Prorhinotermes, Silvestri, 1909

Krishna, Kumar, Grimaldi, David A., Krishna, Valerie & Engel, Michael S., 2013, Treatise on the Isoptera of the World, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2704 (377), pp. 623-973 : 659-665

Prorhinotermes .

Vastitermes Sjöstedt, 1926d: 27 [junior subjective synonym of Coptotermes Wasmann, 1896 ].

TYPE SPECIES: Calotermes paradoxus Sjöstedt, 1911 by original designation. — Emerson, 1928b: 423 • Vastitermes ; synonymized with Coptotermes .

Oligocrinitermes Xia and He, 1986: 160, 180 [proposed as a subgenus of Coptotermes ; however, since no type species was selected, it is an unavailable name].

— Huang et al., 2000: 300 • Coptotermes (Oligocrinitermes) ; key [subgenus name invalid, as no type species designated].

Polycrinitermes Xia and He, 1986: 157, 178 [proposed as a subgenus of Coptotermes ; however, since no type species was selected, it is an unavailable name].

— Huang et al., 2000: 300 Coptotermes (Polycrinitermes) ; key [subgenus name invalid, as no type species designated].

▲ 67 living species, 4 fossil species.

   DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region; Ethiopian Region ; Nearctic Region ; Neotropical Region ;

Oriental Region; Palaearctic Region; Papuan Region.

Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt, 1898)

Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis (Froggatt, 1898)

Termes acinaciformis Froggatt, 1898: 740–741 (imago, soldier), pl. 34, figs. 7, 7a.

TYPE DATA: Lectotype: AMNH imago ♂. Paralectotypes: AMNH imago, soldiers, ANIC soldier,

NMV imagoes, soldiers, workers.

LECTOTYPE DESIGNATION: Hill, 1942: 147 • “Hololectotype” [= lectotype] designated.

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Western Australia: Halls Creek.

— French, 1893: 136, 137, pl. 32 • Termes australis [misidentification]; imago = acinaciformis or flavus fide Hill, 1926: 203.

— Froggatt, 1898: 721 • Coptotermes lacteus [some localities for acinaciformis ].

— Desneux, 1904b: 40 • Termes (Eutermes) acinaciformis ; reference list. Australia.

— Froggatt, 1905: 33, 35 • Coptotermes (Termes) acinaciformis ; characters; locality; new combination. Australia.

— Bugnion and Popoff, 1910a: 121 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; listed.

— Holmgren, 1911a: 73 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; listed; Coptotermes australis ; listed. Australia.

— Hill, 1915: 92, pls. 14–18 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; queen measurements; nest described and figured; locality. Australia.

— Hill, 1922b: 159, pl. 25, figs.2–3 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; nest figured; biology; locality. Australia.

— Hill, 1926c: 205–206 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; synonymy; imago, soldier described; biology; locality. Australia [part; locality only].

— Light, 1927a: 78, 81, 85, 86 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; measurements.

— Light and Davis, 1929: 66 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; comparisons.

— Hill, 1932b: 22 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; remarks; locality.

— Hill, 1935: 27 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; biology.

— Jucci, 1937: 305 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; distribution.

— Lever, 1939a: 18 • Coptotermes ? acinaciformis ; introduced into Fiji.

— Miller, 1941: 333–334 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; listed. New Zealand.

— Hill, 1942: 141–147, figs. 79, 80, pl. 4: fig. 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology. Australia [not all localities]; New Zealand.

— Kelsey, 1944b: 232, 233, 237, 239, 240, 241, 244, figs. 1, 4A, 7A, 8A, 9A, 20G • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; synonymy; key; imago, soldier, wing micrasters described and figured; distribution. New Zealand.

— Kelsey, 1945b: 353–359, figs. 1, 3 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; damage; biology.

— Snyder, 1949a: 76 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; catalog; reference list. Australia.

