Silvanidae (Thomas & Nearns, 2008)

Iorio, Osvaldo Di & Turienzo, Paola, 2009, Insects found in birds’ nests from the Neotropical Region (except Argentina) and immigrant species of Neotropical origin in the Nearctic Region 2187, Zootaxa 2187 (1), pp. 1-144 : 76-93

Silvanidae

Monanus concinnulus (Walker, 1858)

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Smicrididae

Smicrips mexicana (Sharp, 1900)

= “ Smicrops sp. mexicanus (Sharp) ”: Ventura 1968: 169.

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Trichopterygidae

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

HYMENOPTERA

Apidae : Meliponinae

Partamona helleri (Friese, 1900)

= “abelha eussocial”: Azevedo & Faria Jr. 2004.

[ BRAZIL]: “Ninhos … semi-expostos, ... ninhos abandonados de aves” ( Pedro & Camargo 2003); “utilização de ninhos abandonados” (Azevedo & Faria Jr. 2004); “nidificação se dá em ninhos de pássaros … … ou semiexpostos” ( Tosta 2005, following Pedro 1998); abandoned nests as substrate for their own nests (Azevedo & Faria Jr. 2007, following Pedro & Camargo 2003); ( Roubik 2006).

Note: There are no specimens labelled as found in birds’ nests among the numerous specimens examined by Pedro & Camargo (2003). According to Tosta (2005), the original citation seems to be Pedro (1998). Following Tosta (2005), it seems that semi-exposed nests are different from “ninhos de pássaros libres, principalmente de João-Graveto ( Passeriformes , Furnariidae )” (see below Phacellodomus rufifrons rufifrons ).

Partamona musarum (Cockerell, 1917)

= Trigona testacea musarum Cockerell : Wille & Michener 1973.

COSTA RICA: Limon Province: Beverly (near Limon), in abandoned bird’s nest, exposed except for incorporated plant material, 2 m above ground, 18 x 21 cm diameter [Table 2, p. 33], fig. 46 [p. 139] ( Wille & Michener 1973); in abandoned bird’s nest ( Pedro & Camargo 2003, following Wille & Michener 1973).

Note: There are no specimens labelled as found in a bird’s nest among the numerous specimens examined by Pedro & Camargo (2003).

Partamona orizabaensis (Strand, 1919)

[ BRAZIL]: “em ninhos abandonados de aves” ( Pedro & Camargo 2003).

Note: according to Pedro & Camargo (2003), it is not clear if this citation of birds´ nests corresponds to Wille & Michener (1973) or to Griswold et al. (1995). As Wille & Michener (1973) only cite P. musarum , original record of P. orizabaensis seems to be Griswold et al. (1995) [not available]. There are no specimens labelled as found in a bird’s nest among the numerous specimens examined by Pedro & Camargo (2003). Speaking in generally Siqueira et al (2007) mention that Meliponinae bees made their nests “em ninhos de pássaros desativados” probably based on Camargo (1989). Pedro & Camargo (2003) is included among the references by Siqueira et al (2007), but in the text they were mentioned below other species of Meliponinae .

Paratrigona pacifica ( Schwarz, 1943)

PERU: Mariposa; Valle Chanchamayo, “em ninhos abandonados de passaros” ( Camargo & Moure 1994, following Schwarz 1943, 1948).

Trigona fuscipennis Friese, 1900

COSTA RICA: Puntarenas Province: Playon de Aguirre (N of Parrita), cavities 20 x 26 and 22 x 29 cm excavated by birds in Nasutitermes nests 30 x 36 and 30 x 55 cm, 2-3 m above ground [p. 36, Table 2], bottom of one cavity with bird eggs under bees’ nest, showing that cavity was used and probably made by a bird [p. 231], fig. 131 [p. 235] ( Wille & Michener 1973).

Formicidae

Monomorium carbonarium (F. Smith, 1858)

= “ Monomorium carbonarum sp. ebenium (Forel)”: Ventura: 1968: 169.

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Undetermined species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

HEMIPTERA

Anthocoridae

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Cicadellidae

= “Gicodellidae”: Ventura 1968: 169.

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Xestocephalinae

= “Euscelidae”: Ventura 1968: 169.

Xestocephalus sp.

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Typhlocybinae

= “Typhlocydidae”: Ventura 1968: 169.

Hybla sp.

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Miridae

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Reduviidae

Emesinae

Empicoris rubromaculatus (Blackburn, 1889)

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Carmo do Rio Claro, XI-1947, J.C.M. Carvalho col., 1 male [ MNRJ] ( Wygodzinsky 1953); ( Hicks 1971).

Triatominae

Mepraia gajardoi Frías, Henry & González, 1998

CHILE: I Región: Caleta Victor [type locality], 65 km S of Arica, 3 males, 1 female [Holotype] collected in nests of marine birds ( Jurberg et al. 2002); associated to nests of seabirds ( Botto-Mahan et al. 2008).

Note: according to Botto-Mahan et al. (2008), “seabirds (e.g., Larus dominicanus , Larus modestus , Cathartes aura ) inhabit the collecting sites”. It was not expressely said in which nests M. spinolai was collected.

Mepraia spinolai (Porter, 1933)

CHILE: III Region: Pan de Azúcar island, 26º 08’ S, 70º 40’ W, summer of 1995, insect presence investigated in birds’ nests ( Sagua Franco et al. 2000); ( Botto-Mahan et al. 2005).

Note: in his description of the habitat of M. spinolai, Sagua Franco et al. (2000) states that the place is characterized by “big herds of sea lions for reproduction and resting activities, thereby generating in their surroundings a trophic community constituted by other marine mammals, sea birds, birds of prey, and lizards. Within these same areas we have also found colonies of M. spinolai and ticks such as Argas neghmei ”; “this habitat is a protected natural park reservation where S. humboldti (Humboldt penguin) nests during its annual migration, along with other species of sea birds such as seagulls ( L. dominicanus and L. modestus ) and pelicans ( P. occidentalis )”. Feeding habits of M. spinolai were established with “polyclonal antisera ... obtained ... from ... sea birds (including a pool of seroproteins from Larus dominicanus , L. modestus , S. humboldti and Pelecannus occidentalis ), carrion birds ( Cathartes aura ).” Reactivity for sea birds was positive for 43 specimens (78%) and negative for 12 specimens, whereas 55 specimens were nonreactive for Cathartes aura . Nothing is said about in which birds’ nests M. spinolai was found. Accoding to Botto-Mahan et al. (2005), individuals of M. spinolai are often found in birds´nests. Jurberg et al. (2002) do not mention birds’ nests for M. spinolai but they said that M. gajardoi feeds preferentially on marine birds (occasionally on lizards and marine mammals), while M. spinolai especially feeds on domestic and wild mammals.

