Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa, Roháček & Przhiboro, 2022

Rohacek, Jindrich & Przhiboro, Andrey A., 2022, Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. and other Sphaeroceridae (Diptera) from peat bogs in the North Caucasus (Russia), ZooKeys 1132, pp. 1-49 : 1

Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov.

Figs 12-13 , 14-17 , 18-22 , 23-26 , 27-30 , 31-32 , 33-39

Type material.

Holotype ♂ labelled: "Russia: N Ossetia, W Digoria, Chifandzar mire in Kharesidon River valley, 42.91867°N, 43.51493°E, 2289 m, sifting from Sphagnum teres hummocks, 18.ix.2018, A. Przhiboro leg.", "Holotypus ♂ Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. n., J. Roháček det. 2022" (red label). The specimen is dried from ethanol and mounted on pinned triangular card, intact (deposited in ZISP, Figs 12 , 13 ). Paratypes: 6♂ 5♀ with same locality labels but with "Paratypus [♂ or ♀], Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. n., J. Roháček det. 2022" yellow labels; 3♂ 1♀ paratypes preserved in pinned microvial in glycerin, with abdomen detached, and terminalia dissected; others dry-mounted from ethanol and pinned as is the holotype; 1♂ 1♀ with wing removed for photography and also preserved in glycerin in pinned plastic tube below the specimen (4♂ 3♀ in ZISP, 2♂ 2♀ in SMOC). Other paratypes: 1♀, same locality data, but with "Sample Ч 14 ( Sphagnum teres ), 17.ix.2018"; 1♀, same locality data, but with "Sample Ч 9 ( Sphagnum subsecundum ), 17.ix.2018", both A. Przhiboro leg. (ZISP).

Etymology.

This strongly brachypterous species is named Pullimosina turfosa (= peaty, Latin adjective) owing to its strict association with Sphagnum hummocks in the type locality.

Description.

Male (Figs 12 , 13 ). Total body length 1.27-1.64 (holotype 1.64) mm; general color brown to dark brown with greyish brown microtomentum, subshining dorsally (thorax, abdomen) and ventrally (abdomen), dull on thoracic pleuron.

Head (Figs 13 , 14 ) higher than long (ca. 5:4), bicolorous, dorsally and posteriorly brown to pale brown, anteriorly and ventrally yellow to pale ochreous. Frons brown to pale brown, with anterior margin and orbits pale ochreous (Figs 14 , 16 ), sparsely microtomentose and partly (mainly medially) shining; occiput dark brown with brownish grey microtomentum. Orbits, interfrontalia and ocellar triangle with paler greyish microtomentum; orbit separated from interfrontalia by dark brown dull stripe (shortened anteriorly, never reaching anterior margin of frons); frontal triangle indistinctly delimited but long, almost reaching anterior margin of frons, finely longitudinally microsculptured (Fig. 14 ), and more shining than rest of frons. Cephalic chaetotaxy (cf. Figs 12 - 14 , 16 ): pvt present but reduced, hair-like but convergent and with apices almost meeting medially; occe and occi subequal (or occi slightly longer) and ca. two-thirds to three-fourths length of vti; vti normally thickest and longest of frontal setae; vte and oc only slightly shorter than vti; 2 ors, posterior almost as long as vte (or oc) and only slightly longer than anterior ors; 4 ifr, none markedly enlarged, middle 2 pairs usually longer than posterior pair, foremost pair small, about ca. half the length of the previous pair; 1 microseta in front of anterior margin of frons, lateral to foremost ifr; 4-6 minute ads inside and below ors; g small, ca. as long as foremost peristomal setula and 1 or 2 short setae behind it; vi robust, ca. as long as vti; peristomal setulae (5-6) slightly longer than those in single postocular row; 3 postgenal setae, all relatively strong and curved. Frontal lunule of moderate length, well-developed, yellow and sparsely whitish microtomentose, slightly paler than anterior margin of frons. Face yellow, sparsely whitish microtomentose but facial cavities below antennae relatively shining; medial carina small, most distinct dorsally, below frontal lunule. Parafacialia darker than face, ochreous brown. Gena yellow, somewhat darkened only at vibrissal angle and very narrowly on ventral margin, all sparsely whitish microtomentose and rather dull. Postgena brown, sharply delimited from gena. Mouthparts ochreous to brownish including clypeus. Palpus yellowish, slender but distinctly clavate (Fig. 14 ), with ca. 5 dark setae (subapical longest) along ventral margin. Eye broadly suboval (9:8), of moderate size, with longest diameter ~ 6.0 × as long as smallest genal height. Antenna brown (1st flagellomere) to dark brown (scape and pedicel); 1st flagellomere ca. as long as scape + pedicel, ellipsoid, with short greyish ciliation on apex (not longer than cilia on arista). Arista ~ 3.5 × as long as antenna, shortly but densely ciliate.

