Sycettusa zanzibaris ( Jenkin, 1908 )

Van, Rob W. M. & De, Nicole J., 2018, Calcareous sponges of the Western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, Zootaxa 4426 (1), pp. 1-160 : 125-128

Sycettusa zanzibaris ( Jenkin, 1908)

Figs 77a–g , 78a–i

Grantessa zanzibaris Jenkin, 1908: 448 , figs 98–102; Burton 1959: 180.

Material examined. ZMA Por. 11491, Seychelles, Bird Island, off E coast, 3.7167°S 55.2167°E, reef, depth 3 m, snorkeling, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, field nr . NIOP-E stat. 717/ 08, 20 December 1992; ZMA Por. 11566, Seychelles, Amirantes, Île Desnoeufs platform, outer slope, 6.2167°S 53.0167°E, depth 12–15 m, scuba, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, field nr . NIOP-E stat. 738/ 22, 2 January 1993; ZMA Por. 11568, Seychelles, Amirantes, N of D’Arros Island, 5.4°S 53.3167°E, depth 45–55 m, on rhodolite bottom, dredge, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, field nr . NIOP-E stat. 752/ 13, 26 December 1992; ZMA Por. 12438, Seychelles, Amirantes, N of D’Arros Island, 5.4°S 53.3167°E, depth 45–55 m, on rhodolite bottom, dredge, coll. R.W.M. van Soest, field nr . NIOP-E stat. 752/ 11, 26 December 1992.

Description. Masses of short tubes ( Figs 77a–b ), beige-white to light brown in situ and on deck, pale transparent white in alcohol. The specimens have a quite characteristic glassy slippery appearance in alcohol. Size of largest mass up to 2 cm in lateral expansion, 1–2 cm high. Individual tubes up to 5 mm high, 3–4 mm in diameter, with the oscule about 1 mm diameter and surrounded by a thin collar. Consistency cartilaginous.

Aquiferous system. Syconoid.

Skeleton. ( Figs 77c–g ) Inarticulate ( Figs 77c–d ). The cortical skeleton ( Fig. 77e ) is a mixture of tangential triactines and short banana-shaped diactines, carried by the shortest paired actine and unpaired actine of subcortical pseudosagittal triactines. The inarticulate skeleton is made up of the longer actines of the subcortical pseudosagittal triactines and the unpaired actines of subatrial triactines. The atrial skeleton ( Fig. 77f ) consists of the paired actines of the subatrial triactines supported by two types of tetractines, smaller with all actines of almost similar length and thickness, and larger with enlarged apical actines protruding far into the atrial lumen. The small oscular collar ( Fig. 77g ) is formed by giant diactines, trichoxeas, triactines (similar to the subatrial triactines) and regular tetractines with a short apical actine.

Spicules. ( Figs 78a–i ) Diactines, trichoxeas, cortical triactines, pseudosagittal triactines, sagittal triactines, tetractines.

Giant diactines( Fig. 78a ), fusiform 402– 667 – 1100 x 12 – 20.6 –29 µm.

Trichoxeas (Fig, 78b), invariably broken, fragments 240–330 x 2–3 µm.

Banana-shaped diactines ( Fig. 78c ), curved, asymmetrical, 141– 162 –204 x 7 –8.1–9 µm.

Cortical triactines ( Figs 78d ), equiangular and equiradiate or more often with all actines of slightly different length or slightly sagittal, actines 84– 103 –126 x 6 – 8.3 –10 µm.

Pseudosagittal triactines ( Figs 78e ), with middle actine straight or gently curved, and shortest actine with a characteristic angular curve, longest actines 81– 146 –183 x 6 – 6.9 –8 µm, middle-sized actines 73– 106 –138 x 6 – 6.6 –9 µm, shortest (unpaired) actines 59– 88 –111 x 6 – 6.8 –8 µm.

Subatrial triactines ( Figs 78f ) (and triactines of the oscular collar), sagittal, almost T-shaped, unpaired actines

151– 179 –210 x 8 – 9.8 –11 µm, paired actines 81– 92 –105 x 7 – 8.2 –9 µm. Small equiradiate tetractines ( Fig. 78g ), equiangular, but not equiradiate, with clear position of unpaired actines, paired actines and curved apical actines; unpaired actines 54– 69 – 84 x 5 – 6.3 –8 µm, paired actines 76– 97 –111 x 6 – 6.7 –7 µm, apical actines 37– 56 – 84 x 5 – 5.7 –7 µm.