— Ratcliffe et al., 1952: 80, 81, fig. 11K • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; key; soldier figured; characters; biology; damage; distribution.

— Roonwal and Pant, 1953: 47 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Gay, 1955b: 58 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; introduced into New Zealand.

— Calaby, 1956b: 114, 115, 118, 119, 120, fig. 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; nest figured; biology; Ahamitermes hillii parasitic on nests.

— Calaby and Gay, 1956: 19–22, 24–30, 35, 37, 39 • Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis ; discussion on status; biology; damage; distribution records; stat. nov. Australia.

— Calaby and Gay, 1959: 215, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; biology; ecology.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1960c: 126, 127, 131, fig. 4 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; legs figured; tibial spur formula.

— Harris, 1961a: 52, 97, 100 ff. • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; damage; distribution.

— Becker and Seifert, 1962: 276 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; nest material chemistry.

— Greaves, 1962: 630–651, figs. 1–5, pl. 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; biology; distribution. Australia.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 19 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; collection catalog. Australia;

New Zealand.

— Greaves, 1964: 250–262 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; nest temperature.

— Gay, 1967: 13, 29, 30, 37, 70, fig. 16 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; imago, soldier described and figured; distribution. Fiji; New Zealand: introduced.

— Greaves, 1967: 19–33 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; colony population.

— Gay, 1968a: 411, 414 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; association.

— Gay and Calaby, 1970: 412–414 • Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis ; biology; distribution. Australia.

— Quennedey and Deligne, 1975: figs. 1, 2 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; soldier head figured; fontanelle.

— Sen-Sarma et al., 1975: 71 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; mentioned. Australia.

— Roonwal, 1978d: 167–168 • Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis ; biology; ecology; distribution.

— Watson et al., 1978b: 102, 104, 106 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; distribution; ecology.

— Roonwal et al., 1979b: 341–343, fig. 8 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; wing microsculpturing.

— Howick and Creffield, 1980: 17–23 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; antagonistic behavior.

— Bain and Jenkin, 1983: 368, 370 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; distribution. New Zealand: established.

— Prestwich, 1984a: table 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; checklist; ecology; defense mode; chemicals; distribution.

— Perry et al., 1985: 72 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; listed.

— Roonwal, 1985b: fig. 6 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; wing microsculpturing.

— Lenz et al., 1986b: 237–244 • Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis ; neotenics. Australia.

— Abensperg-Traun and de Boer, 1990: 219–226 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; checklist; ecology; biomass; habitat; distribution. Australia.

— Brown et al., 1990: 319–324, fig. 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; cuticular hydrocarbons.

— Watson and Gay, 1991: figs. 20. 1, 20. 15F • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; imago, soldier, worker figured.

— Watson et al., 1992: 242 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; cuticular hydrocarbons [abstract].

— Abensperg-Traun, 1993: 37 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; foraging; defense.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 32, fig. 41 • Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis ; distribution map [some records for raffrayi included].

— Miller, 1994b: 317–318 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; nest and queen migration.

— Sugimoto et al., 1997: 211, 213, 216, 218 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; methane and hydrogen emissions. Australia.

— Abensperg-Traun and Perry, 1998: pl. 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; nest figured; distribution.

— Sands, 1998: 69, 326, figs. 43–45 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; worker mandibles, gut figured; locality. Australia.

— Tayasu et al., 1998: 536–538 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; nitrogen fixation; isotope effect; humification; feeding; phylogeny; checklist. Australia: Darwin.

— Watson et al., 1998: 188, figs. 1–3 • Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis ; imago, soldier, worker figured; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia.

— Evans et al., 1999: 823–830 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; cannibalism; foraging; mark-recapture.

— Wang and Grace, 2000c: 21–31 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; allozymes; esterases.

— Dawes-Gromadzki and Spain, 2003: 449–456 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; ecology; foraging; seasonality.

— Dawes-Gromadzki, 2003: 397–404 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; ecology; foraging.