Microtriatoma trinidadensis (Lent, 1951)

( Ribeiro Júnior et al. 2006).

Note: This species was not mentioned in birds’ nests until Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979), Carcavallo & Martínez (1985), and Carcavallo et al. (1998b). Original record was not found.

Pastrongylus megistus (Burmeister, 1835)

BRAZIL: Santa Catarina? (Días [separate without date]).

Note: Speaking in general, Días (separate without date) stated that “its natural habitat in the southern states (Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina) are marsupial and birds’ nests” [respectively?], without any bibliographical reference. This work is not cited by any other author.

Psammolestes arthuri (Pinto, 1926)

= Psammolestes sp. : Machado-Allison & Perez 1967; Hicks 1971.

VENEZUELA: Edo. Guarico: 76 exx. in 16 of 82 examined nests (Gamboa C. 1965); ( Machado-Allison & Perez 1967); ( Hicks 1971).

Psammolestes coreodes (Bergroth, 1911)

BOLIVIA: Departamento Chuquisaca: provincia Azero, Camiri ( Mazza & Chacón 1943a, 1943b, following Mazza 1942).

Psammolestes tertius Lent & Jurberg, 1965

BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: Crateús; Ceará; Itanhomi ( Soares et al. 2001) .

Rhodnius neglectus Lent, 1954

BRAZIL ( Anonymous 2005): “widespread across the Cerrado and the dry forests of this corridor, where it occupies palms of at least five genera and birds’ nests” ( Abad-Franch et al. 2008, following Gurgel-Gonçalves et al. 2008); Bahía: northern part of Curaçá, between 9° 01' S and 9° 05' S and between 39° 47' W and 39° 51' W, 72 exx. in 14 nests on 11 "mandacarus", Cereus jamacaru , of 35 cacti with birds’ nests from a total of 90 examined cacti ( Emperaire & Romaña (2006); north region of the state ( Ribeiro Júnior et al. 2006).

Note: According to Emperaire & Romaña (2006), “les nids ont été construits, ou sont occupés, par des ‘sabiás’ ( Turdidae ), ‘juritis’ et ‘pombinhas’ ( Columbidae ), ‘casacos-de-couro’ ( Furnariidae , Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824)) , ‘garrinchas’ ( Troglodytidae ), ‘almas-de-gato’ ( Cuculidae , Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) .” Although R. neglectus was not specified in which nest was found ( Emperaire & Romaña (2006), for Ribeiro Júnior et al. (2006) “no Nordeste do Brasil, durante os últimos anos, [ R. neglectus ] estendeu sua área de distribuição pela Bahia devido à destruição das matas primitivas. O encontro de exemplares de R. neglectus em ninhos habitados por P. cristata sugere uma relação ecológica entre estas duas espécies. Assim, de acordo com o mapa das áreas de ocorrência desse triatomíneo e da respectiva ave, observase uma superposição da área de ocorrência das espécies.” Ribeiro Júnior et al. (2006) also states that “registrou-se a presença de R. neglectus e P. cristata em ninhos em mandacarus em uma região do norte da Bahia ” without doubt referring to the work of Emperaire & Romaña (2006), which was not cited among the references.

The same situation happens with Piaya cayana , when Ribeiro Júnior et al. (2006) states that “essa espécie [of bird] possui ampla distribuição geográfica, ocorrendo desde o México até a Argentina, incluindo quase todo o território brasileiro ( Sick, 1997). Algumas espécies de triatomíneos incluídos em Rhodnius [ R. neglectus ] e sobretudo P. tertius , possuem uma associação com esta ave, o que, possivelmente, favorece uma ampla distribuição geográfica no Brasil e em alguns países da América do Sul.”

Rhodnius prolixus Stål, 1859

VENEZUELA: in 2 of 34 examined nests ( Carcavallo & Tonn 1985).

BRAZIL: São Paulo: in birds´nest of abandoned houses, coinhabiting with Rhodnius neglectus ( Marconato et al. 2006, following Tavares 1971; Mendes et al. 2008, following Tavares 1971).

Rhodnius robustus Larrousse, 1927

[ VENEZUELA] ( Superlano et al. 2006, following Tonn et al. 1976); ( Ribeiro Júnior et al. 2006).

Triatoma brasiliensis Neiva, 1911

[ BRAZIL]: “associated with the nests of rodents ( Cercomys c. laurentius, in Ceará), bats of different species, birds and opossums” ( Guarnieri et al. 2000).

Note: original citation was not clearly stated ( Guarnieri et al. 2000).

Triatoma infestans (Klug in Meyen, 1834)

[ BRAZIL]: [State not indicated]: Rodovia Morro Agudo – Orlandia, inside hollows in a Ficus euomphala tree, some of them with birds´nests, apparently recent inhabited ( Barretto et al. 1963); São Paulo: Municipio de Cássias dos Coqueiros, 85 nymphs and 9 adults “em ninho de ave proximo ao cerramento em uma pequena dependência que abrigava o gerador de electricidade da capela de um bairro” (Freijas 1963) .

Note: Wanderley et al. (2006) states that 108 specimens of T. infestans were found in birds’ nests in the state of São Paulo during 1999, following Leite et al. (2001). These last authors says that the place [Fazenda Paraíso] offers suitable conditions for establishment of Triatominae colonies due to the great number of abandoned buildings that serve as shelter for pigeons and house sparrows, and that most of the specimens of T. infestans were found in one deposit with seats. Birds´nests were not mentioned in any place in the work of Leite et al. (2001).

Triatoma maculata (Erichson in Schomburgk, 1848)

VENEZUELA: [locality not stated], preferentially found in birds´nests ( Guerrero et al. 1965); ( Tonn et al. 1978a); Edo. Lara: in nests of one bird localized in cacti ( Tonn et al. 1978b); ( dos Santos et al. 2007, following Tonn et al. 1978b); ( Josefovicz Belisário et al. 2007).

Triatoma nigromaculata (Stål, 1859)

( Carcavallo & Martínez 1985); ( Carcavallo et al. 1998a, as “sylvatic birds”); ( Carcavallo et al. 1998b: 577, following Carcavallo & Martínez 1985).

Note: this species was not mentioned in birds´nests until Lent & Wygodzinsky (1979) and Carcavallo et al. (1998b). Original record was not found.

Triatoma pseudomaculata Correa & Espínola, 1964

Without locality: “ornitófila, associando-se freqüentemente com ninhos de Nimbus saturnus ” [sic] ( Rebêlo et al. 1998, following Alencar 1980); in nests of birds (Guarneri et al. 2000); in birds’ nests (World Health Organization Expert Committee on the Control of Chagas Disease 2000); ( Sarquis et al. 2006, following Carcavallo et al. 1998b); ( dos Santos et al. 2007, following Carcavallo et al. 1999).