Larger atrial tetractines ( Fig. 78h ), unpaired and paired actines similar in length, 62– 95 –112 x 5 –6.6–8 µm, apical actines long, curved or sometimes slightly crooked, 105– 229 –432 x 6 – 7.1 –9 µm.

Tetractines of the oscular collar ( Fig. 78i ), resembling subatrial sagittal triactines but with small curved apical actine; unpaired actines, 81– 112 –126 x 7 – 7.4 –9 µm, paired actines 84– 96 –111 x 7 –7.6–9 µm, apical actines 22– 43 – 61 x 5 – 5.7 –7 µm.

Distribution and ecology. Seychelles, Zanzibar, shallow water down to 55 m. Burton (1959) reported this species from the Southern Red Sea, but provided no description.

Remarks. The presence of tetractines and the characteristic angular curve of the unpaired actines of the pseudosagittal triactines distinguish this species from all other Sycettusa species of the Western Indian Ocean.

Voigt et al. (2012) used ZMA Por. 11566 for their study of the phylogeny of Calcarea (identified as S. cf. simplex ). Voigt et al. ’s sequence was compared with our own from ZMA Por. 11568 (see Fig. 74 ), and in an alignment trimmed to a length of 403 sites, we found two differences. Our partial 28S sequences of Sycettusa zanzibaris grouped in the same clade together with New Caledonian S. tenuis Borojević & Klautau, 2000 (downloaded from the Sponge Barcode Project site) away from mainstream Sycettusa species and closer to Grantessa species. S. zanzibaris and S. tenuis were found to exhibit 3 differences in the 403 sites alignment, so these are probably closely related. Borojević & Klautau 2000 (p. 198) stated in their remarks that S. tenuis was ‘certainly close to Sycettusa simplex ( Jenkin, 1908) ’, but as these authors admit, S. simplex has no tetractines (cf. Jenkin’s description of the atrial skeleton and spicules on p. 449). Remarkably, they did not point out that S. zanzibaris rather than S. simplex is the closer species.

The position of the group of species comprising Ute , Uteopsis and Grantessa grouped in our phylogeny of Fig. 3 within the larger clade of Sycettusa species remains unclear for the moment.

Figures

FIGURE 3. Maximum-likelihood tree based on analysis of sequences of the partial 28S gene (C2–D2 region, comprising 461 sites) of Western Indian Ocean Calcaronea newly generated by the Naturalis Biodiversity Center and sequences additionally obtained from GenBank, the Sponge Barcode Project and from Oliver Voigt (München) from the Red Sea, Indonesia, Australia, and a few sequences from other parts of the world, to demonstrate the affiliation of the compared species. Numbers at the root of clades are bootstrap values of 1000 replicates.

FIGURE 74. Sycettusa simplex (Jenkin, 1908), RMNH Por. 10154, from the Maldives, a–f, SEM images of the spicules, a, lance-headed giant diactine, b, broken trichoxea, c, cortical triactines, d, pseudosagittal triactines, e, sagittal subatrial triactines, f, atrial triactine.

FIGURE 77. Sycettusa zanzibaris (Jenkin, 1908), a–b, habitus of preserved specimens from the Seychelles, a, ZMA Por. 11491 (scale bar = 1 cm), b, ZMA Por. 11566 (scale bar = 1 cm), c, light microscopic image of cross section of ZMA Por. 11566, d–g, ditto, SEM images of the skeleton, d, cross section, e, cortical skeleton, f, atrial skeleton, g, skeleton of the oscular rim.

FIGURE 78. Sycettusa zanzibaris (Jenkin, 1908), ZMA Por. 11566, a–i, SEM images of the spicules, a, giant diactine, b. trichoxea, c, small cortical diactine, d, cortical triactines, e, pseudosagittal triactines, f, subatrial sagittal triactines, g, small atrial tetractine, h, atrial tetractine with long apical actine wjich protrudes into the atrial cavity, i, regular tetractine from the oscular rim.