Yphthimoides ordinaria Freitas, Kaminski & Mielke, 2012

Freitas, André V. L., Kaminski, Lucas A., Mielke, Olaf H. H., Barbosa, Eduardo P. & Silva-Brandão, Karina L., 2012, A new species of Yphthimoides (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Satyrinae) from the southern Atlantic forest region, Zootaxa 3526, pp. 31-44 : 33-42

Yphthimoides ordinaria Freitas, Kaminski & Mielke , new species ( Figs. 1–8)

‘ Euptychia ’? sp.; D’Abrera, 1989: 780.

Yphthimoides ca. electra; Brown 1992: 152, Fig. 31.

Yphthimoides sp. ca. angularis ; Brown 1992: 152, Figs. 32, 33.

Yphthimoides sp. ; Freitas 2004: 10, Fig. 3

Yphthimoides [n. sp.] Freitas; Núñez-B., 2008: 82.

Yphthimoides [n. sp.] Freitas; Núñez-B., 2009: 75, 78, Fig. 14.

Yphthimoides [n. sp.] Freitas; Núñez-B. et al., 2011: 40.

Adult: Diagnosis. Adults of both sexes are similar to Yphthimoides renata from southern Brazil (a common sympatric species, see Fig. 3 in Freitas 2004), but they can be easily distinguished from that species by the following wing pattern characters: 1) the ventral transverse lines crossing both wings are more wavy and thin in Y. ordinaria when compared to Y. renata , which have these lines always straight and broad; 2) the most basal transverse line on the ventral hindwing in Y. ordinaria is usually broken after crossing the discal cell, just before the stalking of CuA2, and continuous in Y. renata ; 3) the ventral submarginal line in the hindwing is more wavy in Y. ordinaria when compared to Y. renata . The male genitalia of Y. ordinaria is similar to Y. renata (based on individuals from Brazil), but can be distinguished by the following characters: 1) in ventral view, the uncus of Y. ordinaria narrows toward the apex, ending in a point, while in Y. renata the uncus is enlarged in the middle portion, abruptly narrowing and ending in a fat tip; 2) the valve of Y. ordinaria in slender in all its extension, while in Y. renata the valve is enlarged at the middle, with a conspicuous dorsal concavity in the distal half; 3) the teeth in the valvae are much more conspicuous in Y. ordinaria than in Y. renata .

Descriptions of adults: Male ( Fig. 1A). Forewing length 18–23 mm (average 20.8 mm, SD = 1.19, n = 17); hindwing length 14–20 mm (average 16.5 mm, SD = 1.55, n = 17). Eyes naked, entirely brown. Palpus length 2.0 times head height, beige with long brown hairs. The male palpus is shown in Fig. 2D. Antenna of males 9.0–10.0 mm in length, with 36 antennomeres extending to mid-costa; shaft rust brown, dorsally covered by dark brown scales, club with 9–10 antennomeres, not conspicuously developed. Hindwing outer margin slightly wavy. Male and female wing venation shown in Figs. 2A–B. Male foreleg ( Fig. 2C) covered by long brown hairs and with two tarsomeres partially fused, the first two thirds the length of tibia, and the second extremely reduced; female foreleg with five tarsomeres ( Fig. 2E). Wings with dorsal ground color dark brown with few markings, restricted to marginal and submarginal lines in both wings; hindwing with one or two ocelli in spaces CuA 1 –CuA 2 and CuA 2 –2A (smaller or absent in some individuals); these are completely black. Ventral wings with a kind of mottled pattern, with darker spots on a slightly paler background; forewing crossed by two thin dark brown lines, the first more regular, extending from costa to 2A one-third distance from wing base to apex; the second line wavy, extending from costa to 2A at two-thirds from wing base to apex, delimiting a lighter distal area; a dark brown scalloped submarginal line and a brown regular marginal line extending from costa to 2A; one to four minute black ocelli with white pupil in cells M 1 –M 2 (ocellus 1), M 2 –M 3 (2), M 3 –CuA 1 (3) and CuA 1 –CuA 2 (4). Hindwing crossed by two thin dark brown lines from costa to anal margin, in similar position to those on forewing, the more base one more even; the more distal one wavy, delimiting a lighter distal area; a dark brown zigzag submarginal line and a brown regular marginal line extending from costa to 2A; a series of six black ocelli circled by orange scales and with white pupil can be found in cells Rs–M1 (ocellus 1), M 1 –M 2 (2), M 2 –M 3 (3), M 3 –CuA 1 (4), CuA 1 –CuA 2 (5) and CuA 2 –2A (6); ocelli 1, 3, 4 and 6 usually small and reduced to few white scales circled by few black scales; ocelli 2 and 5 larger than the others, with double white pupil. No conspicuous androconial scales observed.

