Psilaxis simplex ( Bronn, 1831 )

Sacchetti, Claudia, Landau, Bernard & Ávila, Sérgio P., 2023, The Lower Pliocene marine gastropods of Santa Maria Island, Azores: Taxonomy and palaeobiogeographic implications, Zootaxa 5295 (1), pp. 1-150 : 88-90

Psilaxis simplex ( Bronn, 1831)

Plate 6 E 1 -E 2

* Solarium simplex Bronn 1831: 63 .

Solarium neglectum Michelotti 1841: 213 , pl. 2, figs. 7-9.

Solarium carocollatum Grateloup 1846 (partim, pl. 12, figs. 27-28 only) [non fig. 29 = Architectonica carocollata ( Lamarck, 1822) ].

Solarium subconoideum d’Orbigny 1852: 45 , no. 715.

Solarium simplex Bronn —Hörnes 1856: 463, pl. 46, fig. 3.

Solarium simplex Br. —Bronn in Reiss 1862: 32.

Solarium simplex Bronn — Mayer 1864: 58.

Solarium simplex Bronn —Fontannes 1880: 137, pl. 8, fig. 4.

Solarium simplex var. crassulosa Sacco 1892 b: 46 , pl. 1, fig. 50.

Solarium simplex var. subacrenula Sacco 1892 b: 46 , pl. 1, fig. 51.

Solarium simplex var. gibbosoacrenula Sacco 1892 b: 46 , pl. 1, fig. 52.

Solarium simplex var. subacingulosa Sacco 1892 b: 46 , pl. 1, fig. 53.

Solarium simplex var. rugulodepressa Sacco 1892 b: 46 , pl. 1, fig. 54.

Solarium simplex var. infernelineata Sacco 1892 b: 47 , pl. 1, fig. 56.

Solarium simplex var. trilineata Sacco 1892 b: 47 , pl. 1, fig. 57.

Solarium simplex var. antiquoscalarata Sacco 1892 b: 47 , pl. 1, fig. 58.

Solarium simplex var. pyramidata Sacco 1892 b: 48 , pl. 1, fig. 59.

Solarium simplex var. bicinctum Penecke 1896: 61 , pl. 3, fig. 14.

Solarium simplex Bronn — Dollfus et al. 1903: 8, pl. 32, fig. 7.

Solarium simplex var. neglecta Micht. — Sacco 1904: 111, pl. 24, fig. 37.

Solarium simplex Bronn —Cossmann & Peyrot 1919, no. 386, pl. 15, figs. 33-38.

Solarium simplex var. subconoideum d’Orbigny —Cossmann & Peyrot 1919, no. 387, pl. 15, figs. 42-44.

Solarium simplex Bronn —Friedberg 1923: 413, pl. 25, fig. 5.

Solarium simplex Bronn, 1831 — Glibert 1949: 123, pl. 7, fig. 6.

Solarium simplex Bronn — Montanaro Gallitelli & Tacoli 1951: 177, pl. 2, figs. 6-8.

Solarium simplex Bronn, 1831 — Glibert 1952b: 29, pl. 2, fig. 14.

Architectonica simplex Bronn — Csepreghy-Meznerics 1954: 18, pl. 1, figs. 16-18.

Solarium simplex Bronn — Ferreira 1955: 26, pl. 6, figs. 35, 36.

Solarium simplex Bronn —Erünal-Erentöz 1958: 16, pl. 2, figs. 6, 7.

Architectonica (s.s.) simplex (Bronn) — Ruggieri & Curti 1959: 109, pl. 23, fig. 138.

Architectonica (s.s.) simplex rugulodepressa Sacco — Ruggieri & Curti 1959: 110, pl. 23, fig. 139.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn 1831) — Anderson 1960: 47, pl. 8, fig. 2.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn 1831) —Kojumdgieva in Kojumdgieva & Strachimirov 1960: 91, pl. 29, fig. 14.

Solarium simplex Bronn — Strausz 1962: 124, pl. 51, fig. 15, pl. 52, fig. 1.

Solarium simplex Bronn, 1831 — Strausz 1966: 116, pl. 51, fig. 15, pl. 52, fig. 1.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn 1831) —A.W. Janssen 1967: 133, pl. 7, fig. 1.

Solarium simplex Bronn, 1831 — Zelinskaya et al. 1968: 133, pl. 34, figs. 12-14.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex (Bronn) — Caprotti 1970: 142, pl. 1, fig. 11.