— Austin et al., 2004a: 548–555 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; COII sequences; phylogeny.

— Brown et al., 2004: 623–658 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; cuticular hydrocarbons.

— Scheffrahn et al., 2004: 872–876 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; 16S rRNA sequences; phylogeny.

— Szalanski et al., 2004a: 145–151 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; 16S rRNA sequences.

— Bergamaschi et al., 2005: 239–242 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; 16S rDNA sequences; maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood trees.

— Dawes-Gromadzki, 2005: 152–157 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; ecology; feeding and nesting groups.

— Lo et al., 2006: 433–437 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; COII sequences; phylogeny.

— Maiti, 2006: 32–33, fig. 7 • Coptotermes acinaciformis acinaciformis ; key; synonymy; imago, soldier described and figured; distribution. Australia.

— Bergamaschi et al., 2007: 735–753 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; COII sequences; karyotype; phylogeny.

— Yeap et al., 2009: 1077–1090 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeny.

— Zhang et al., 2010: 93–98 • Coptotermes acinaciformis ; 16S rRNA; molecular phylogeny.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region — Australia: Capital Territory, New South Wales, Northern Australia, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia ; New Zealand: introduced

and established.

Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi Wasmann, 1900

Termes (Coptotermes) raffrayi Wasmann, 1900b: 244–245 (soldier).

TYPE DATA: Holotype: NHMM soldier (holotype by monotypy).

TYPE LOCALITY: Australia: Western Australia: Swan River.

— Desneux, 1904b: 35 • Termes (Coptotermes) Raffrayi ; reference list. Australia.

— Froggatt, 1905: 33, 35–36 • Coptotermes “ Termes ” raffrayi ; characters; locality. Australia.

— Silvestri, 1909b: 293 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; synonymized with lateus; new combination.

— Bugnion and Popoff, 1910a: 121 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; listed.

— Hill, 1921a: 263–267, figs. 1–15 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; imago (previously unknown), soldier, worker described and figured; locality. Australia [some localities for acinaciformis ].

— Hill, 1922b: 160 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; remarks; locality. Australia.

— Hill, 1926c: 206 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; locality. Australia [some localities = acinaciformis ].

— Light, 1927a: 78, 81, 85, 86 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; measurements.

— Hill, 1942: 168–169, fig. 89 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; imago, soldier described and figured; synonymy; distribution; biology. Australia [some localities = acinaciformis ].

— Snyder, 1949a: 82 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; catalog; reference list. Australia.

— Ratcliffe et al., 1952: 80, 83–84 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; key; soldier figured; characters; biology; damage; distribution.

— Calaby and Gay, 1956: 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 29, fig. 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; stat. nov.; discussion; nest described and figured; biology; distribution records. Australia.

— Calaby and Gay, 1959: 217 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; distribution.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1960c: 127 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; tibial spur formula.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 23 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; collection catalog. Australia.

— Van Boven, 1969a: 40 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; listed. Australia.

— Gay and Calaby, 1970: 414 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; biology; distribution. Australia.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 4 • Coptotermes acinaciformis form raffrayi ; “ types ” [= nontypes] listed.

— Roonwal, 1978d: 168 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; biology; distribution.

— Roonwal et al., 1979b: 341, 344 • Coptotermes raffrayi ; wing microsculpturing.

— Perry et al., 1985: 72, fig. 5H • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; characters; soldier figured; biology.

— Postle and Abbott, 1991: 183, 184, 185, fig. 1 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; distribution. Australia.

— Watson and Abbey, 1993b: 32, fig. 42 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; distribution map.

— Watson et al., 1998: 188–189 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; catalog; synonymy; distribution; ecology. Australia.

— Brown et al., 2004: 623–658 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; cuticular hydrocarbons.

— Maiti, 2006: 34–35, fig. 44 • Coptotermes acinaciformis raffrayi ; key; synonymy; imago, soldier described and figured; distribution. Australia.

