Sulia Simutnik, 2015

Simutnik, Serguei A., Perkovsky, Evgeny E., Khomych, Mykola R. & Vasilenko, Dmitry V., 2021, First record of the Sulia glaesaria Simutnik, 2015 (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Encyrtidae) from Rovno amber, Journal of Hymenoptera Research 88, pp. 85-102 : 85

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/jhr.88.75941
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4DC92DF2-AD5D-410B-A63D-7AC53D3C13C7
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FD78E6BE-A958-54AC-9652-45BF383DA2F5
treatment provided by	Journal of Hymenoptera Research by Pensoft
scientific name	Sulia Simutnik, 2015
status

Treatment

Genus Sulia Simutnik, 2015 View in CoL

Type species.

Sulia glaesaria Simutnik, 2015 ( Simutnik 2015b, 2020).

Material examined.

Holotype, ZMUC, 5-1-1961, ♀, Børge Mortensen, Danish amber, late Eocene. The inclusion is in a reddish and not very transparent piece of amber in a shape of an almost rectangular parallelepiped (ca. 6 × 5 × 4 mm) (Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ). All body parts are preserved. Syninclusions absent.

New material: SIZK, no. L-139, 1♀, vicinities of Voronki village , Vladimirets District , Rovno Region, Ukraine; Rovno amber; late Eocene. The inclusion is in a yellow and clear piece of amber in a shape of triangular prism (ca. 20 × 16 × 15 × 7 mm) (Fig. 4A View Figure 4 ). All body parts are preserved. Syninclusions are absent .

Diagnosis (emended).

Body robust, barrel-shaped; clypeus setose, with long lateral margins and sharp ventrolateral angles; scape with apicoventral depression; funicle cylindrical; dorsoapical part of mesopleuron with convex differentiated region ventral to tegula delineated by sulcus; linea calva without filum spinosum, but with well-developed line of long setae along basal margin of dorsal surface; costal cell of hind wing with single line of long setae along the entire marginal vein; spur vein or fold originating from the marginal venation of the hind wing present but visible only at some angles; strigil and basitarsal comb present; gaster barrel-shaped, syntergum rather vertical with abruptly reflexed extension apically; cerci only slightly advanced toward gastral base; apex of hypopygium far from reaching apex of gaster; outer plates of ovipositor narrow, crescent-shaped in lateral view.

Redescription.

Female. Largest known fossil encyrtid, body length 1.7-1.9 mm, not flattened, robust, barrel-shaped.

Coloration. Head and body black, but appear silvery where surrounded by thin layer of air (only in these places a shallow reticular sculpture visible, Figs 2C View Figure 2 , 3B View Figure 3 , 4B, D, E View Figure 4 , 5A, B, D View Figure 5 ). Scape black with lighter apex (holotype) or completely black (Rovno specimen); pedicel black; all segments of funicle from pale yellow (holotype) to entirely black (Rovno specimen); tegulae dark, legs of holotype lighter than those of Rovno specimen. Differences in color most likely an artefact of preservation.

Head. Lenticular, as wide as thorax, broader then long, frontovertex curved to posterior ocelli; broadly rounded in frontal view, not vaulted above eyes; eyes bare, without visible microtrichia, inner orbits parallel over much of height but ventrally divergent (Figs 1B View Figure 1 , 3C View Figure 3 , 5D View Figure 5 ); frontovertex broader than long, minimum distance between eyes about 0.4 × head width; ocelli normal in size, forming about 100° angle; OOL about equal to posterior ocellar diameter (Figs 3C View Figure 3 , 5B View Figure 5 ); OOL:POL:LOL:OCL about 1.5:6:3.5:0.8; occipital margin sharp; eye reaching occipital margin; antennal scrobe deep, not extended to anterior ocellus, in dorsal view anterior ocellus at equal distance from occiput margin and from margin of scrobal depression; interantennal projection small but visible in lateral view (Figs 1C View Figure 1 , 2C View Figure 2 ); toruli located at level of lower margin of eyes (Figs 1B View Figure 1 , 5D View Figure 5 ); distance between toruli equal to distance between lower margin of torulus and oral margin, about twice width of torulus, about 0.3 × length of malar space; malar space with complete malar sulcus (Fig. 5D View Figure 5 ), slightly shorter than height of eye, about equal to width of mouth; clypeus widely emarginated with long lateral margins, about twice as broad as long, with sharp ventrolateral angles, and with row of setae (Figs 1B View Figure 1 , 5D View Figure 5 ); mandibles wide (Figs 1B View Figure 1 , 5D View Figure 5 ),

Antenna. Geniculate, 11-segmented, without differentiated anelli, with 6 funicular segments and with 3-segmented clava; radicle short, about 2-2.5 × as long as broad (Fig. 1B View Figure 1 ); scape with apicoventral depression (Figs 2A View Figure 2 , 3C View Figure 3 ), 2.7 × as long as broad, widest at apex, flattened; pedicel conical, slightly shorter than first two funicular segments combined, longer than any segment of funicle; funicle cylindrical, F1-F3 longer than broad, F4-F6 almost square; all segments of funicle and clava with mps; clava as long as F4-F6 combined, without oblique truncation (Fig. 2A, B View Figure 2 ).