Architectonica cf. simplex (Bronn) — Nordsieck 1972a: 56, pl. 13, fig. 31.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex (Bronn) — Steininger 1973: 404, pl. 4, fig. 4.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Malatesta 1974: 182, pl. 13, fig. 3.

Solarium simplex Bronn — Fekih 1975: 57, pl. 21, fig. 1.

Solarium simplex var. crassulosa Sacco — Fekih 1975: 57, pl. 21, fig. 4.

Solarium simplex var. neglecta Michelotti — Fekih 1975: 58, pl. 21, fig. 7.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Bałuk 1975: 117, pl. 13, figs. 1, 2.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn, 1831) —A.W. Janssen 1984: 142, pl. 47, fig. 2.

Solarium simplex Bronn, 1831 — Ferrero Mortara et al. 1984: 92, pl. 14, fig. 2.

Philippia (Psilaxis) simplex — Melone & Taviani 1985: 164, fig. 24.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn, 1831) —González Delgado 1986: 86, pl. 2, figs. 10, 12.

Architectonica simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Chirli 1988: 16, pl. 1, fig. 7.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Cavallo & Repetto 1992: 150, fig. 415.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Silva 1992: 4, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2.

Architectonica simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Ruiz Muñoz et al. 1997: 166, pl. 30, figs. 3-7.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Silva 2001: 563, pl. 26, figs. 10-12.

Architectonica simplex subconoidea ( d’Orbigny, 1852) — Lozouet et al. 2001: 73.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Bogi et al. 2002: 32, figs. 1, 2.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Harzhauser 2002: 122, pl. 11, figs. 14-15.

Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Wienrich 2007: 727, pl. 117, figs. 3-4, pl. 158, fig. 3.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Chirli & Richard 2008: 73, pl. 14, fig. 10.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010: 50, unnumbered fig. p. 66 top middle.

Psilaxis simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Moths et al. 2010: 81, text-fig. 46, pl. 23, fig. 4.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Landau et al. 2011: 39, pl. 21, fig. 11.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Chirli and Linse 2011: 211, pl. 84, figs. 1a-f.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Chirli 2013: 7, pl. 2, figs. 7-15.

Psilaxis simplex ( Bronn, 1831) — Landau et al. 2013: 301, pl. 52, fig. 3.

Basisulcata simplex ( Bronn, 1831) —Brunetti 2014: 73, unnumbered fig. top.

Psilaxis simplex (Bronn, 1827) [sic]— Cárdenas et al. 2019: 211, fig. 5b.

Basisulcata simplex d’Orbigny, 1852 [sic]— Brunetti 2022, p. 76, fig. 173.

non Architectonica (Architectonica) simplex Bronn — Marinescu 1961: 531, pl. 5, fig. 19 [= Psilaxis carocollata ( Lamarck, 1822] .

non Solarium simplex sobiensis Strausz 1966: 116 , pl. 52, figs. 3, 4, 6 [= Psilaxis carocollata ( Lamarck, 1822].

Santa Maria material examined. Maximum height 1.5 mm, width 4.5 mm. DBUA-F 828-3 (1), Ponta dos Frades; DBUA-F 827-F (2), Ponta do Castelo, Santa Maria Island, Touril Complex, Lower Pliocene.

Description. (UC = umbilical crenae, PUR = proxumbilical rib, UPR = upper peripheral rib, LPR = lower peripheral rib, IPR = infraperipheral rib. Terminology follows Bieler 1993: 9, 117, fig. 91). Shell medium sized, relatively solid, architectoniform. Dorsum depressed, weakly convex in profile, sharply angled at LPR, base flattened, umbilicus deep, moderately narrow. UPR and IPR moderately developed, weaker than LPR that forms periphery of last whorl. UC well developed, forming narrow crenulate margin of umbilicus, sharply delimited by groove laterally, weaker plicae radiating from basal groove to about mid-base, PUR not developed. Rest of surface smooth apart from strongly prosocline growth lines.

Discussion. Generic placement seems controversial. Bieler (1985) placed the Solarium simplex species group in the genus Philippia J.E. Gray, 1847 , subgenus Psilaxis Woodring, 1928 , which was later raised to full generic rank by Bieler (1993). This taxonomic placement was confirmed by Bieler to Moths et al. (2010: 81). However, Italian authors place it in the genus Basisulcata Melone & Taviani, 1985 (type species Philippia lepida Bayer, 1942 , present-day, Mediterranean). Psilaxis simplex ( Bronn, 1831) is widespread in the European Miocene and Pliocene assemblages and varies greatly is size and shape. The Azorean specimens are relatively small but otherwise typical for the species.