Male genitalia ( Figs. 3A–C, 4). Saccus short and triangular in ventral view; tegumen rounded; gnathos long and pointed; uncus elongated and truncated distally ( Fig. 4B); valvae elongated, trapezoidal, ending in a bump, internal margin with a series of small teeth ( Figs. 4C–D); aedeagus straight; cornuti absent; juxta membranous.

Female ( Figs. 1B, 5A). Forewing length 21–25 mm (average 23.4 mm; SD = 10.8, n = 14); hindwing length 17–22 mm (average 19.14 mm; SD = 1.17, n = 14). Antenna 9.0–11.0 mm in length, with 36 antennomeres extending to mid-costa. General color and pattern very similar to, but in general paler than that of males. Some females also show additional black ocelli in spaces M 2 –M 3 and CuA 1 –CuA 2 on ventral forewing ( Fig. 1B). Female genitalia as in Figure 3D. Ductus bursae not sclerotized, as long as corpus bursae; corpus bursae ellipsoid and signa absent.

Remarks on color variation. Variation on the dorsal wing surfaces is practically absent and obvious seasonal variations have not been detected. The ventral surface of both wings shows weak variation in intensity of pigmentation and line shape, in the contrast of the paler distal area, and especially in the number (but not size) of the ocelli. No individuals lacking ocelli were observed, including those from dry season.

Description of immature stages. The morphological description and measurements of the immature stages below (with five larval instars) are based on material from Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. Additional data from Campinas region, São Paulo (with only four larval instars) are at the end of this section.

Egg ( Figs. 5B, 6). Spherical, cream, smooth, with a reticle of thin ridges forming a pattern of irregular pentagonal and hexagonal cells visible with SEM ( Fig. 6). Height 1.2 mm; diameter 1.16 (n = 1). Duration 6 days (n = 10).

First instar ( Figs. 5C, 7, 8). Head capsule width 0.66 – 0.74 mm; head scoli 0.08 – 0.10 mm (n = 10). Head capsule black, with enlarged chalazae, bearing a pair of short scoli on vertex, each with two long narrow setae, P1 and P2 respectively ( Figs. 7A–B). Poro Pb between P1 and P2. Third stemma larger than the other stemmata. Body cream, smooth, with red longitudinal stripes; caudal filaments very short. Setae dark, elongated, several dorsal and subdorsal clubbed at the tip. Duration 9–10 days (n = 10). Head and body chaetotaxy are presented in the Figure 7.

Second instar ( Fig. 5D). Head capsule width 0.92–1.00 mm; head scoli 0.14–0.20 mm (n = 10). Head dark brown with two diverging short scoli on vertex. Body beige, striped longitudinally with white and reddish; caudal filaments short. Duration 9–11 days (n = 10).

Third instar. Head capsule width 1.35–1.47 mm; head scoli 0.22–0.30 mm (n = 10). Head brown, with two diverging very short scoli on vertex. Body brown with several longitudinal dark brown stripes; caudal filaments short. Duration 10–12 days (n = 10).

Fourth instar ( Fig. 5E). Head capsule width 1.77–1.92 mm; head scoli 0.30–0.38 mm (n = 10). Very similar to third instar. Duration 10–12 days (n = 10).

Fifth (last) instar ( Fig. 5F). Head capsule width 2.43–2.82 mm; head scoli 0.44–0.50 mm (n = 9). Head brown, with two diverging short scoli on vertex. Body brown with many longitudinal dark stripes; mid-dorsal stripe conspicuously dark; ventral region dark brown; legs and prolegs light brown; caudal filaments short. Duration 10–11 days (n = 10).

Pupa ( Fig. 5G). Short and smooth; mostly dark brown with white stripes bordering the wing caps; short pointed ocular caps with white ridges; cremaster dark in ventral portion; dorsal abdomen with a paired series of short subdorsal ridges bordered with white. Total length 10–12 mm (n = 5). Duration 15–17 days (n = 6).