Mesosoma. Pronotum almost vertical, but in dorsal view with very narrow transverse dorsal surface (Figs 1A View Figure 1 , 3A, C View Figure 3 ), without medial line; mesoscutum not conspicuously wider than pronotum, broader than long, polygonally reticulate with sparse punctures, with posterior edge transverse, straight; mesoscutum articulated with scutellar-axillar complex only laterally, with edges of sclerites narrowly separated medially (Rovno specimen Figs 4D View Figure 4 , 5A, B View Figure 5 ), connected by slender, delineated anterior portion of scutellar-axillar complex; mesothoracic spiracle open, not concealed beneath pronotum (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ); notauli absent, axillae transverse-triangular with anteromedial angles contiguous (Figs 4D View Figure 4 , 5B View Figure 5 ); scutellum as broad as long, slightly convex, sculptured as mesoscutum and clothed in long, stout, black setae; prepectus large, bare, flat, with anterior margin not extend anterior to mesothoracic spiracle, posterior margin extended to base of tegula (Figs 1C View Figure 1 , 2C View Figure 2 , 3A View Figure 3 ); acropleuron convex, bare, with longitudinal reticulate sculpture, short, in lateral view its length equal to height (Figs 1C View Figure 1 , 2C View Figure 2 , 3C View Figure 3 ), with distinct acropleural sulcus (Figs 1C View Figure 1 , 2C View Figure 2 ) extended anteriorly from above base of mesocoxa toward posteroventral angle of prepectus; dorsoapical part of mesopleuron with small, convex differentiated region ventral to tegula, also delineated by distinct sulcus (Figs 1C View Figure 1 , 2C View Figure 2 , 3A View Figure 3 ), visible in holotype only; metapleuron triangular, narrow, without visible setation (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 : pl3); propodeum bare, with large, polygonally reticulate lateral parts, and circular spiracle (Fig. 3A View Figure 3 ); mid coxa inserted level with mid line of mesopleuron (Fig. 2C View Figure 2 ), in ventral view with mesosternum transverse-rectangular and abutting bases of coxae, without a membranous area anterior to each coxal base; mesotarsal pegs arranged only along anteroventral margin of tarsus and coxae cannot rotate anteriorly out of their fossae (Fig. 4F View Figure 4 ).

Wings. Fully developed. Fore wing with basal cell uniformly setose; costal cell broad; submarginal vein with single line of long setae, parastigma with two lines of shorter setae; cubital vein present as non-pigmented but distinct fold (Fig. 7B View Figure 7 , cuf); linea calva almost entire, closed posteriorly by only one seta along cubital fold, without filum spinosum, but with well-developed line of long setae along basal margin of dorsal surface (Figs 3D View Figure 3 , 7A, B View Figure 7 : cs); parastigma only slightly widened, hyaline break (unpigmented area) present (Fig. 7B, C View Figure 7 ); marginal vein long, about 5 times as long as broad; stigmal vein slightly longer than marginal, with long narrow uncus and uncal sensilla; postmarginal vein twice as long as stigmal vein, enlarged seta marking apex of postmarginal vein of fore wing absent; setae of marginal fringe short. Hind wing relatively narrow; submarginal and marginal veins swollen, submarginal vein with single line of setae; costal cell narrow, membrane of cell along entire marginal vein with single line of long setae (Figs 3A View Figure 3 , 6C View Figure 6 , 7F, E View Figure 7 : ls); spur vein originating from marginal venation present as differentiated hyaline (holotype) or pigmented (Rovno specimen Figs 6C View Figure 6 : spf; 7C-E: spv) process or fold (visible only at some angles); apex of marginal vein with 3 hamuli.

Legs. Relatively short, stout; all coxae large, with polygonal reticulate sculpture (only visible under layer of air, Figs 4D View Figure 4 , 5B View Figure 5 ); protibia with long, curved, bifurcate calcar, with strong, straight, socketed seta and three stout setae along anteroapical margin (Fig. 6A View Figure 6 ); strigil and basitarsal comb present (Fig. 6A View Figure 6 ); tarsi 5-segmented; mesotibia with thick mesotibial spur, about as long as mesobasitarsus (Figs 4G View Figure 4 , 6B View Figure 6 ), and with row of pegs along anteroapical edge (Fig. 4G View Figure 4 ); ventral surface of mesobasitarsus and each next tarsomere with row of setae and irregular pattern of pegs along anteroventral edge (Fig. 6B View Figure 6 ); metatibia with two spurs.