Distribution. Lower Miocene: Atlantic (Aquitanian and Burdigalian), Aquitaine Basin, France (Cossmann & Peyrot 1919; Lozouet et al. 2001); Proto-Mediterranean Sea (Burdigalian), Colli Torinesi, Italy ( Michelotti 1841 b; Sacco 1892 b); Paratethys (Aquitanian and Burdigalian), Austria ( Harzhauser 2002). Middle Miocene: North Sea Basin (late Burdigalian-Langhian), Belgium ( Glibert 1952b), Germany ( Anderson 1960, 1964; A.W. Janssen 1967; Wienrich 2007; Moths et al. 2010), Netherlands ( Nordsieck 1972a; A.W. Janssen 1984); Atlantic (Serravallian), Aquitaine Basin, France (Grateloup 1846; Cossmann & Peyrot 1919), (Langhian), Loire Basin ( France ( Glibert 1949); Paratethys (Langhian-Serravallian), Austria (Hörnes 1856), Bulgaria ( Kojumdgieva & Strachimirov 1960), Hungary ( Csepreghy-Meznerics 1954; Strausz 1962, 1966), Poland (Friedberg 1923; Bałuk 1975), Ukraine ( Zelinskaya et al. 1968); north- eastern Atlantic, Azores ( Ferreira 1955); Proto-Mediterranean Sea (Serravallian), Karaman Basin, Turkey (Erünal-Erentöz 1958; Landau et al. 2013). Upper Miocene: northeastern Atlantic (Tortonian), Cacela Basin, Portugal ( Dollfus et al. 1903), Seville southwestern Spain ( Cárdenas et al. 2019); Proto-Mediterranean Sea (Tortonian), Po Basin, Italy ( Sacco 1892 b). Lower Pliocene: Atlantic, Santa Maria Island, Azores (Bronn in Reiss 1862), Guadalquivir Basin, Spain (González Delgado 1986; Ruiz Muñoz et al. 1997; Landau et al. 2011; Brunetti 2022), Roussillon Basin, France (Fontannes 1880; Chirli & Richard 2008); central Mediterranean, Italy ( Sacco 1892 b; Chirli 1988; Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010), Tunisia ( Fekih 1975). Upper Pliocene: Atlantic, Mondego Basin, Portugal ( Zbyszewski 1959; Silva 1992, 2001), Morocco ( Lecointre 1952); western Mediterranean, Estepona Basin, Spain (NHMW collection), Morocco ( Lecointre 1952); central Mediterranean, Italy ( Sacco 1892 b; Ruggieri & Curti 1959; Malatesta 1974; Caprotti 1970; Cavallo & Repetto 1992; Bogi et al. 2002; Sosso & Dell’Angelo 2010; Chirli 2013). Lower Pleistocene: eastern Mediterranean, Rhodes Island ( Chirli & Linse 2011).

Figures

PLATE 1. A. Danilia pterostomus (Bronn, 1861), height 5.0 mm, width 4.0 mm, Forno da Cré (figure taken from Bronn in Hartung, 1861, pl. 19, fig. 2). B1-B2. Emarginula octaviana Coen, 1939, DBUA-F 487-1, height 1.8 mm, diameter 3.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C. Bolma cf. rugosa (Linné, 1767), DBUA-F 471-3, diameter 4.1 mm, Ponta do Castelo. D1-D5. Turbo hartungi Bronn 1861, DBUA-F 1295-1, height 9.0 mm, width 8.0 mm, Malbusca (east cave). E1-E3. Nerita cf. funata Dujardin, 1837, DBUA-F 917-1, height 4.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. F1-F2. Thericium crenulosum (Bronn, 1862), height 10.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). G1-G2. Thericium hartungi (Mayer, 1862), height 29.0 mm, width 13.0 mm, Pinheiros (figure taken from Bronn in Reiss, 1862, pl. 1, fig. 11). H1-H2. Thericium incultum (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 1034-2, height 23.0 mm, width 10.0 mm, Macela viewpoint. I1-I2. Thericium incultum (Mayer, 1862), DBUA-F 1027-1, height 29.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Malbusca II. J1-J2, K1-K2. Bittium miradouroense nov. sp., Holotype DBUAF 1034-5, height 6.8 mm, width 1.9 mm (J); Paratype DBUA-F 1034-6(1), height 5.3 mm, width 1.9 mm (K), Macela viewpoint. L1-L2, M1-M2. Bittium nov. sp., DBUA-F 488-2, height 4.5 mm, width 1.8 mm (L), height 4.2 mm, width 1.7 mm (M), Ponta do Castelo.