Thorax brown to pale brown (pleuron paler) and greyish brown microtomentose; mesonotum subshining, pleuron and scutellum more densely microtomentose and duller (Figs 12 , 13 ). Mesonotum laterally (notopleural area) and posteriorly (in front of scutellum) paler, usually ochreous; scutellum also somewhat paler posteromedially. Thoracic pleuron with propleuron and sternopleuron largely pale brown to ochreous, other sclerites more or less ochreous margined. Scutellum large, transversely (8:5) rounded, trapezoidal, flat on disc. Thoracic chaetotaxy: mesonotal macrosetae relatively short and weak; 1 hu and 2 microsetae on humeral callus; 3 postsutural dc but the foremost very small (less than twice as long as dc microseta in front of it), the middle dc weak, ca. half the length of posterior, the latter long, ca. as long as scutellum; 6 rows of ac microsetae on suture; medial prescutellar ac pair distinctly prolonged, only slightly shorter than middle dc; 2 long sc, laterobasal ~ 1.3 × as long as scutellum, apical (longest thoracic seta) ~ 1.4 × as long as laterobasal; 2 stpl but anterior reduced to very small setula, sometimes indistinct.

Legs brown to pale brown, coxae, trochanters and knees ochreous to yellow; fore coxa and all trochanters lightest, dirty yellow. Chaetotaxy: f1 with a posterodorsal row of 6 or 7 shorter setae and a posteroventral row of 7 or 8 longer setae in addition to ventrobasal fine seta (Fig. 18 ). f2 ventrally uniformly setulose but with 3 anterodorsal setae in distal third, including longest subapical seta (Fig. 20 ). t2 (as in most European congeners) ventrally with 1 short and weak seta below middle (in distal two-fifths), 1 longer (but also relatively short) va seta and 1 small anteroapical seta (see Fig. 20 ); dorsally with only 4 setae, viz. 1 anterodorsal seta in proximal third, 1 anterodorsal seta in distal third, 1 long dorsal (most robust) seta in distal sixth and 1 small posterodorsal seta in distal fifth (Fig. 19 ). Hind leg, including f3, uniformly setulose. Ratio t2: mt2 = 2.17-2.30 (holotype 2.17).

Wing (Figs 15 , 22 ) strongly reduced, only ca. twice as long as scutellum, racket-shaped, with brownish membrane, most darkened around R2+3 and M; veins brown- to pale-pigmented. Distal radial and anal part of wing strongly reduced, thus R4+5 and A1 entirely absent. Basal part of C (= Cs1) well developed, including both breaks; distal part of C abbreviated (only Cs2 developed) so that C only slightly produced beyond apex of R2+3. Subcosta absent but presence of humeral (h) cross-vein indicated by darkened stump in front of humeral break (Fig. 22 ). Basal stem of radial veins robust but R1 short, pale pigmented and poorly visible (Fig. 15 ); R2+3 dark brown, very slightly to distinctly upcurved to C. M present, dark brown, forming anterior remnant of discal cell (Figs 15 , 22 ); CuA1 strongly reduced, only indicated by a darkening near base of M. Anal lobe and hence also A1 absent; alula distinct but very narrow. Wing measurements: length 0.36-0.52 (holotype 0.52) mm, width 0.18-0.26 (holotype 0.26) mm, Cs1: Cs2 = 1.80-2.27 (holotype 1.80). Haltere present but strongly reduced (see Fig. 12 ), with knob entirely absent and stem shortened (length of haltere remnant 0.09-0.11 mm), dirty yellow.