Note: Guarneri et al. (2000) wrote that “although there is little information on its biology in the wild, this species [ T. pseudomaculata ] has been found in tree holes or nests of birds ( Forattini 1980) where it shows marked ornithophily, feeding on birds and their predators ( Alencar 1987)”. According to Forattini (1980: 291), “não se dispõe de maiores informações sobre os hábitos desses insetos [ T. brasiliensis , T. pseudomaculata ], a não ser a de que têm sido encontrados tanto domiciliados como habitando ecótopos silvestres.” Thus the original citation of birds’ nests seems to belong to Alencar (1987).

BRAZIL: Distrito Federal: 1 nymph IV in a nest on a buruti palm ( Mello 1982); northeastern Brazil, associated to nests of wild birds ( Tartarotti et al. 2004); Bahía: northern part of Curaçá, between 9° 01' S and 9° 05' S and between 39° 47' W and 39° 51' W, 35 exx. in 14 nests on 11 "mandacarus", Cereus jamacaru , of 35 cacti with birds’ nests from a total of 90 examined cacti ( Emperaire & Romaña 2006).

Note: According to Emperaire & Romaña (2006), “les nids ont été construits, ou sont occupés, par des ‘sabiás’ ( Turdidae ), ‘juritis’ et ‘pombinhas’ ( Columbidae ), ‘casacos-de-couro’ ( Furnariidae , Pseudoseisura cristata (Spix, 1824)) , ‘garrinchas’ ( Troglodytidae ), ‘almas-de-gato’ ( Cuculidae , Piaya cayana (Linnaeus, 1766) .” Therefore it was not specified in which nest T. pseudomaculata was found. For the citation of Carbajal de la Fuente et al. (2007) following Dias-Lima et al. (2003), see also below Pseudoseisura cristata .

Triatoma sordida [Group I]

BOLIVIA: Bolivian Chaco (Noireau et al. 1999).

Triatoma sordida sordida (Stål, 1859)

BRAZIL: São Paulo: Municipio de Guaíra, Site A Fazenda Brejão, 3 examined nests (all negative), Site B Fazenda Rosário, 4 nymphs in one of 6 examined nests, Site C Fazenda Barcelona, 1 examined nests (negative) ( Forattini et al. 1979); [northwestern of the state], in “ninhos de aves no beiral das moradias (20.5 %)” [inhabited houses?], in “ninhos de aves (54.6 %) no intradomicilio” [uninhabited houses] and “para o peridomicilio ... ninhos de aves (45 %)” [uninhabited houses] ( Silva et al. 2005).

Note: three examined nests from Municipio de Guaíra, Site A Fazenda Brejão, and 1 examined nests from Site C, Fazenda Barcelona, were negative for triatomines ( Forattini et al. 1979); amounts and percentages given by Silva et al. (2005) are absolutely incomprehensible.

Schizopteridae

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

Dasypsyllus lasius venezuelensis (I. Fox & Anduze, 1947)

PANAMA: near Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), III-1962, C.L. Hayward & V.J. Tipton leg., 1 male, 5 females from nest of unknown host which contained both bird and rodent fleas and ticks ( Tipton & Mendez 1966) .

Dasypsyllus stejnegeri ( Jordan, 1929)

MEXICO: Cerro Potosi , 1-V-1964, 2 females, ex bird’s nest found in stump of tree; 2-V-1964, 2 females ex bird’s nest (containing 4 newly hatched birds), 2 females, 1 male ex bird’s nest (containing 5 eggs), latter 2 nests in tree about 5 m above ground ( Tipton & Mendez 1968) .

PSOCOPTERA

Ectopsocidae

Ectopsocus sp.

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Lepidopsocidae

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Liposcelididae

Liposcelis sp.

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

DIPTERA

Chironomidae

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Culicidae

Culex nigripalpus Theobald, 1901

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Phoriidae

Unidentified species

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

Sciaridae

Bradysia sp.

JAMAICA: St. Catherine, Caymanas Estates ( Ventura 1968).

VIREONIDAE

Vireo leucophrys chiriquensis (Bangs)

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

* Dasypsyllus gallinulae perpinnatus (Baker, 1904)

PANAMA: Cerro Punta (Chiriqui), I-1960, V-1960, IV-1961, III-1962, C.L. Hayward, C. M. Keenan, V.J. Tipton & C.E. Yunker leg., 3 males and 7 females from nests ( Tipton & Mendez 1966) .

II. Neotropical immigrants and introduced species into the Nearctic Region

ACCIPITRIDAE

Aquila chrysaetos (Linnaeus, 1758)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: Texas: Garza County, 10 mi S Post, 7-IV-1954, Strandtmann & Mitchell leg. [ RLUC]; Briscoe County, near Silverton, Strandtmann leg. [ RLUC] ( Usinger 1966); ( Platt 1975); (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986); Idaho: Ada Co., near Kuna, VI/ VII-1992 /1994, Mc Fadzen & Vekasy leg., ex golden eagle nestlings and nests (Mc Fadzen et al. 1996).

Buteo jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1788)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: New Mexico: locality not specified, dead of two broods of 2 young ( Platt 1975); mortality in young ( Philips & Dindal 1977, following Platt 1975); (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986).

Buteo sp.

COLEOPTERA : Trogidae

Omorgus monachus (Herbst, 1790)

UNITED STATES: Maryland: Jackson’s Island, June, “ex nest buzzard” ( Vaurie 1955).

Haliaeetus leucocephalus (Linnaeus, 1766)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: Arkansas: Gila County, Salt River , 110 km E Phoenix, V-1984, estimated density of 0.6-0.9 bugs/sq. cm; 0.1 bugs/ sq. cm in nests, # 78644 [ USPM] ( Grubb 1986) .

ALCIDAE

Ptychoramphus aleuticus (Pallas, 1811)

SIPHONAPTERA : Pulicidae

* Actenopsylla suavis Jordan & Rothschild, 1923

UNITED STATES: California: Farallon Islands (43 km W San Francisco), South Farallon Island, common both on birds within their nesting burrows and in the burrows themselves ( Marshall & Nelson 1967).

ANATIDAE

Aix sponsa (Linnaeus, 1758)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Ornithocoris pallidus Usinger, 1959

UNITED STATES: Florida : Leon County, Tallahassee, severe infestation found at a “waterfowl management facility” 18-I-1996, Diane Roth Eggeman ( Halbert 1996).

Note: Nests are not expressly mentioned but the record is included here because of its interest.

