Pergaphaga nigra Gauld, 1969

Wharton, Robert, Cammack, Jonathan & Mullins, Patricia, 2010, A revision of the westwoodiine genus Pergaphaga (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Ctenopelmatinae), ZooKeys 37 (37), pp. 35-68 : 49-60

Pergaphaga nigra Gauld

Figs 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 24, 27, 29, 31, 33, 37, 41, 45, 46

Type locality. Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbateman, - 34.967S, 149.033E.

Type material. Holotype. Female ( ANIC), Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbateman , emerged III.1974 ex. Perga cocoon collected III.1973, R. B. McInnes [not seen]

Material examined. Paratypes: 6 females, 5 males, same data as holotype except emergence dates of 5.III, 2. VI., and 8. V.1973 and 21.II, 27.II., and 8.III.1974 ( ANIC, BMNH) ; ACT, 1 female, Canberra, 12. V.1959, P.B. Carne ( ANIC) ; 2 males, Duntroon, emerged 8–22. V.1960, parasite of Perga affinis ( ANIC, BMNH) ; NEW SOUTH WALES, 1 male, Cookardinia, emerged 29.II.1960, ex culture 223, parasite of Perga affinis ( BMNH) ; SOUTH AUSTRALIA, 2 females, no additional data ( BMNH) ; VICTORIA, 2 females, Avoca, 220, emerged 10. VI.1957, parasite of Symphyta on Eucalyptus sp., M.F. Leask ( BMNH) .

Other specimens examined: ACT, 1 female, Canberra , 24.IV.1959, W. Vestjens ( MVMA) ; 10 females, 2 males, Duntroon , emerged 8–22. V.1959 and IV–V.1960 from P. affi nis cocoons collected 1958, P.B. Carne ( ANIC) ; 2 females, same data except cocoons collected 24.II.1958, dissected 28.II.1959 ; VICTORIA, 1 male, 6.6 mi W. of Bonnie Doon , 7.III.1973, R. S. McInnes, emerged ex. Perga cocoons 31.I.1975 ( ANIC) ; 1 male, Hamilton , 10.X.1947, G. Stephens, collection A. N. Burns ( MVMA) ; 1 female, 15 mi ESE Wangaratta , emerged 16.VII.1974 ex Perga cocoon collected 8.III.1973, R.S. Mclnnes ( ANIC) ; 1 female, no locality, ex culture, emerged 25.VIII.1934, vide 20 ( BMNH) ; 1 male, no additional data ( MVMA) .

Description. Female (Figs 5, 9). Length of body (exclusive of antenna) 12.5– 21.3mm; of fore wing 11.0– 15.7mm; of antenna 15.0–20.0mm.

Figures Ι3–Ι6. Pergaphaga spp., antenna and tyloid, female. Ι3 Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , antenna, nonparatype from Duntroon Ι4 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., paratype, Murrumbeena, SEM of tyloid Ι5 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., paratype, Canberra, relative size of tyloid and basal flagellomeres Ι6 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., paratype, Canberra, arrow = weakly bulging region of face.

Head. Clypeus (Fig. 17) 2.5–2.7 times as broad as long; slightly undulating; convex dorsomedially and along midline, impressed ventrolaterally, except raised and thickened at extreme lateral margin; ventral margin broadly truncate, slightly thickened medially; surface punctate and weakly rugulose on shagreened background, punctures coalescing, especially ventrally; epistomal sulcus indistinct. Malar space 0.6–0.7 times basal width of mandible, coarsely granular and shagreened. Lower gena deeply and densely punctate on finely shagreened background, becoming more sparsely punctate and polished dorsally, upper gena with punctures separated by 2–3 times their diameter, more densely punctate along occipital carina, more sparsely punctate adja-

Figures Ι7–20. Pergaphaga spp., face, female. Ι7 Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , paratype, Murrumbateman Ι8 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., holotype Ι9 Pergaphaga leaski Wharton , sp. n., holotype 20 Pergaphaga xanthops Wharton , sp. n., holotype.

cent eye at mid eye height. Face (Fig. 17) deeply and densely punctate, varying from rugose punctate to more densely granular rugose medially, surface slightly undulating transversely, weakly elevated medially, distinctly depressed near ventrolateral margin of toruli, nearly flat between anterior tentorial pit and eye. Frons with median, elevated flange (Fig. 21) extending posteriorly beyond posterior margin of toruli, bifurcating posteriorly, the resulting depressions between flange and toruli and between bifurcating arms and median ocellus polished and often weakly striate; frons densely granular on flattened portion between ocellar field and eye, rugose punctate on distinctly elevated portion between antenna and eye (Fig. 24). Antenna with 40–46 flagellomeres; first flagellomere at most 1.2 times longer than second, 3.0–3.7 times longer than wide, second flagellomere 2.5–3.1 times longer than wide, tenth 1.8–2.2 times longer

Figures 2 Ι–24. Pergaphaga spp., head, female. 2Ι Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , showing interantennal flange extending onto frons, non-paratype from Duntroon 22 Pergaphaga xanthops Wharton , sp. n., holotype, arrow = interantennal flange extending onto frons 23 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., paratype, Murrumbeena, showing absence of interantennal flange 24 Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , paratype, Murrumbateman, arrow = lateral bulge on frons.

than wide; tyloid of first flagellomere large, oval, extending 0.25–0.35 length of first flagellomere.