 DISTRIBUTION: Australian Region— Australia: Western Australia.

Coptotermes amanii (Sjöstedt, 1911)

Eutermes (Coptotermes) amanii Sjöstedt, 1911b: 17–18 (soldier, worker).

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: NHRM soldiers, workers, AMNH soldiers, workers, IEA soldiers, workers,

NCIP soldier [incorrectly cited as paratype by Ruelle, 1975b].

TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania: Usambara: Amani.

— Sjöstedt, 1915: 18 • Coptotermes amanii ; locality; new combination. Tanzania.

— Hegh, 1922: 684 • Coptotermes amanii ; reference list; distribution.

— Sjöstedt, 1926d: 56, 58, fig. 19, pl. 2: figs. H1, H2 • Coptotermes Amanii ; reference list; key; biology; locality. Tanzania.

— Sjöstedt, 1927a: 97 • Coptotermes sjostedti var. subintacta ; soldier characters [ Somalia record = amanii fide Harris, 1966: 170].

— Emerson, 1928b: 424 • Coptotermes amanii ; listed.

— Harris, 1936: 362 • Coptotermes amanii ; biology; distribution. Tanzania.

— Ghidini, 1938: 225 • Coptotermes sjostedti var. subintacta ; biology; distribution [ Somalia only].

— Harris, 1941: 202 • Coptotermes amanii ; distribution.

— Snyder, 1949a: 76 • Coptotermes amanii ; catalog; reference list. Tanzania.

— Kemp, 1955: 114, 116, 118, 124 • Coptotermes amanii ; ecology; distribution based on vegetation zones. Tanzania.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1960c: 127 • Coptotermes amanii ; tibial spur formula.

— Harris, 1961a: 26, 110, 156, 162, pls. 8, 44 • Coptotermes amanii ; nest figured; colony foundation; damage; distribution.

— Mathur and Thapa, 1962a: 19 • Coptotermes amanii ; collection catalog. Tanganyika.

— Harris, 1963c: 8 • Coptotermes amanii ; imago (previously undescribed) described. Tanzania: Amani.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1965: 40 • Coptotermes amanii ; catalog. South Africa.

— Harris, 1966d: 161, 162, 163–165, 170, figs. 1, 2D, 3A • Coptotermes amanii ; imago, soldier described and figured; key; ecology; biology; distribution. Kenya; Malawi; Somalia; Tanzania; Zimbabwe [ Coptotermes sjostedti var. subintacta ; Sjöstedt, 1927 record from Somalia = amanii fide Emerson].

— Gay, 1967: 13, 30 • Coptotermes amanii ; distribution; intercepted in South Africa.

— Harris, 1968a: 236, 238 • Coptotermes amanii ; discussion, key.

— Bouillon, 1970: 233 • Coptotermes amanii ; flight records. Tanzania.

— Bouillon and Mathot, 1971: 8, table: no. 57 • Coptotermes amanii ; catalog; measurements; distribution. Kenya; Malawi; Rhodesia; Somalia; Tanzania.

— Coaton and Sheasby, 1972: 29, figs. 9C–D • Coptotermes amanii ; soldier figured.

— Becker, 1975b: 183–185 • Coptotermes amanii ; building behavior; magnetic field.

— Ruelle, 1975b: 4 • Coptotermes amanii ; types listed.

— Sen-Sarma et al., 1975: 71 • Coptotermes amanii ; mention. Europe.

— Coaton and Sheasby, 1976a: 140–145, fig. 1, pls. 1, 2 • Coptotermes amanii ; synonymy; types; ecology; biology; distribution. Kenya; Malawi ; South Africa: intercepted; Tanzania.

— Lenz, 1976: 73–89 • Coptotermes amanii ; caste differentiation.

— Williams, 1977: 122 • Coptotermes amanii ; pest; ecology; distribution by vegetation zones.

— Roonwal et al., 1979b: 341, 343, pl. 2 • Coptotermes amanii ; wing microsculpturing.