Abdomen (Figs 12 , 13 ) darker brown dorsally, paler (mainly anteriorly) brown ventrally. Preabdominal terga broad, transversely suboblong, and relatively shining because of sparse greyish brown microtomentum. T2-T5 sparsely but relatively long-setose, with longest setae in posterior corners and margins. T1+2 largest tergum, ~ 1.5 × as long as T3, simply sclerotized (without medial depression) but original T1 pale brown to ochreous and distinctly delimited from original T2 (being dark brown) by a transverse wrinkle. T3-T5 subequal in length but becoming slightly narrower posteriorly, T5 smallest. Preabdominal sterna: S1+2 small, reduced to pale and bare poorly delimited sclerite; S3 and S4 subequal in length, relatively large and broad (becoming wider posteriorly), brown and well-sclerotized; both S3 and S4 transversely trapezoidal, narrower anteriorly, but S3 distinctly smaller than S4, the latter smaller and narrower than S5. S3 and S4 with shorter and finer setae than adjacent terga. S5 (Fig. 23 ) darker brown than S3 or S4, more transverse, slightly asymmetrical (longer on left), with short posterior submembranous, unpigmented and finely haired margin and with a transverse group of robust setae, those in the middle particularly thickened, spine-like. Postabdominal sclerites S6+7 and S8 forming a relatively long complex synsclerite situated left ventrolaterally to dorsolaterally (Fig. 23 ). S6+7 strongly asymmetrical, with various projections and placed ventrolaterally to laterally; S8 less asymmetrical and situated more dorsally. Synsclerite S6+7 with original S6 attenuated right ventrally and bearing a distinctive subtriangular posteromedial (in medial axis of abdomen) process (Fig. 23 ), left ventrally dilated, without setae; original S7 ventrolaterally incised and with unusual slender T-shaped projection arising near this incision and directed right medially/internally (Fig. 23 ); left compact part of S7 with 2 pairs of relatively long and stout setae. S8 relatively simple, saddle-shaped, with only a few (3-5) shorter setae, mainly situated at posterior margin.

Genitalia: Epandrium (Figs 25 , 26 ) of medium length and width, very slightly asymmetrical in caudal view (Fig. 25 ), rather uniformly setose (longest setae postero-ventrally but sometimes also 1 dorsolateral seta enlarged). Anal fissure not large, roughly hexagonal, higher than wide (Fig. 25 ). Cerci short, fused with epandrium and medially forming subanal plate being ventromedially deeply narrowly incised (Fig. 25 ); each cercus with 1 longer and 2 or 3 short setae, micropubescent. Medandrium subquadrate in caudal view but its posterior part Y-shaped, hence ventrally narrowed (Fig. 25 ), posteromedially fused with cerci and posteroventrally movably connected with gonostyli. Hypandrium roughly Y-shaped in dorsal view, with simple anteromedial rod-like apodeme, relatively robust paired lateral sclerites, and more medially with small sclerites connecting hypandrium with postgonites via remnants of pregonites. Gonostylus (Figs 24-26 ) very distinctive, of unusual (in Pullimosina ) shape: dorsally with small and low lateral part overgrown with a tuft of long sinuous setae and some micropubescence; anteroventrally (and more medially) protruding into a slender and long, slightly bent, apically blunt and shortly setulose projection. Aedeagal complex (Figs 27-30 ). Phallapodeme distinctly longer and more robust than hypandrial apodeme, with well-developed dorsal keel. Aedeagus composed of compact, laterally flattened phallophore (Figs 27 , 28 ) and relatively short distiphallus. Distiphallus basally with slender arcuate sclerite bent on lateral sides (Figs 27 , 28 ) and dilated ventrally; the latter dorsally connected with slender sclerite projecting anteriorly where bearing small wing-like processes and longer medial projection almost reaching apex of distiphallus (Fig. 27 ); distal part of distiphallus formed by large trough-like lateroventral sclerite and by a pair of apical dorsal sclerites, each of which having a group of 4 or 5 short dark spines attached laterally (Figs 27 , 28 ). Postgonite (Fig. 29 ) relatively large (somewhat longer than distiphallus) but simple, wider proximally and gradually tapered distally, slightly bent and with acute apex, with only 2 or 3 microsetae anteriorly and posteriorly in distal half and fourth, respectively. Remnant of pregonite (Figs 29 , 30 ) forming small but distinct and separate sclerite situated in anterodorsal emargination of postgonite, possessing distally 2 short blunt spines and 1 setula (see Fig. 30 ). Ejacapodeme reduced, represented by small and very slender, rod-like but proximally somewhat dilated, sclerite (Figs 27 , 30 ).