Additional rearing data. Measurements of the immature stages from Campinas region (São Paulo, Brazil) with only four larval instars are presented below.

Egg: duration 8–14 days (n = 6), diameter 1.10–1.12, height 1.11–1.14 (n = 5); first instar: Duration 7–10 days, maximum length 6 mm (n = 5), head width 0.62–0.65, scoli 0.08–0.10 (n = 3); second instar: Duration 6–10 days, maximum length 11 mm (n = 5), head width 0.98–1.60, scoli 0.14–0.30 (n = 4); third instar: Duration 10–12 days, maximum length 20 mm (n = 5), head width 1.22–1.67, scoli 0.24–0.30 (n = 2); fourth (last) instar: Duration 8–23 days, maximum length 32 mm (n = 5), head width 2.40– 2.64, scoli 0.37–0.50 (n = 2); pupa: duration 13–17 days, length 9–12 mm.

Behavior and natural history. Oviposition behavior was observed in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul. At 13:00 a female was observed flying slowly near the ground, apparently testing several substrates. After some time, the female was observed laying isolated eggs either in dead leaves and twigs or directly on the host plant. In this study site the host plant is the cultivated broadleaf carpetgrass Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. (“grama missioneira”) ( Poaceae ). In the laboratory, larvae easily accepted this and two other common grasses: the African Guinea grass Panicum maximum Jaq. (“capim colonião”) and an unidentified species (all are common species of grasses in most known sites where Y. ordinaria occurs). Adults were observed only in open habitats, grasslands and forest edges, flying among grass patches and perching usually on the ground or in low vegetation. In south Brazil (from Porto Alegre population), all larvae presented five instars, except for larvae from two rearing lots from São Paulo state (from Campinas region) which passed through only four instars (see above). The difference in the number of instars can be related to different rearing conditions of larvae in São Paulo and South Brazil, but more studies are needed to clear such observations.

Habitat. Although more common on forest edges, Y. ordinaria is also found in several other different habitats, such as secondary forests, open pastures and even in urban areas (in abandoned overgrown grass lawns). Based on field records and museum specimens, the species appear to be associated with the semi-deciduous Atlantic Forest in the interior, in altitudes from 400 to 900 m. An exception is the coastal area of Rio Grande do Sul, where the species is present in the transitional mixed vegetation of the coastal plain. In Misiones ( Argentina), this species is very common and flies throughout most of the province (E. N. Bustos, pers. com.).

Distribution. Based on field observations, museum records and literature, the species is widespread in the Brazilian states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina, and Rio Grande do Sul, Paraguay, and is also present in Argentina, in Misiones province.

Etymology. The specific epithet is feminine and is the Latin adjective for “usual”, alluding to the commonness of this species in several different habitats and locations in southern South America.

Types: Holotype. Male ( Fig. 1A) from Terra Rica, 600 m, Paraná, Brazil. Deposited in the collection of Departamento de Zoologia ( DZUP), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Labels on the holotype (five labels separated by transverse bars) : / Holotypus / 09.X.2009 Brasil, Paraná, Terra Rica, Pq. [Parque] Mun. [icipal] 3 Morrinhos , 600 m, Carneiro, Leite, Dias & Dolibaina leg. / Holotypus Yphthimoides ordinaria Freitas, Kaminski & Mielke det. 2012/ DZ 22.388/; DZUP

Allotype. Female ( Fig. 1B), from Terra Rica, Paraná, Brazil, also deposited in the DZUP. Labels on the allotype (five labels, separated by transverse bars) : / Allotypus / 17-XII-2009 Pq. [Parque] Mun. [icipal] Três Morrinhos , Terra Rica, Paraná, 600 m, [ Brasil], Carneiro, Maia & Dolibaina leg. / Allotypus Yphthimoides ordinaria Freitas, Kaminski & Mielke det. 2012./ DZ 22.818/; DZUP.