APODIDAE

Aeronautes saxatalis (Woodhouse, 1853)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Synxenoderus comosus List, 1925

UNITED STATES: Nebraska: Sioux Co., Warbonnet Canyon , 2-VI-1901, M.A. Carriker leg., 3 males

Paratypes; California: Colton , 22-V-1918, W.C. Hanna leg., 2 males [ RLUC]; Contra Costa County, Mt. Diablo, Pine Canyon , 5-VII-1919, 1 female, identified by List, 17-VI-1963, Ashlock, Ueshima & Usinger leg. [ RLUC], mixed with Oeciacus vicarius in one nest of white-throated swift where the Cliff swallows were outnumbering the swifts ( Usinger 1966) .

Chaetura pelagica (Linnaeus, 1758)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Cimexopsis nyctalis List, 1925

UNITED STATES: Nebraska: Otoe Co., Nebraska city, 8-X-1912, W. Wessel leg., 2 males Paratypes ; Minnesota: Rice Co., Northfield , 29-IV / 17-V-1942, M.G. Stewart leg. [ RLUC] ; Illinois: Sangamon Co., Springfield, 15-X-1941, J.H. Smith leg. [ RLUC]; Waine City , 7-XI-1962, L. Holman leg. [ RLUC]; Champaign , 244- VII-1942, M.M. Petrakis leg. [ RLUC]; Clark Co. , Marshall , 6-XII-1940, D.F. Heidlerider leg. [ RLUC] ; Arkansas: Washingron Co., I-1940 [ RLUC] ; Iowa: Muscatine Co., Muscatine , 27-XII-1940 [ RLUC] ; Ohio: Geuga Co., Chardon, VII-1945 [ RLUC]; Liking Co., Reynoldsburg, 13-II-1945 [ RLUC]; Highland Co. , Lynchburg, 10-VII-1942 [ RLUC]; Hillboro, 11-VIII-1941, Miller leg. [ RLUC]; Ross Co. , 2-V-1952 [ RLUC]; Vinton Co. , Wilkesville, 27-VI-1939, E.L. Newson leg. [ RLUC]; Scioto Co. , Portsmouth, 14-VII-1959 [ RLUC] ; Pennsylvania: Fayette Co., Frederickstown, 1928, F.R. Smith leg. [ RLUC] ; New York: Long Island, Cold Spring Harbor, 15-VIII-1921, H.M. Parshley leg. [ RLUC]; Albany , 20-VII-1907, Felt leg. [ RLUC]; Ithaca , 1- VIII-1937, A.A. Allen leg. [ RLUC] ; Maine: Kennebec Co., Clinton , 24-VIII-1944 [ RLUC] ; Virginia: Augusta Co., Staunton, 11-III-1943, A.M. Woodside leg. [ RLUC]; King William Co. , West Point , 31-VII-1941, L.A. Hetrick leg. [ RLUC] ; Washington D.C.: Washington D.C., 10-VIII-1944, Bailey leg. [ RLUC]; Zoological Park , V-1921, male and female Paratypes, # 52306 [ USNM] ; South Carolina: Ocona Co., Clemson , 144- IX-1913 [ RLUC] ; Georgia: 1939, H.C. Essik leg. [ RLUC]; Florida : Leon Co., Tallahassee , 9-IV-1936, F.C. Bishopp leg. [ RLUC] ; Mississippi: State College , 26-VIII-1946, C. Lyle leg. [ RLUC] ; Indiana: Rush Co., Rushville , 20-VII- 1959, R. Suttle leg. [ RLUC], all from nests ( Usinger 1966) .

CATHARTIDAE

Cathartes aura (Linnaeus, 1758)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: Texas: Brewster County, Río Grande, 3 km up-stream from the mouth of San Francisco Creek, 5-IV-1976, 1 male, 6 females on a dead turkey vulture; Presidio County, 7 km S and 9 km E Shafter, along Cienaga Creek, 15-VII-1976, 13 females, 6 nymphs collected from the cave and nestlings, estimated ± 30000 exx. (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986, following Wilson & Oliver 1978); (Mc Fadzen et al. 1996 following Grubb et al. 1986).

Gymnogyps californianus (Shaw, 1798)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: California: Ventura County, near Santa María, 16-IX-1939, A.H. Miller & C.B. Koford leg., 1 female [ RLUC] ( Usinger 1947, 1966); ( Platt 1975); (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986); (Mc Fadzen et al. 1996 following Grubb et al. 1986).

MEXICO: Baja California: Concepción Bay, Coyote Cove, 1-VII-1938, E.S. Ross & A.E. Michelbacher leg., 1 male [ RLUC] ( Usinger 1966); ( Platt 1975); (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986).

COLUMBIDAE

Zenaida macroura (Linnaeus, 1758)

= Zenaidura macroura : Glasgow & Benson 1957.

DIPTERA : Muscidae

Philornis sp.

UNITED STATES: Louisiana: Baton Rouge, July 17, 1956, 2 infested nestlings (one was eight days and the other nine days old) in one of 120 non infested nests checked the same season within one-fourth mile of the parasitized nest; identified by C.W. Sabrosky [Entomology Research Branch, U.S. Dept. Agric., Beltsville, Maryland] ( Glasgow & Benson 1957); Louisiana ( Couri 1983a); ( Dudaniec & Kleindorfer 2006 following Glasgow & Benson 1957).

Note: Coincidently, Philornis angustifrons is distributed in Louisiana ( Couri 1989, 1999). Teixeira (1999) does not record any Columbidae below Philornis sp. nor Z. macroura below P. angustifrons , but he includes “ Zenaida macroura ” among the hosts of Philornis pici which do not reach the United States ( Couri 1989 a, 1999).

CORVIDAE

Aphelocoma coerulescens (Bosc, 1795)

DIPTERA : Muscidae

Philornis sp.

MEXICO: Oaxaca: Sierra de los Mixes (2,200 m), 4 km NW Santa Maria de Albarradas, all five nestlings inspected carried at least four large botfly larvae (mean = 6.8 larvae per nestling), encountered mainly on the abdomen, throat, and wings, and at times on the face, where they appeared to impair vision; one dead 73.5 gr nestling had eight larvae with a combined weight of 1.07 gr [1.46% of the bird's body mass] ( Burt & Peterson 1993) .

Note: This bird is clearly Nearctic: it inhabits oak scrub with widely scattered pines, especially where lowgrowing and periodically burned, resident locally in the Florida peninsula , especially on central and coastal sand ridges (American Ornithologists’ Union 1988).

EMBERIZIDAE

Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster, 1772)

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

Dasypsyllus stejnegeri ( Jordan, 1929)

UNITED STATES: Alaska: 12.8 km NW Seward (Kenai Peninsula), 19-IX-1978, G.E. Haas leg., 2 males, 1 female [ BMNH], in nest of White Crowned Sparrow ( Hastriter & Schlatter 2006) .