Female (Figs 31 , 32 ). Similar to male unless mentioned otherwise below. Total body length 1.27-1.67 mm. Foremost ifr more robust, often almost as long as other ifr setae. t2 with all macrosetae relatively longer, both ventrally (cf. ventroapical seta on Figs 20 and 21 ) and dorsally. mt2 relatively (compared to t2) longer (Fig. 21 ). Ratio t2: mt2 = 1.92-2.09. Wing (Fig. 17 ) slightly shorter on the average and often with more cut apex. Remnant of haltere also shorter, only 0.06-0.08 mm long. Wing measurements: length 0.36-0.43 mm, width 0.19-0.25 mm, Cs1: Cs2 = 2.14-3.00. Preabdominal terga somewhat shorter and more transverse (Fig. 32 ); T1+2 only slightly shorter than T3; T3-T5 becoming distinctly narrower posteriorly but similarly setose as in male. Preabdominal sterna S3-S5 sparsely and shortly setose, subequal in length and width. S5 unmodified, transversely suboblong, subequal to S4; preabdominal sterna S3-S5 brown, well sclerotized but paler than adjacent terga.

Postabdomen (Figs 34-36 ) relatively short and broad, with sparsely setose sclerites, narrower than preabdomen at 5th segment. T6 markedly narrower and only ca. half the length of T5, transverse, only slightly wider than S6, with both lateral and posterior margins pale and setose in posterior half (Fig. 34 ), setae at posterior margin long; T7 transversely suboblong, slightly shorter and seemingly narrower than T6 because bent farther onto lateral side (see Fig. 36 ), with pale posterior margin and 8 setae in single row of setae in front of it. T8 dorsomedially narrowly interrupted to form two lateral sclerites (Fig. 34 ), each dorsally shortened but ventrally expanded and longer than other postabdominal sclerites (Fig. 36 ) and bearing 1 long and a few short to small setae. T10 transversely pentagonal, distinctly wider than long, pale-pigmented, finely sparsely micropubescent and with a pair of relatively distant setae (see Fig. 34 ). S6 slightly narrower but distinctly (0.7 × as long as) shorter than S5, and only slightly wider and more setulose than S7 (Fig. 35 ). S7 simple, transversely suboblong (as is S6), slightly wider than T6, with setae only at pale posterior margin. S8 (Figs 35 , 37 ) transversely subellipsoid, much larger than S10 (in largest extension view, see Fig. 37 ), somewhat convex in the middle, posteriorly more rounded than anteriorly, with only 4 or 6 short setae centrally but with distinctive micropubescence. Additional sclerite unusual, situated behind and partly under S8 (its anterior part overlapped by S8, cf. Fig. 36 , asc), narrowly trapezoidal but anteriorly membranous and hence its anterior margin undefined, largely bare, with only 4 setulae at posterior margin (Fig. 37 ). S10 slightly more than half length of S8, transversely pentagonal, pale pigmented, micropubescent and setulose only in posterior third, posteromedially with a pair of longer setae (Fig. 35 ). Spectacles-shaped sclerite (= sclerotization of female genital chamber) oriented rather vertically (Fig. 38 , see in situ, Fig. 36 ), with rings of moderate size and its medial anterior sclerotization relatively complex (Fig. 39 ). Spermathecae 2+1 (Figs 33 , 39 ), blackish brown; body of single spermatheca distinctly larger than those of paired ones; each spermatheca of relatively robust tyre-shaped form, most resembling those of P. moesta (Villeneuve, 1918), with plain surface, terminal invagination somewhat widened internally and terminal parts of ducts well-sclerotized, slightly conically dilated towards insertion and ca. as long as body of spermatheca. Cerci (Figs 34-36 ) short but not robust, tapered both towards base and terminal seta, micropubescent, each with 4 or 5 setae, apical one longest (slightly longer than cercus) and sinuate as also is the shorter dorsopreapical seta.