Paratypes (all from Brazil). DD — Paraná: 1 female 17.II.2007 , 1 male 24.III.2007 , 1 female 18.IX.2007, 1 male 13.I.2008, 1 female 14.II.2008, Parque Municipal das Araucárias, Guarapuava , 1000 m, D. Dolibaina leg. ; 1 female 21.IV.2007, Fazenda Baitala, Rio Ivaí, Turvo , 450 m, D. Dolibaina leg.; DZUP — Rio Grande do Sul: 1 male, 1 female, 27.XI.1980, Porto Alegre , H. Steiniger leg., ex col. H. Ebert, DZ 22.848, DZ 22.878 ; 1 female 3.VI.1959, 1 male 22.XI.1961, Pelotas , Biezanko leg., ex col. H. Ebert, DZ 22.289, DZ 22.838 ; 1 female 28.XII.1953, Santa Rosa , Biezanko leg., DZ 22.329 ; 1 female 10.XI.1976, Cerrito, Santa Maria , Rio Grande do Sul, Mielke & Buzzi leg., DZ 22.299 ; 3 males 12.I.1954, Guarani , Biezanko leg., ex col. H. Ebert, DZ 22.309, DZ 22.319, DZ 22.789; Santa Catarina : 1 female 22.II.1983, Curitibanos , ex col. H. Ebert, DZ 22.928 ; 1 female V.1982, Nova Teutônia , Seara, Fritz Plaumann leg., DZ 22.908; Paraná : 1 female, XII.1949, 1 female III.1950, 1 male II.1951, Rolândia , V. Walz leg., 750 m, ex coleção H. Ebert, DZ 22.748, DZ 22.778, DZ 22.768 ; 1 male, 17.II.1969, Foz do Iguaçu , 250 m, Moure & Mielke leg., DZ 20.830 (genitalia prepared) ; 1 female 21.VIII.1971, Foz do Iguaçu , Lauterjung leg., DZ 22.658 ; 3 males 6.IX.1989, Foz do Iguaçu, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 22.708, DZ 22.728, DZ 22.758 ; 1 male 22.VIII.1998, Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, São Miguel do Iguaçu , 180 m, Mielke leg., DZ 22.688 ; 1 male III.2006, 1 female 26.IV.2006, Cambé , Lucov leg., DZ 22.628, DZ 22.568 ; 2 males, 1 female 9.X.2009, Parque Municipal 3 Morrinhos, Terra Rica , 600 m, Carneiro, Dias & Dolibaina leg., DZ 22.648, DZ 22.668, DZ 22.738 ; 1 male 14.XII.2009, Parque Municipal 3 Morrinhos, Terra Rica , 600 m, Mielke, Maia, Carneiro & Dolibaina leg., DZ 22.508 ; 1 male, 1 female 17.XII.2009, Parque Municipal 3 Morrinhos, Terra Rica , 600 m, Carneiro, Maia & Dolibaina leg., DZ 22.488, DZ 22.498 ; 1 male 12.X.2010, Rio Ivai, Manoel Ribas , 450-600 m, Mielke, Dolibaina, Carneiro & Maia leg., DZ 22.618 ; 1 male 21.III.2002, 1 male, 4 females 22.III.2002, Vila Velha, Ponta Grossa , 900 m, Mielke leg., DZ 22.598, DZ 22.828, DZ 22.858, DZ 22.868, DZ 22.898, DZ 22.918. 1 male II.1947, Pedreira, Ponta Grossa , F. Justus Jr. leg., ex col. F. Justus, DZ 22.888 ; 1 female 6.II.1976, Palmas , 1100 m, Mielke & Buzzi leg., DZ 22.638 . 1 male 2.XI.1962, Londrina , collector illegible, ex col. D’Almeida, DZ 22.678 ; 1 male 10.IX.1985, Londrina , Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 22.698 ; 2 males 16.XI.1975, Terra Boa , 650 m, Mielke & Rosado leg., DZ 22.448, DZ 22.458 . 1 male, 1 female 23.XI.1986, Fênix , 300 m, Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 22.528, DZ 22.578 ; 1 male 15.XI.1975, Copacabana, São Jorge , Mielke & Rosado leg., 550 m, DZ 22.548 ; 1 male, 1 female, 3-4.X.1987, Fênix , Mielke & Casagrande leg., DZ 22.558, DZ 22.608 ; 2 males 29-30.I.2006, Ventania , 1000 m, Mielke leg., DZ 22.518, DZ 22.538 ; 2 males, 16.V.2009, Estação Ecológica do Caiuá, Diamante do Norte, Dolibaina & Carneiro leg., DZ 22.468, DZ 22.588 ; 1 female 11.X.2010, Unidade de Conservação São Domingos, Roncador , 700 m, Mielke, Dolibaina, Carneiro & Maia leg., DZ 22.478; São Paulo : 1 female 