Gaster. Sculpture of gaster not visible, apical margins of Mt2 -Mt5 straight, parallel; Mt6 with a small arched elevation medially (Figs 8B-D View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 : ae); Mt7 U-like between cerci, almost vertical in both specimens but, perhaps, is an artefact of preservation resulting from metasoma being abnormally inflated due to decomposition effects; Mt8, Mt9 fused as syntergum; syntergum also almost vertical except for abruptly reflexed extension apically (Figs 1A View Figure 1 , 2C View Figure 2 , 4C View Figure 4 , 8A-D View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 ), setose and with two longer setae apicolaterally; cercus with long straight setae (Fig. 9A View Figure 9 : cers), cerci only slightly advanced toward gastral base (Figs 2C View Figure 2 , 8A-D View Figure 8 ), but gaster with elongate membranous band posterior to each cercus (Fig. 8A-C View Figure 8 ) differentiating dorsal surface of syntergum from slender lateral portion recurved around cercus; paratergites not visible; apex of hypopygium far from reaching apex of gaster (Figs 1C View Figure 1 , 2C View Figure 2 , 8A-C View Figure 8 : hyp); ovipositor not extended beyond apex of ultimate tergum; only apical parts of ovipositor sheaths visible in ventrolateral and posterior views (Figs 8D View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 : v3); membranous bands posterior to cerci subdivide the dorsal surface of syntergum from narrow, crescent-shaped in lateral view outer plates of ovipositor (Figs 3A, B View Figure 3 , 8A, C, D View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 : opo).

Male. Unknown.

Genus composition.

Type species only.

Biology.

Unknown.

Comments.

The radicle of many recent encyrtids is very long, four times or more as long as broad. This character state is included in lists of synapomorphies of extant Encyrtidae by Heraty et al. 2013, but there are many exceptions, among both extant Encyrtinae and Tetracneminae . The radicle of all known fossil Encyrtidae , including S. glaesaria , is also no more than twice as long as broad.

The forewing venation of S. glaesaria is typical for fossil Encyrtidae . In modern encyrtids, the most similar venation of the forewings occurs, e.g., in the genera Savzdargia Trjapitzin, 1979, Ericydnus Walker, 1837, Mira Schellenberg, 1803, and Moraviella Hoffer, 1954 ( Tetracneminae ). All veins are long, including the marginal. The linea calva has a line of long setae along its basal margin (Fig. 7B View Figure 7 : cs), covering setae sensu Sharkov (1985). When the wings are folded, the anterior margin of one abuts this row of setae. This structure is present in most extant Encyrtinae , some extant Tetracneminae , and in all known earliest, middle Eocene encyrtids. Late Eocene encyrtids have been reported both with and without covering setae ( Simutnik 2020).

In the hind wing of S. glaesaria , the costal cell has a membrane with a single line of long setae along the entire marginal vein as in Tanaostigmatidae . A similar character state is rarely present in extant Encyrtidae , e.g., in Exoristobia Ashmead, 1904. The fossil E. sugonjaevi also has this line of setae, but it differs from S. glaesaria by the hypopygium extending past the apex of horizontal syntergum.

A spur vein or fold originating from the marginal venation of the hind wing is visible in S. glaesaria (Fig. 7C-E View Figure 7 : spv) similar to that found in Tanaostigmatidae , Leptoomus , some Pteromalidae , and Eupelmidae ( Simutnik et al. 2020a). In S. glaesaria , however, the spur vein is present rather as a fold, visible only at some angles.

The both specimens of S. glaesaria have almost vertical syntergum (Figs 2A View Figure 2 , 9A View Figure 9 ). Perhaps, it is an artefact of preservation resulting from metasoma being abnormally inflated due to decomposition effect. But, abruptly reflexed extension at the apex of syntergum (Figs 2A View Figure 2 , 9A View Figure 9 ) indicates that it can actually be somewhat vertical in living specimens. The almost vertical syntergum is very rare in extant Encyrtidae . A similar structure is known, e.g., in Prionomastix Mayr, 1876 ( Encyrtinae ) (Fig. 9B, C View Figure 9 ), and S. glaesaria shares this character with many of members of Tanaostigmatidae .

The taxonomic position of the Sulia is retain unplaced within the Encyrtidae . Its biology is also unknown. Nevertheless, a large size of S. glaesaria , its barrel-shaped habitus, short and high acropleuron, structure of protibial apex, presence of spur vein and line of long setae along the entire marginal vein of hind wings, and supposedly almost vertical syntergum somewhat resemble those of members of Tanaostigmatidae and may indicate convergent adaptation to the plant galling.