Remarks.

Despite a number of peculiarities in the male and female terminalia and unusual reduction of wing venation, Pullimosina turfosa sp. nov. clearly is a representative of the subgenus Pullimosina Pullimosina s. str. ( Roháček 1983; Marshall 1986). However, it proved not to be closely related to any other described European (or Palaearctic) species of this subgenus (cf. Papp 1973; Roháček 1983; Hayashi 2006; Su 2011; Su et al. 2013; Roháček 2019). Based on structures of its male and female terminalia it surely belongs to the Pullimosina antennata group (as defined by Marshall 1986). Note: this group should be re-named to P. moesta group because P. antennata (Duda, 1918) is a junior synonym of P. moesta (Villeneuve, 1918), see Roháček (2001) and Roháček et al. (2001). Pullimosina turfosa shares all synapomorphic characters defining this group (cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 100), viz. the densely and long setose gonostylus, the distiphallus with spinose or toothed distal sclerites and a well-developed additional sclerite between female S8 and S10, except for his character 11 (middle interfrontal setae cruciate). Surprisingly, P. turfosa appears to have the male terminalia most similar to those of the macropterous Nearctic species P. vockerothi Marshall, 1986. The shared characters include (1) male S6 with a ventromedial process (Fig. 23 , cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 79), (2) the gonostylus with long and slender anteroventral projection (Fig. 24 , cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 77), and (3) similar shape of postgonite (Fig. 30 , cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 78). The former two features (1, 2) could be considered synapomorphic and demonstrating a closer relationship of these species. Additionally, the female T8 and the spectacles-shaped sclerite seem to be similarly formed in P. vockerothi and P. turfosa (Figs 34 , 39 , cf. Marshall 1986: figs 38, 40) but T8 in P. vockerothi has a small medial strip-like sclerite in addition to large lateral sclerites and the female S8 and additional (acs) sclerite are markedly different in the shape and chaetotaxy (Fig. 37 , cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 39). There are also distinct differences in the armature of the male S5 (Fig. 23 , cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 79), shape of the gonostylus (having basal part very small and anteroventral projection simple in P. turfosa : Fig. 24 , cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 77) and detailed structure of the distiphallus (Fig. 28 , cf. Marshall 1986: fig. 78).

Pullimosina turfosa can be most easily recognized from all Holarctic Pullimosina species by its strongly abbreviated wings with very characteristic venation (Figs 15 , 22 ). As for European species, the brachypterous form of the wing-polymorphic P. meijerei (Duda, 1918) externally most resembles this new species (cf. Roháček 2012: figs 3, 4) including coloration of the head but the wings of P. meijerei are less shortened, more elongate and with more complete venation ( Roháček 2012: figs 24-27) not to mention very dissimilar structures of the male and female postabdomen (cf. Roháček 1985: figs 792-802).

The peculiar reduction of the wing and its veins in P. turfosa (Fig. 22 ) needs a special comment. It differs from all other cases of brachyptery known in West Palaearctic Sphaeroceridae ( Roháček 2012) in having the distal part of wing strongly abbreviated while its basal part (up to subcostal break) is almost normal, R4+5 is completely absent (in this somewhat resembling the wing venation of Aptilotus anapterus (Papp & Roháček, 1981) from La Palma, Canary Is, which, however, has a small basal remnant of this vein retained) but simultaneously with M present. Thus, the reduction of veins in P. turfosa is somewhat intermediate between stages 5 and 6 as recognized by Roháček (2012: figs 39, 40).

Distribution.

The species is known only from its type locality in Russia, North Ossetia (Caucasus Mts).

Biology.

All specimens of the new species were collected on 17 and 18 August 2018 in a high-montane Chifandzar mire (Fig. 7 ), which is the highest (2289 m) and the largest (ca. 0.5 km2) of the mires under study. This mire is much more open and windier compared to the others.