14.X.1975, Paraíso, Gália , 550 m, Mielke & Rosado leg., DZ 22.398 ; 1 female 12.II.1950, Termas de Lindóia , Nelson F. D’Almeida leg., ex coleção D’Almeida, DZ 22.408 ; 1 female 22.IV.1962, Rio Claro , ex coleção H. Ebert, DZ 22.418 ; 1 male 2.XII.1968, Araras , 600 m, ex coleção H. Ebert, DZ 22.718; MZSP — 1 male II.1941, Lapa , Paraná, B. Pohl leg., MZSP 15718; ZUEC — Rio Grande do Sul: 3 males and 1 female (all ex larva) 24.III.2005, Morro Santana, Porto Alegre , 75 m, Lucas Kaminski leg., ZUEC LEP 5650 , ZUEC LEP 5651 , ZUEC LEP 5652 , ZUEC LEP 5653 ; 2 females 13.IX.2009, Porto Mauá, S. Thiele et al. leg., ZUEC LEP 5655 , ZUEC LEP 5656 ; São Paulo: 1 male 14.IV.2000, Ribeirão Cachoeira, Campinas , 650 m, A. V. Freitas & K. Brown leg., ZUEC LEP 5630 ; 1 male 02.V.2002, Ribeirão Cachoeira, Campinas , 650 m, K. Brown, A. V. Freitas & M. Uehara-Prado leg., ZUEC LEP 5659 ; 1 male and 2 females 03.II.2001, Ribeirão Cachoeira, Campinas , 650 m, K. Brown, A. V. Freitas & M. Uehara-Prado leg., ZUEC LEP 5658 , ZUEC LEP 5663 , ZUEC LEP 5664 ; 1 female 01.V.2001, Ribeirão Cachoeira, Campinas , 650 m, K. Brown, A. V. Freitas & M. Uehara-Prado leg., ZUEC LEP 5662 ; 3 males 30.X.2001, Usina Salto Grande, Itatiba , 700 m, K. Brown & A. V. Freitas leg., ZUEC LEP 5657 , ZUEC LEP 5660 , ZUEC LEP 5661 ; 2 males 17.XI.2002, Usina Salto Grande, Itatiba , 700 m, K. Brown leg., ZUEC LEP 596 , ZUEC LEP 597 ; 1 male 27.I.2001, Pedreira , 590 m, K. Brown leg., ZUEC LEP 614 ; 1 female 25.III.2000, Observatório Astronômico, Valinhos, K. Brown & M. Uehara-Prado leg., ZUEC LEP 595 ; 1 male 20.XI.2008, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu , 780 m, P. Furlanetti leg., ZUEC LEP 5649 ; 1 male and one female 10.XII.2008, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu , 780 m, P. Furlanetti leg., ZUEC LEP 5645 , ZUEC LEP 5647 ; 2 females 14.XII.2008, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu , 780 m, P. Furlanetti leg., ZUEC LEP 5643 , ZUEC LEP 5644 ; 1 female 16.XII.2008, 16.XII.2008, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu , 780 m, P. Furlanetti leg., ZUEC LEP 5648 ; 1 female 14.III.2009, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu , 780 m, P. Furlanetti leg., ZUEC LEP 5646 ; 1 male 19.III.2009, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu , 780 m, P. Furlanetti leg., ZUEC LEP 5654 ; 1 male 15.III.2009, Iracemápolis , 600 m, ZUEC LEP 5682 ; 4 males 17.III.2009, Santa Bárbara d´Oeste , 570 m, ZUEC LEP 5683 , ZUEC LEP 5684 , ZUEC LEP 5685 , ZUEC LEP 5686 .

Genetic distance. The average genetic distance among cox1 sequences from all sampled individuals of Yphthimoides was 0.069, ranging from zero among some individuals of Y. ordinaria from Argentina to 0.106

between Yphthimoides celmis (Godart) and Yphthimoides renata from Belize. The genetic distance between the two individuals of Y. ordinaria from Brazil was 0.001. The genetic distance among the three individuals of Y. renata from Brazil was 0.002. Genetic distance among all sequences of Y. ordinaria and sequences of the sister group Y. leguialimai + Y. renata was of 0.057.

Phylogenetic relationships. Based on sequences of the mitochondrial gene cox1, the monophyletic Y. ordinaria is sister to a clade composed of Yphthimoides leguialimai (Dyar) + the paraphyletic Y. renata ( Fig. 9).