Mesosoma . Pronotum laterally densely punctate (Fig. 27). Mesopleural depression rugulose punctate ventrally (Fig. 29), the punctures large, deep, coalescing; round- ed lobe forming anterodorsal margin of mesopleural depression very finely, densely punctate, the punctures discrete but often touching or nearly so, much smaller than punctures on ventral part of mesopleural depression. Scutellum coarsely punctate. Posteromedian plate of metanotum densely, coarsely punctate to rugose punctate, never polished. Metapleuron medially densely rugose to rugose punctate. Propodeum

Figures 25–28. Head and thorax 25 Pergaphaga xanthops Wharton , sp. n., holotype, back of head showing occipital and hypostomal carinae meeting above base of mandible 26 Pergaphaga leaski Wharton , sp. n., holotype, top of head 27 Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , paratype male, Murrumbateman, showing notauli deep at extreme base; arrow = sculpture on anterior bulge above mesopleural depression 28 Dictyopheltes robustus Gauld , male, showing notauli incomplete, not extending to extreme base.

in profile (Fig. 31) with anterior and sharply declivous posterior fields distinctly separated by prominent anterior transverse carina extending between spiracles, the carina somewhat irregular, often rugose medially; base of propodeum, on either side of median depression, heavily sculptured as in surrounding areas (Fig. 33); pleural carina complete (Fig. 31): strongly elevated anterior portion extending posteromedially toward spiracle, then angled posteriorly near spiracle, less strongly elevated posteriorly, never touching spiracle; lateral longitudinal carina distinct posteriorly, absent or difficult to distinguish anteriorly; lateromedian portions of posterior transverse carinae often weakly indicated as elevated rugosities, forming a low to prominent tubercle at

Figures 29–32. Pergaphaga spp., mesosoma , female. 29 Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , paratype, Murrumbateman 30 Pergaphaga xanthops Wharton , sp. n., holotype 3Ι Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , paratype, Murrumbateman, left arrow = posterior portion of pleural carina, right arrow = tubercle at junction of propodeal carinae 32 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., paratype, Murrumbeena.

junction with lateral longitudinal carina; a longitudinal carina usually present along midline posteriorly. Hind basitarsus 7.2–8.7 times longer than wide. Fore wing areolet broad, rhombic, petiolate above, the stalk less than length of areolet (Fig. 37); 2m-cu arising from distal half of areolet, sometimes at, or rarely distad, extreme apex. Hind wing with 1st abscissa of Cu1 0.35–0.55 times length of cu-a; cu-a strongly reclivous.

Metasoma. Petiole (Figs 45, 46) with S1 not extending to level of spiracle. Apical 0.5–0.6 of postpetiole (posteriad spiracle) punctate and setose. T2 densely punctate and short setose over posterior 0.5, with impunctate, bare, transverse line or ellipsoid medially, setose with weaker punctation anteriorly except bare and impunctate along

Figures 33–36. 33–34. Pergaphaga spp., propodeum, dorsal view 33 Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , nonparatype from Duntroon 34 Pergaphaga leaski Wharton , sp. n., paratype female, arrow = polished basal area 35–36 Dictyopheltes robustus Gauld , male 35 Propodeum in profile, showing sculpture 36 Dorsal habitus showing wing venation.

anterior margin. T3 and T4 often uniformly densely punctate and short-setose, occasionally with median bare, impunctate line on T3.

Color (Figs 5, 9, 13, 17, 41). Head and body black, antenna entirely black; mandibles dark basally and apically, often reddish brown medially; metasoma with petiole and terga of gaster black basally, becoming reddish brown apically in half specimens examined, posterior margin always pale yellow, with yellow markings expanded along midline on laterally compressed terga; all coxae black, trochanters and trochantelli nearly always black; femora transitioning gradually or somewhat abruptly from darker ventrally to paler mid dorsally as follows: from dark brown ventrally and orange brown dorsally to orange ventrally and yellow orange dorsally, rarely uniformly colored, fore and mid

Figures 37–40. Pergaphaga spp., fore wing. 37 Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , paratype male, Duntroon 38 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., holotype 39 Pergaphaga leaski Wharton , sp. n., paratype female 40 Pergaphaga xanthops Wharton , sp. n., holotype.

femora yellow at extreme apex; fore and mid tibiae and tarsi mostly pale yellow, with orange stripe ventrally on tibiae expanding dorsally towards apex; apical tarsomeres of all legs dark brown to black dorsally with pale spot at extreme apex; hind tibia varying from black to dark orange dorsally, with basal 0.2–0.3 pale yellow, yellow extending along ventral midline over basal 0.5, ventral midline varying from orange to black over distal 0.5; hind tarsi dark reddish brown to black with basitarsus yellow over basal 0.2–0.3.