All type specimens but one were collected from large Sphagnum hummocks (Fig. 8 ). This habitat is distinctive and represented only by nearly 15 hummocks all of which are located in the eastern part of the mire (Fig. 7 : arrow). The hummocks are scattered over an area of ca. 100 × 50 m. Each hummock is 0.15-0.3 m high and 0.5-2 m wide. It consists mostly of loose thick cushion of Sphagnum ( S. teres is predominant; S. centrale and S. squarrosum are common), with sparse shoots of Carex spp. and Nardus stricta and abundant remains of monocotyledons. The substrate of hummocks is dry to slightly wet, as distinct from moist or water-logged substrate on flat areas surrounding the hummocks and in other parts of the mire.

Most specimens were collected by means of sifting substrata of hummocks. Two females were collected by washing and subsequent flotation of substrate in NaCl solution: one specimen was sampled from the same habitat, and another one, from moist substrate beyond the hummocks, with predominating Sphagnum subsecundum and Carex rostrata . Hence, most individuals of P. turfosa concentrate in hummocks but some flies may also occur at some distance from them. No specimens were collected in early summer (2-3 June), suggesting that the adults of P. turfosa appear later.

Due to exclusive association of P. turfosa with the sphagnetum habitat, particularly with hummocks, we consider it a tyrphobiont (= eucoenic to peat-bog habitat) sphagnicolous species. Interestingly, no specimens of P. turfosa were collected from similar substrata in other bogs using the same techniques (sifting and washing/flotation). It is possible that the new peculiar species is confined to high montane bogs or even endemic to Chifandzar, considering that the montane bogs of the North Caucasus are rare and isolated island ecosystems.

Figures

Figures 12, 13. Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. (male holotype) 12 whole body, dorsally 13 ditto, laterally. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figures 14 - 17. Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. (holotype, paratypes) heads and wings 14 male head, frontally (holotype) 15 male right wing, dorsally (paratype) 16 female head, frontally (paratype) 17 female right wing, dorsally (paratype). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (14, 16); 0.1 mm (15, 17).

Figures 18 - 22. Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. (paratypes) 18 male fore leg without tarsus, posteriorly 19 male mid tibia, dorsally 20 male mid femur, tibia and basitarsus, anteriorly 21 female mid tibia and basitarsus, anteriorly 22 male right wing, dorsally. Scale bars: 0.2 mm (18 - 21); 0.1 mm (22).

Figures 23 - 26. Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. (male paratype) 23 S 5 and postabdominal sclerites, ventrally 24 gonostylus, laterally 25 external genitalia, caudally 26 ditto, laterally. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (23, 25, 26); 0.05 mm (24). Abbreviations: ce - cercus, dp - distiphallus, ep - epandrium, gs - gonostylus, hy - hypandrium, ma - medandrium, pg - postgonite, pha - phallapodeme, S - sternum.

Figures 27 - 30. Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. (male paratype) 27 aedeagus (phallus) dorsally 28 ditto, laterally 29 aedeagal complex, laterally 30 pregonite (enlarged), laterally. Scale bars 0.05 mm (27 - 29), 0.02 mm (30). Abbreviations: dp - distiphallus, ea - ejacapodeme, pg - postgonite, pha - phallapodeme, pp - phallophore, prg - pregonite.

Figures 31 - 32. Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. (female paratype) 31 whole body, dorsally 32 ditto, laterally. Scale bar: 0.5 mm.

Figures 33 - 39. Pullimosina (Pullimosina) turfosa sp. nov. (female paratype) 33 spermathecae 34 postabdomen, dorsally 35 ditto, ventrally 36 ditto, laterally 37 S 8 and additional sclerite, ventrally 38 spectacles-shaped sclerite, laterally 39 ditto and single spermatheca, ventrally. Scale bars: 0.1 mm (34 - 36); 0.05 mm (33, 37 - 39). Abbreviations: asc - additional sclerite, ce - cercus, S - sternum, T - tergum.

Figures 6, 7. Mires under study 6 Ushtulu, 21 September 2018 7 Chifandzar, 2 June 2018 (arrow indicates an area in which large Sphagnum hummocks are located).

Figures 8, 9. Mires under study 8 Chifandzar, 18 September 2018, a large Sphagnum hummock 9 Tarskoe, 11 September 2018.