PLATE 2. A1-A2. Bittium nanum (Mayer, 1864), DBUA-F 1296-2, height 4.9 mm, width 2.0 mm, Malbusca. B. Tenagodus (Tenagodus) obtusus (Schumacher, 1817), DBUA-F 1283-2, height 12.0 mm, width 11.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. C. Epitonium sp., DBUA-F 931-1, height 4.0 mm, width 2.8 mm, Pedra-que-pica. D1-D3. Janthina krejcii, SMF10135a, height 25.0 mm, diameter 32.0 mm, Macela viewpoint (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 26). E1-E3. Janthina typica (Bronn, 1861), DBUA-F-428, height 19.0 mm, diameter 21.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo, (pictures from Beu, 2017, fig. 25). F.Cheilea equestris (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 1283-1, diameter 30.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. G1-G3. Hipponix sulcatus (Borson, 1820), DBUA-F 937-1, height 5.3 mm, diameter 14.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. H1-H2. Euspira atlantica (Mayer, 1862), height 16.0 mm, diameter 19.0 mm, Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). I. Triphorid s.l., DBUA-F 471-5, height 3.2 mm, width 1.3 mm, Ponta do Castelo. J1-J2. Cerithiopsis cf. tubercularis (Montagu, 1803), DBUA-F 1023-1, height 3.0 mm, width 1.2 mm, Ponta do Castelo. K. Petaloconchus intortus (Lamarck, 1818), DBUA-F 946-2, height 13.0 mm, width 6.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. L. Thylacodes arenarius (Linnaeus, 1758), DBUA-F 869-1, height 33.0 mm, width 24.0 mm, Ponta dos Cedros. M1-M3. Alvania cancellata (da Costa, 1778), DBUA-F 1296-3, height 4.0 mm, width 2.2 mm, Malbusca.

PLATE 6. A1-A2. Conus s.l. sp. A, DBUA-F 1292-1, height 19.0 mm, diameter 13.0 mm, Ponta dos Frades. B. Tomellana sp., height 25.0 mm (apical fragment), Ponta do Norte lighthouse, LNEG collection (unnumbered). C, D. Crassopleura maravignae (Bivona, 1838), height 12.0 mm, width 4.5 mm, Pinheiros (figure C taken from Bronn in Reiss, pl. 1, fig. 9 and figure D taken from Mayer, 1864, pl. 6, fig. 50). E1-E2. Psilaxis simplex (Bronn, 1831), DBUA-F 828-3 height 1.5 mm, width 4.5 mm, Ponta dos Frades. F. Mathilda quadricarinata (Brocchi, 1814), DBUA-F 1023-2, height 1.9 mm, width 1.1 mm, Ponta do Castelo. G1-G2. Acteon semistriatus (Férussac, 1822), DBUA-F 191-9, height 7.3 mm width 3.9 mm, Malbusca. H1-H2. Cylichna sp., DBUA-F 1034-1, height 10.0 mm, width 5.0 mm, Macela viewpoint. I1-I3. Roxania utriculus (Brocchi, 1814), DBUA-F 1027-2, height 8.2 mm, width 4.5 mm, Malbusca II. J1-J2. Scaphander lignarius (Linnaeus, 1758), height 27.0 mm, width 15.5 mm, unknown locality, LNEG collection (unnumbered). K1-K2. Pyrgostylus cf. abreui (Peñas & Rolán, 2000), DBUA-F 471-2, height 6.0 mm, width 3.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. L1-L3. Clathrella clathrata (Philippi, 1844), DBUA-F 471-1, height 6.0 mm, width 7.0 mm, Ponta do Castelo. M, N. Ranella bicoronata Bronn, 1862 species inquirenda, height 19.0 mm, width 15.0 mm, Pinheiros (figure M taken from Bronn in Reiss, 1862, pl. 1, fig. 8 and figure N taken from Mayer, 1864, pl. 7, fig. 53).