— Roonwal, 1983a: fig. 5a • Coptotermes amanii ; wing surfaces figured.

— Roonwal, 1983b: pl. 2: fig. 1 • Coptotermes amanii ; wing surfaces figured.

— Wanyonyi et al., 1984: 3 • Coptotermes amanii ; checklist; distribution. Tanzania, Zanzibar Island.

— Hrdý, 1985: 245–249 • Coptotermes amanii ; hormones; soldier production.

— Roonwal, 1985b: pl. 11 • Coptotermes amanii ; wing surfaces figured.

— Roonwal and Chhotani, 1989: pl. 1: fig. 2 • Coptotermes amanii ; wing surfaces figured.

— Cowie et al., 1990: 23, 24, table 1 • Coptotermes amanii ; checklist; distribution. Ethiopia.

— Sands, 1998: 69, 326, 327, figs. 46–48, 58–61 • Coptotermes amanii ; worker mandibles, gut figured; locality. Kenya; Somalia; Tanzania; Zimbabwe.

— Uys, 2002: fig. 68 • Coptotermes amanii ; distribution map.

— Maiti, 2006: 35–36, fig. 8 • Coptotermes amani ; key; synonymy; imago, soldier described and figured; sjostedti var. subintactae cited as synonym; distribution. Kenya; Malawi; Somalia; South Africa; Tanzania; Zimbabwe.

 DISTRIBUTION: Ethiopian Region— Ethiopia; Kenya; Malawi; Somalia; South Africa (introduced from East Africa); Tanzania; Zambia; Zimbabwe.

Coptotermes amboinensis Kemner, 1931

Coptotermes amboinensis Kemner, 1931: 20–23 (imago, soldier, worker), fig. 6.

TYPE DATA: Syntypes: ZMLU imagoes, soldiers, workers, AMNH imagoes, soldiers, workers.

TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia: Moluccas: Ambon.

— Snyder, 1949a: 76 • Coptotermes amboinensis ; catalog; reference list. Amboina Island.

— Maiti, 2006: 36–37, fig. 9 • Coptotermes amboinensis ; key; synonymy; soldier described and figured; distribution. Amboina Island [paraphrase of original description].

 DISTRIBUTION: Papuan Region— Indonesia: Maluku ( Moluccas).

Coptotermes angustinotus Lin, Jiang and, Huang, 1994 [nomen nudum]

Coptotermes angustinotus Lin et al., 1994b: 2 [nomen nudum; Xia and He cited as authors].

 DISTRIBUTION: Oriental Region— China: Guangxi.

Coptotermes bannaensis Xia and He, 1986

Coptotermes (Oligocrinitermes) bannaensis Xia and He, 1986: 172 , 181 (soldier), figs. 89–93

[subgenus name unavailable].

TYPE DATA: Holotype: SIES 09003689 soldier. Paratypes: SIES soldiers, workers.

TYPE LOCALITY: China: Yunnan Province: Jinghong County.

— Huang et al., 1989: 228, fig. 133 • Coptotermes (Oligocrinitermes [unavailable]) bannaensis ; soldier described and figured; key. China: Yunnan.

— Gao et al., 1992a: 42 • Coptotermes bannaensis ; checklist; distribution. China: Yunnan.

— Hua, 2000: 24 • Coptotermes bannaensis ; listed. China: Yunnan.

— Huang et al., 2000: 303–304, fig. 131 • Coptotermes (Oligocrinitermes [unavailable]) bannaensis ; soldier described and figured; key. China.

— Ahmad and Akhtar, 2002: 12 • Coptotermes bannaensis ; catalog. China.

 DISTRIBUTION: Oriental Region— China: Yunnan.

Coptotermes beckeri Mathur and Chhotani, 1969

Coptotermes beckeri Mathur and Chhotani, 1969: 1–4 (soldier, pseudoworker), figs. 1–2.