FALCONIDAE

Falco femoralis Temminck, 1822

DIPTERA : Muscidae

Philornis sp.

MEXICO: eastern Mexico, one infested nest with only 6-l 2 larvae apparent on each of the three nestlings; 35 larvae removed from the smallest falcon (250 g) and emerged over a 14-day period; larvae, pupae, and adults [ SELB] ( Hector 1982); ( Young 1993); ( Teixeira 1999, following Hector 1982); ( Dudaniec & Kleindorfer 2006, following Hector 1982).

Note: this host was not included in the list of Couri (1983a) and Couri (1985) below Philornis sp.

Falco mexicanus Schlegel, 1850

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: New Mexico: locality not specified, abandonment of one clutch (3 eggs), death of 7 youngs (broods of 4 and 3), 30 bugs attached near the eyes and at the base of legs and wings of a single week-old nestling ( Platt 1975); mortality in young ( Philips & Dindal 1977, following Platt 1975); (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986); Idaho: Snake River Canyon, Birds of Prey National Conservation Area, 1992, four nestling death from two broods (8 nestlings in total), 1993, seven aeries infested (Mc Fadzen & Marsluff 1996); Ada Co., near Kuna, VI/ VII-1992 /1994, Mc Fadzen & Vekasy leg., ex golden eagle nestlings and nests (Mc Fadzen et al. 1996).

HIRUNDINIDAE

Hirundo rustica Linnaeus, 1758

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

Ceratophyllus affinis neglectus Smit, 1958

UNITED STATES: Utah: [Cache County], Smithfield [41.50° N, 111.50° W], 6-VI-1951, Ted Tibbetts leg., 1 male Holotype, 1 female Allotype on same slide, # 63891 [ USNM], from Barn swallow nest ( Adams & Lewis 1995) .

Petrochelidon fulva (Vieillot, 1808)

= Petrochelidon [= Hirundo ] fulva pallida: Tipton & Mendez 1968 ; Mayberry et al. 2000.

Note: Petrochelidon pelodoma Brooke, 1974 [Cave Swallow], and P. fulva [Cinnamon-Throated Swallow], may represent separate species. The name P. pallida (Nelson, 1902) , formerly used for P. pelodoma , is preoccupied (American Ornithologists’ Union 1998).

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

Ceratophyllus coahuilensis Eads, 1956

UNITED STATES: Texas: Uvalde County, sine loco, 30-III-1955, R.B. Eads leg., 1 male Holotype, 1 female Allotype # 62924, on separate slides [ USNM], from nests ( Adams & Lewis 1995), many paratypes of both sexes, ex nests ( Tipton & Mendez 1968); ( Mayberry et al. 2000, following Eads 1956).

MEXICO: Cerro Potosi , 172- V-1964, 58 females, 50 males, ex 5 nests ( Tipton & Mendez 1968) .

Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (Vieillot, 1817)

= Petrochelidon albifrons: Mayberry et al. 2000 , following Eads 1956.

SIPHONAPTERA

Ceratophyllidae

Ceratophyllus celsus celsus Jordan, 1926

UNITED STATES ( Mayberry et al. 2000, following Eads 1956): New Mexico: southeastern New Mexico, in nests ( Haas et al. 1972, following Wheeler et al. 1970); South Carolina: Oconee Co., west face of bridge over Seneca River (34.6535º N, 82.8518º W), W.K. Reeves, J.A. Korows & M.P. Nelder leg., 20 males, 13 females, 3 pupae, ex abandoned nest ( Nelder et al. 2005); Pickens Co., bridge going over Lake Keowee (34.8115º N, 82.9225º W), 12-VII-2004, J.A. Korows leg., 15 females, 10 males, ex abandoned nest ( Nelder et al. 2005); Georgia: Cobb Co., 1-285 bridge over Chattahoochee River (33.9016º N, 84.4420º W), 6-VIII-2004, W.K. Reeves leg., 3 pupae, ex abandoned nest ( Nelder et al. 2005).

Ceratophyllus petrochelidoni Wagner, 1936

UNITED STATES: New Mexico: southeastern New Mexico, in nests ( Haas et al. 1972, following Wheeler et al. 1970); Rio Arriba Co., 0.4 mi W of Abiquiu, under north edge U.S. Hy. 84 bridge over Río Chama, 10-VIII- 1971, Haas, Martin & Swickard leg., 2 males, 6 females, ex parts of about 15 recently vacated nests; Río Arriba Co., 1.5 mi SW of Abiquiu Dam, rock cliffs along Cañones Creek N of N.M. Hy. 94, 23-VIII-1971, Haas, Martin & Wilson leg., 3 males, 4 females, ex about 12 occupied and recently vacated nests; Taos Co., Arroyo Hondo (town), under N.M. Hy. 3 bridge over Arroyo Hondo, 28-VIII-1971, Haas & Wilson leg., 9 males, 18 females, ex parts of about 8 vacated nests, 37 males, 41 females ex two cliff swallow nests containing Passer domesticus nests with eggs ( Haas et al. 1972).

Pulicidae

Hectopsylla psittaci Frauenfeld, 1860

UNITED STATES: California: southern California, large numbers from nests of cliff swallows ( Hastriter & Méndez 2000, following Schwan et al. 1983); Alameda (6.5 km W Newark), 15-I-1981, 1 male, 4 females [ RELC], ex cliff swallow nests ( Hastriter & Méndez 2000).

Progne subis subis Linnaeus, 1758

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Hesperocimex cochimiensis Ryckman & Ueshima, 1963

MEXICO: Baja California: 28 miles S Punta Prieta, 2-VII-1957, R.E. Ryckman, A.E. Ryckman & D. Spencer leg., 1 female Holotype, # 65009 [ USNM], 1 male Allotype, with purple martins nesting in a woodpecker hole in a cardon cactus, Pachycereus pringlei ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1963 1964; Usinger 1966); 30 miles S El Arco, El Tablón Ranch, 4-VII-1957, R.E. Ryckman, A.E. Ryckman, J.V. Ryckman & D. Spencer leg., with a P. subis nesting in a woodpecker hole in the branch of a large cardon ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1963 1964; Usinger 1966); 45 miles NE San Ignacio, 5-VII-1957, R.E. Ryckman, A.E. Ryckman & D. Spencer leg., with a purple martin nesting in a woodpecker hole in Cardon cactus ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1963 1964; Usinger 1966); 9 miles NE San Ignacio, 5-VII-1957, R.E. Ryckman, A.E. Ryckman & D. Spencer leg., with a purple martin nesting in a woodpecker hole in Cardon cactus ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1963 1964; Usinger 1966); 127 miles NW La Paz, 20- VII-1964, R.E. Ryckman & C.P. Christianson leg., in a woodpecker nest cavity in Pachycereus pringlei ( Usinger 1966) ; 9 miles W La Paz, 22-VII-1964, R.E. Ryckman & C.P. Christianson leg., in a woodpecker nest cavity in Pachycereus pringlei ( Usinger 1966) ; 9 mi SW La Paz, 23-VII-1964, R.E. Ryckman & C.P. Christianson leg., in a woodpecker nest cavity in Pachycereus pringlei ( Usinger 1966) .

