ( RB) ; São Paulo: Santos, 1841, Regnell 48 ( MO) ; Iguape, Morro das Pedras , 07 July 1916, Brade 7717 ( UC) .

Habitat and distribution:—Terrestrial in rainforest or semideciduous forest, 30–1270 m. Guyana and northern to southern Brazil ( Viveros & Salino 2015; Fig. 18D ; Tab. 01).

Notes:— Ctenitis falciculata is recognized mainly by its dark brown to blackish rachis scales and dense catenate trichomes on axes, laminar surface between veins and on indusia. Such characters are illustrated in Viveros & Salino (2015). Some specimens of C. falciculata can have also some yellowish bacilliform trichomes on indusia. The most similar species to C. falciculata is C. paranaensis , described originally as a variety under C. falciculata ( Dryopteris falciculata var. paranensis ; Christensen 1913a). Ctenitis paranaensis differs from C. falciculata by sparse catenate trichomes on abaxial pinna axes and laminar surface between veins, or glabrous in some individuals ( Viveros & Salino 2015). Furthermore, the indusia of C. paranaensis are usually inconspicuous and rachis scales are 3–6 mm long, while in C. falciculata the indusia are always conspicuous and the rachis scales are usually 1–2 mm long. The geographic distribution of C. falciculata is disjunct or reveals a collection gap, since the records are from Guyana and Pará (northern Brazil) and then the states of northeastern to and southern Brazil. However, we emphasize that the only record from Guyana we have examined is the type of Aspidium schomburgkii .

Mettenius (1858) treated this species as A. chrysolobum , citing the unpublished name A. mucronatum Beyrich (non A. mucronatum Swartz 1801: 30 ) as a synonym. Following Mettenius, Christensen (1913a) also cited A. mucronatum Beyrich as a synonym of D. falciculata , although it was never effectively published.

Figures

FIGURE 18. Distribution of four taxa of Ctenitis in South America. A: C. distans var. isabellina. B: C. equestris var. equestris. C: C. eriocaulis. D: C. falciculata.