Male. Essentially as in female except as follows: Hind basitarsus often slightly narrower, 8.5–10.0 times longer than wide; terminal segments of gaster not as laterally compressed; fore trochanter more frequently (30%) brownish than in female.

Distribution and biology. This species is known only from southeastern Australia, with the known range of this species extending from South Australia through

Figures 4Ι–44. Pergaphaga spp., metasoma and leg coloration. 4Ι Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , paratype male, Duntroon 42 Pergaphaga iangauldi Cammack and Wharton , sp. n., holotype 43 Pergaphaga leaski Wharton , sp. n., holotype. 44 Pergaphaga xanthops Wharton , sp. n., holotype.

Victoria and New South Wales, coincident with the primary range of its host ( Carne 1969, Schmidt and Smith 2006), Perga affinis . Unfortunately, the only specimens from South Australia (the two paratypes noted above) lack specific locality data. Collection and emergence dates for P. nigra range primarily from February through June, with one specimen each collected in January, July, August, and October. Based on material reared from P. affi nis in ANIC, the specimens mentioned by Carne (1969) as an undescribed species of “? Hypopheltes ,” are Pergaphaga nigra . Carne (1969) provides additional information on the host, which is active during winter, and Gauld (1984) also noted that most specimens of P. nigra that he examined were taken late in the season.

Diagnosis. Pergaphaga nigra differs in several respects from the three new species described below. It is readily recognized by its dark coloration and distinctively

Figures 45–46. Pergaphaga nigra Gauld , petiole 45 Lateral, showing weak glymma near base 46 Dorsal, non-paratype from Duntroon.

bicolored hind tibia and basitarsus. Unlike the other three species, the face is entirely black and the gastral terga are black with pale apical margins. The hind basitarsus is also shorter and broader in female P. nigra , the fore wing areolet is larger, and the propodeum more heavily sculptured, with a distinct transverse carina at the level of the spiracles. As in P. xanthops , there is an elevated, Y-shaped flange extending between the antenna.

Remarks. The male specimen from Duntroon listed above as a paratype has a paratype label and an Ian Gauld det. label, but does not exactly match the information on paratypes provided in Gauld’s (1984) original description. The specimen from Cookardinia, though listed by Gauld as a paratype, lacks a paratype label. Handwritten labels correctly give R.S. for initials of McInnes, but those typed labels with emergence dates of 1973 incorrectly give initials as R.B. Gauld (1984) lists an additional 10 female and 10 male paratypes from Murrumbateman (ANIC) that we did not see. Gauld also noted that one of the paratypes from Avoca bears a label indicating that it was the specimen figured by Townes (1970) as Megaceria .

48

Figures 47–48. Results of parsimony-based phylogenetic analysis, generated from WinClada, producing single tree of length 21. Branches with no unambiguous state changes are collapsed. 47 Unambiguous state changes mapped onto tree as dark circles 48 Same tree, showing bootstrap support values, 200 replicates, 10 searches per replicate.

Observed variation was as great within populations as between them. Sculpture of the median part of the face varied from rugose punctate to more densely granular rugose and the hind tibia varied from black to orange in both Duntroon and Murrumbateman series. The female specimen from Duntroon shown in Fig. 5 illustrates the maximum extent of pale coloration on the apical margins of the terga among the material available for study. In one of the 10 females measured, the hind basitarsus was 10.0 times longer than wide; in one of the nine males examined, the areolet was not petiolate.

In addition to a generally more heavily sculptured propodeum relative to other species of Pergaphaga , P. nigra has the anterior transverse propodeal carina not only better developed but also generally more posteriorly displaced.

Figures

Figure 2. Mesosoma of an ichneumonid (dorsal and lateral views). Ι Anterior pronotal margin 2 Notaulus 3 Lateral corner of pronotum 4 Mesonotum 5 Mesoscutum 6 Scutellum 7 Propodeal spiracle 8 Epicnemial carina 9 Lateral groove of pronotum Ι0 Hind margin of mesopleuron ΙΙ Mesocoxa. Ι2. Metacoxa A–E Propodeal carinae: A Pleural carina B Anterior transverse carina C Posterior transverse carina D Median longitudinal carina E Lateral longitudinal carina.