Note: about the collection near San Ignacio, Ryckman & Ueshima (1963) give 45 and 9 miles to the northwest and Usinger (1966) gives the same miles to the northeast.

Hesperocimex coloradensis List, 1925

UNITED STATES: California: Monterrey Co., Cachagua Creek, Hastings Reservation, 4-XII-1955, J.M. Linsdale & D.D. Linsdale leg., in woodpecker holes occupied the previous summer by purple martins P. subis subis ( Ryckman 1958; Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966); woodpeckers and purple martins in tree cavities ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1963).

Ornithocoris pallidus Usinger, 1959

= Cimexopsis nyctalis [non List, 1925]: Ryckman 1958: 33-34 [distr.; host], 39 [distr.; host]; Usinger 1966: 466 [distr.; host].

UNITED STATES: Florida: Pensacola , VII-1956, A.F. Wicke leg., live adults + nymphs, 21-I-1957, 23 exx. from a bird house occupied by purple martins and starlings in the previous summer ( Ryckman 1958), on P. subis ( Usinger 1966) .

Remarks: the same material (21-I-1957) cited by Ryckman (1958) was examined by Usinger (1966: 466) but nothing was said about the error of identification. Usinger (1966) excludes P. subis subis as a host of C. nyctalis when this bird is not mentioned.

Progne subis hesperia Brewster, 1889

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Hesperocimex sonorensis Ryckman, 1958

= Hesperocimex coloradensis [non List, 1925]: Lee & Ryckman 1955, fide Ryckman 1958.

MEXICO: Sonora: 18 miles SE Guaymas, 24-VIII-1954, R.E. Ryckman, D. Spencer & C.P.Christianson leg., 1 male and 1 female from the type series [Type USNM], in an abandoned woodpecker’ s hole containing wellfeathered nestling Purple Martins ( Progne subis ) in a Pachycereus pecten -aboriginum cactus ( Lee & Ryckman 1955; Ryckman 1958; Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966); 15 miles NE Imuris, 26-VII-1957, R.E. Ryckman, J.V. Ryckman, A.E. Ryckman & D. Spencer leg., in an unused woodpecker hole in the upper portion of a very large saguaro cactus occupied by a nesting pair of purple martins ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966); purple martins in saguaro cavities ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1963).

Riparia riparia (Linnaeus, 1758)

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

* Ceratophyllus celsus celsus Jordan, 1926

UNITED STATES: Alaska: Potter, Turnagain Arm, 1 male, 1 female, and many large collections in central Alaska, total collection of 47 exx. from 7 nests ( Hopla 1965, cited by Haas et al. 1980); 0.5 km N Lower Tonsina, road cut along Edgerton Hwy., 25-V-1974, 1 female in nest # 4; 1.6 km S Kasilof, road cut along

Sterling Hwy., 10-VI-1974, 1 male, 3 females in nest # 5; 9.6 km N Palmer, road cut along Buffalo Mine Rd. , 20- VI-1974, 1 female in nests # 6-9; 30 km SE Anchorage, mound between Seward Hwy. and Turnagain Arm, 22- VI-1974, 1 male, 7 females in nests # 10-15; 0.5 km N Lower Tonsina, road cut along Edgerton Hwy., 10-VIII- 1974, 4 females in nests # 13-15; 1.6 km N Paxon, gravel pit along Richardson Hwy., 17-VIII-1974, 1 male, 3 females in nest # 16; 1.6 km N Knik, gravel pit near Knik Road, 23-VIII-1974, 3 males, 2 females in nest # 21; 48 krn WSW Fairbanks, road cut along Parks Hwy., 6-IX-1974, 6 males, 9 females in nests # 22-25; 29 km E Soldotna, road cut along Steding Hwy., 14-IX-1974, 1 male in nest # 27;, 9.3 km SE King Salmon, bluff on point in bend of Naknek R., 4-X-1977, 7 males, 10 females in nests # 32-34 + 16-18, [ ACBRI] ( Haas et al. 1980) .

Tachycineta thalassina (Swainson, 1827)

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

* Ceratophyllus niger Fox, 1908

UNITED STATES: New Mexico: Rio Arriba Co., W side Jarosa Canyon, SE edge San Pedro Mountains, small hole 15 ft up on the E side Teakettle Rock , 8640 ft, 8-VIII-1971, G.E. Haas leg., 2 males, ex recently vacated nest (young fed by adults 17-VII-1971); Sandoval Co., SE corner Baca Location No. 1, Jemez Mountains, near junction N.M. Hy. 4 and Saint Peters Dome Rd. (Forest Rt. 289), 8960 ft, 28-VII-1971, G.E. Haas leg., 11 males, 13 females, 1 gravid female (9 males, 12 females reared from nest in laboratory, 15/ 17-VIII-1971), ex nest in woodpecker hole about 12 ft up in dead quaking aspen [ Populus tremuloides Michx. ] leaning (40º - 45º) against another tree; Sandoval Co., SE corner Baca Location No. 1, Jemez Mountains, near junction N.M. Hy. 4 and Saint Peters Dome Rd. (Forest Rt. 289), 8890 ft, 30-VII-1971, G.E. Haas & M. Swickard leg., 1 female, ex Troglodytes aedon nest (young fed by adults 18-VII-1971) over? T. thalassina nest in woodpecker hole about 40 ft up in dead quaking aspen; Sandoval Co., SE corner Baca Location No. 1, Jemez Mountains, near junction N.M. Hy. 4 and Saint Peters Dome Rd. (Forest Rt. 289), 8890 ft, 30-VII-1971, 4 females (dead), ex T. thalassina nest (young fed by adults 18-VII-1971) in woodpecker hole about 50 ft up in dead quaking aspen; Sandoval Co., SE corner Baca Location No. 1, Jemez Mountains, near junction N.M. Hy. 4 and Saint Peters Dome Rd. (Forest Rt. 289), 8975 ft, 1-VIII-1971, G.E. Haas leg., 2 females, ex T. aedon nest over T. thalassina nest in woodpecker hole about 28 ft up in dead quaking aspen; Sandoval Co., SE corner Baca Location No. 1, Jemez Mountains, near junction N.M. Hy. 4 and Saint Peters Dome Rd. (Forest Rt. 289), 8950 ft, 7-VIII-1971, 1 female, ex T. thalassina nest in woodpecker hole about 20 ft up in dead quaking aspen ( Haas et al. 1972).

