Simplicillium lanosoniveum (J.F.H. Beyma) Zare & W. Gams, Nova Hedwigia 73(1-2): 39 (2001)

Wei, De-Ping, Wanasinghe, Dhanushka N., Hyde, Kevin D., Mortimer, Peter E., Xu, Jianchu, Xiao, Yuan-Pin, Bhunjun, Chitrabhanu S. & To-anun, Chaiwat, 2019, The genus Simplicillium, MycoKeys 60, pp. 69-92 : 69

Simplicillium lanosoniveum (J.F.H. Beyma) Zare & W. Gams, Nova Hedwigia 73(1-2): 39 (2001) Index Fungorum number: 532459 Figure 5

Cephalosporium lanosoniveum J.F.H. Beyma, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 8: 121 (1942) (Basionym)

Ex-type.

Netherlands, on hair of Cibotium schiedei in greenhouse, 1942, F.H. van Beyma, CBS123.42.

Description.

Saprophytic on Ophiocordyceps unilateralis . Asexual morph: Hyphomycetous. Mycelium aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled. Phialides 20-40 × 1.1-2 (xˉ = 30 × 1.6, n = 20) µm, arising from the prostrate mycelium, blastic, enteroblastic, phialidic, monophialidic, discrete, terminal, aseptate, hyaline, smooth-walled, solitary, tapering toward the apex. Conidia 2-4.5 × 1-3 (xˉ = 3 × 1.8, n = 60) µm, hyaline, amerospores, globose to ellipsoidal, smooth-walled, adhering in globose to ellipsoidal head at the apex of phialides. Sexual morph: Undetermined.

Culture characters.

The colonies on PDA medium were rapid-growing, reaching a diam. of 5.5 cm in 30 days at 22 °C, white, entire margin, velvety, with radial cracks and primrose-yellow on the reverse.

Host and distribution: Saprophytic on fungi, endophytic or symbiotic or pathogenic on plant, parasitic on rust, nematode and insect, occurring on soil, animal hair or human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, with a cosmopolitan distribution (see Table 2 ).

Material examined.

THAILAND, Chiang Mai Province, Mushroom Research Centre, on Ophiocordyceps unilateralis , 19 February 2018, Deping Wei, MRC18021901 (HKAS 102447; living culture: MFLUCC 18-1385). Sequences generated from this strain have been deposited in GenBank with accession numbers: SSU = MK752791, LSU = MK752849, ITS = MK752683, TEF = MK926450, RPB1 = MK882622.

Note.

Our isolate MFLUCC 18-1385 colonised on a decayed Ophiocordyceps unilateralis with white hyphae. In a thorough examination of the Ophiocordyceps unilateralis host, we found the phialides and conidia of our isolate grown on the surface of the host ( Figure 5 ). Phylogenetically, our isolate grouped with the strains of Simplicillium lanosoniveum with high bootstrap support (85% ML, 0.99 BYPP, 67% MP, Figure 2 ). The nucleotides comparison between our isolate and the type strain of Simplicillium lanosoniveum (CBS123.42) showed only 5 bp differences out of 539 in the ITS region. This evidence proves that our isolate is a strain of S. lanosoniveum , according to Jeewon and Hyde (2016). Morphologically, it resembles S. lanosoniveum with solitary phialides without verticillate branches and conidia adhering on a slimy head. Most of the previous descriptions of this species were given in hand-drawings and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) patterns ( Zare and Gams 2001; Ward et al. 2012; Gauthier et al. 2014). Simplicillium lanosoniveum has been reported from Enhalus acoroides (seagrass) in Trang Province, Thailand. In this study, we introduce our isolate MFLUCC 18-1385 as a new host record of Simplicillium lanosoniveum from Ophiocordyceps unilateralis and provide the updated morphological features for a better understanding of this species. Simplicillium lanosoniveum has been frequently reported as a hyperparasite of rust and plant pathogenic fungi. Therefore, this species has a high potential of being a natural source of microbial agents against microbiological diseases in commercial agriculture ( Baiswar et al. 2014; Berlanga-Padilla et al. 2018). At first, we included all available sequences of S. lanosoniveum from GenBank in the individual gene tree. Some strains did not group with other strains but distributed throughout the genus in primary analyses (data not shown), so we excluded those strains from the final phylogenetic analysis. Most of the reported strains of S. lanosoniveum , including the invalid strains, are listed in Table 2 to show their distribution and host range, as well as the sequence data availability.

Figures

Figure 2. Phylogram generated from maximum likelihood analysis based on ITS sequence data. Bootstrap values for maximum likelihood (ML, left) and maximum parsimony (MP, right) equal to or greater than 50 % and Bayesian posterior probabilities (BYPP, middle) equal to or greater than 0.90 are placed nearby the branches, respectively. The newly generated sequences are indicated in red bold and the type species are highlighted in black bold.

Figure 5. Simplicillium lanosoniveum (a-f from HKAS 102447, g-r from MFLUCC 18 - 1385) a host (Ophiocordyceps unilateralis); b, c hyphae associated with host indicated with black arrows g, h upper and reverse view of cultures on PDA after 40 days incubation i-l conidial mass on the tip of phialides m-o phialides bearing conidia p-r conidia. Scale bars: 15 µm (i-m); 10 µm (d-f, n, o); 3 µm (p-r) (i, l-n stained with cotton blue solution).