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Hesperocimex cochimiensis Ryckman & Ueshima, 1963

MEXICO: Baja California: nearby 28 miles S Punta Prieta, 2-VII-1957, R.E. Ryckman, A.E. Ryckman & D. Spencer leg., in a woodpecker hole in a cirio tree, Idria columnaris occupied by T. thalassina ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966).

HYDROBATIDAE

Oceanodroma homochroa (Coues, 1864)

SIPHONAPTERA : Pulicidae

* Actenopsylla suavis Jordan & Rothschild, 1923

UNITED STATES: California: Farallon Islands (43 km W San Francisco), South Farallon Island , 1 male, 2 females, and many larvae removed from one nest ( Marshall & Nelson 1967) .

MIMIDAE

Mimus polyglottos (Linnaeus, 1758)

DIPTERA : Muscidae

Philornis mimicola Dodge, 1968

= Philornis obscura (Wulp, 1896) : Hicks 1959: 220 [ref.; host], 489 [host; ref.; distr.]

= Philornis obscura (Wulp, 1896) partim: fide Dodge, 1968: 159 [syst.; descr.]

UNITED STATES: Texas: Uvalde ( Hicks 1959, following Aldrich 1923), 19-VI-1917, 1 male, 13 females and 3 puparia bred from nest, Bishopp no. 6107, D.C. Parman leg., 1 male Holotype, # 62780 [ USNM], allotype, 10 paratypes [ USNM]; 2 paratypes, 1 puparium [ WSUC] (Dodge 1968).

Philornis porteri Dodge, 1955

UNITED STATES: Florida: Dade, 1988 , maggots [ NVSL] ( Spalding et al. 2002).

PHASIANIDAE

Gallus gallus (Linnaeus, 1758)

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: Texas: Presidio Co., Marfa, 21-VI-1909, F.C. Bishopp leg. [ RLUC]; Uvalde Co., Sabinal, VI-1910, F.C. Pratt leg. [ RLUC]; Brewster Co., Alpine, 26-X-1910, F.C. Bishopp leg. [ RLUC]; New Mexico: Luna Co., Deming, 17-V-1909, F.C. Pratt leg. [ RLUC]; Grant Co., Silver City, 15-VI-1916, W.B. Mc Farland leg. [ RLUC]; Bernalillo Co., Albuquerque, 3-IX-1928, J. Menifield leg. [ RLUC]; Socorro Co., Lava Cave, 22- V-1962, D.G. Constantini leg. [ RLUC]; Lake Valley, 7-IV-1910, J.D. Mitchell leg. [ RLUC]; Quay Co., 50 mi NE Tucumcori, 25-VI-1951, R.E. Ryckman leg. [ RLUC]; California: San Bernardino Co., Atolia Dt., Red Mountain, II-19440, J.N.V. Dorr leg. [ RLUC]; Kern Co., Caliente Cr., 25 mi SE Bakersfield, 18-V-1941, G.E. Bohart leg. [ RLUC]; Riverside Co., Corona, 25-IV-1939, L.E. Wilson leg. [ RLUC]; Arizona: Apache Co., Lupton, 12-VIII-1928, J.W. Bennett leg. [ RLUC] ( Usinger 1966); Navajo Co. ( Usinger 1966, according to Lee 1954); Green Lee Co. ( Usinger 1966, according to Lee 1954); (Mc Fadzen et al. 1996 following Grubb et al. 1986).

MEXICO: Durango: Tepehuanes, Wickham leg. [ RLUC] ( Usinger 1966); Aguas Calientes ( Usinger 1966); Durango, 21-XI, “en gallinero”, identified by R.I. Sailer [ USDA, Wahington D.C.] (Gibson & Carrillo S. 1959). Ornithocoris pallidus Usinger, 1959

= Haematosiphon inodorus [non Dugés, 1882]: Blatchley 1928, fide Usinger 1966: 466.

UNITED STATES: Florida: Ft. Myers , 8-VIII-1942, V. Chester leg. [ RLUC], in chicken nests ( Usinger 1966); near [Lakeland], [15-VII-1928, J.R. Watson leg.], 6 exx., [on chickens] ( Blatchley 1928; [fide Usinger 1966]); Lake Co., near Tavares, J.R. Watson leg., [on chickens] ( Blatchley 1928; [fide Usinger 1966]); Georgia: Quitman, 13-V-1937, L.V. Cawley leg. [ RLUC], poultry house ( Usinger 1966).

Note 1: O. pallidus was introduced into the United States but how is not known ( Usinger 1966). It was misidentified twice: one as Haematosiphon inodorus [non Dugés, 1882] by Blatchley (1928) and then as Cimexopsis nyctalis [non List, 1925] by Ryckman (1958).

Note 2: O. pallidus was found along the baseboards of an outside-facing wall in one apartment from Baton Rouge, Louisiana (East Baton Rouge Parish) during July 1998. During early September 1998, 31 females, 18 males, and 3 immatures were collected [ LSAM] (Carlton & Story circa 1998). According to these authors, this infestation was undoubtedly associated with birds’ nesting around the eaves and soffits of the apartment, although no inspection was made to confirm the species involved. English sparrows ( Passer domesticus ), starlings ( Sturnus vulgaris ), and pigeons ( Columbia livia ) are common building-nesting birds in the Baton Rouge area (Carlton & Story circa 1998). For this authors this is the first record of the species in Louisiana and apparently the first account of an infestation of O. pallidus in the United States, since the early records cited by Usinger (1966); but O. pallidus was previously found in Florida during 1996 ( Halbert 1996).

Meleagris gallopavo Linnaeus, 1758

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: New Mexico: Albuquerque, VI-1945, Kemper leg., from a turkey on a turkey farm ( Lee 1955b); (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986, following Wilson & Oliver 1978).

Note: The work and the host of Lee (1955b) are not cited by Usinger (1966), who only cites the work of Lee (1954) for the distribution of H. inodorus in Arizona.

PICIDAE

Colaptes auratus (Linnaeus, 1758)

= “ red shafter flicker”: Usinger 1966: 487 [host].

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Hesperocimex coloradensis List, 1925

CANADA: British Columbia : J.G. Spencer leg., in nest ( Usinger 1966).

Note: Colaptes cafer [Red-shafted Flicker] group was formerly treated as a separate species (American Ornithologists’ Union 1998).

Undetermined spp. [woodpecker nests and/or woodpecker holes]

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Hesperocimex coloradensis List, 1925

UNITED STATES: Colorado: Montezuma Co. , 13 miles E Durango, 7-VIII-1958, Ryckman et al. leg., in a woodpecker hole in a willow tree ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966); Oregon: Grant Co., Prairie City, 25-IV-1959, J. Schuh leg., in a woodpeckers´nest in a fallen poplar ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966). Hesperocimex sonorensis Ryckman, 1958

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Pinal County, 9 miles SE Kelvin, 29-VII-1957, R.E. Ryckman, A.E. Ryckman & J.V. Ryckman leg., in a woodpecker nest-cavities in 2 branches of a saguaro cactus ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966).

MEXICO: Sonora: Cholla Valley, S. W. Tiburón Island, 20-VI-1963, R.E. Ryckman & P.J. Williams leg., in a woodpecker nest cavity in a large cactus, Pachycereus pringlei ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966); Cholla Valley, S. W. Tiburón Island, 20-VI-1963, R.E. Ryckman & P.J. Williams leg., in a woodpecker nest cavity in a large cactus, Pachycereus pringlei ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966).

Note: in this cases it was not seen if the woodpecker holes or woodpeckers’ nests were previously occupied by swallows or not.

Additional material

Hesperocimex sonorensis Ryckman, 1958

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Maricopa County, 4.7 miles NE Morristown, 10-II-1958, R.E. Ryckman & E.T. Ryckman leg., in a fallen saguaro cactus ( Ryckman & Ueshima 1964; Usinger 1966).

PSITTACIDAE

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha (Swainson, 1827)

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

* Psittopsylla mexicana Lewis & Stone, 2001

MEXICO: Chihuahua: Cebadillas de Tosanachic [75 km N Tamochic], V/ X-2000, E. Stone leg., 1 male Holotype [ MZFC], 1 female Allotype [[ MZFC], 19 males and 5 females Paratypes [2 MZFC, 22 FMNH & USNM] extracted from nest # 3000 in Pinus strobiformis and nest # 3610 in Pseudotsuga menziesii ; 16 km NW Ejido Socorro Rivera, 12-IX-2000, E. Stone leg., from nest # 2903 in Populus tremuloides ( Lewis & Stone 2001) ; Northern Sierra Madres, specimens # Pr00027–Pr00055 [ BMNH; CNAC; SI] in 24 examined nestlings in 23 nests in 4 populations ( Stone et al. 2005).

Note: this flea is related to the Nearctic Region by the vegetation type where it was found.

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Ornithocoris sp.

MEXICO: Chihuahua: Northern Sierra Madres, adult cimicid bugs on nestlings, # Pr 0019– Pr 0026 [ CNAC], identified by H. Brailosky ( Stone et al. 2005) .

Note: 24 nestlings were examined from 23 nests in 4 populations (28º 30’ N, 108º 04’ W; 30º 33’ N, 108º 36’ W;

29º 19’ N, 108º 11’ W; 28º 37’ N, 108º 14’ W). Localization of Ornithocoris sp. and number of infested nestlings were not stated. Identification was made by H. Brailosky (Griselda Montiel-Parra pers. com. 11-VII-2008). Cimicid bugs were not expressely mentioned in parrots’ nests ( Stone et al. 2005). Similarly Psitticimex uritui Lent & Abalos, 1947 from Argentina lives in the nests of the parakeet Myiopsitta monachus monachus (Boddaert, 1783) and it was found also on nestlings ( Aramburú et al. 2003).

STRIGIDAE

Bubo virginianus (Gmelin, 1788)

COLEOPTERA

Scarabaeidae : Aphodiinae

Auperia denominata Chevrolat, 1864

= Ataenius sciurus Cartwright, 1974

UNITED STATES: Florida: Merritt Island, 12-III-1956, Howden & Howell leg., 1 ex., horned owl nest ( Cartwright 1974; Smith 2005 following Cartwright 1974).

Note: this insect is mostly collected in nests of the fox squirrel ( Sciurus niger L.) and the eastern gray squirrel ( Sciurus caroliniensis Gmelin ), although it may be an arboreal specialist on accumulations of decaying organic matter, rarely coming to the ground ( Smith 2005).

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: California: Caliente Cr., 25 miles SE Bakersfield, 18-V-1941, Bohart leg., many nymphs, 1 male; Corona, 25-IV-1939, L.E. Wilson leg., several specimens in an abandoned tunnel formerly inhabited by owls ( Usinger 1947); Oklahoma: Freedom, 31-X-1940, Bubordorf & Howell leg. [ RLUC] ( Usinger 1947, 1966); ( Platt 1975); (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986).

Glaucidium ridgwayi cactorum Van Rosem, 1937

= Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum [Van Rosem, 1937]: Proudfoot et al. 2005.

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Hesperocimex sonorensis Ryckman, 1958

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Altar Valley, southwest of Tucson, 119 exx. collected from the nest material in a nest cavity 3.5 m above ground level in a saguaro cactus Carnegiea gigantea ( Proudfoot et al. 2005) .

Note: Supposing that specific identification given by Proudfoot et al. (2005) can be taken as correct ( Usinger [1966] is cited among the references), it is reasonable to think that the nesting cavity of G. brasilianum was probably previously occupied by swallows as in other cases in Arizona state, also in columnar cacti, a fact not checked by Proudfoot et al. (2005).

Glaucidium ridgwayi ridgwayi Sharpe, 1875

= Glaucidium brasilianum: Proudfoot et al. 2006a .

DIPTERA : Muscidae

Philornis mimicola Dodge, 1968

UNITED STATES: Texas: 26º 34’ 22’’ N, 97º 58’ 27’’ W, 24/ 26-V-2004, forty-four nestlings at 11 (46%) nest sites were infested (96 nestlings from 24 inspected nests); 89 larvae from the nestlings, and 35 puparia from nest material in nest boxes removed (11 larvae placed in 95% ethanol; 78 remaining larvae, and 35 puparia reared to adult stage); 57 adults emerged ( Proudfoot et al. 2006a) .

Note: Following Proudfoot & Johnson (2000) and Proudfoot et al. (2006b) [not seen, cited by Greenwald 2007], “genetic analyzes, vocalizations, morphology and ecology revealed that G. brasilianum is paraphyletic, with North American and South American clades representing two distinct groups that should be recognized as distinct species, Glaucidium ridgwayi in North and Central America and Glaucidium brasilianum in South America . Within North America , genetic analyses also suggest a further division of G. ridgwayi into two subspecies or phylospecies, one found in Arizona, Sonora and Sinaloa and a second in Texas-Tamaulipas and the remainder of states in Mexico. Using revised nomenclature, the Arizona, Sonora, and Sinaloa group and the other group in Texas, Tamaulipas, and regions of South-Central Mexico, would be recognized as G. r. cactorum and G. r. ridgwayi , respectively. The separation is probably the consequence of northern expansion of the pygmy-owl range and barriers to gene flow provided by the Sierra Madre Occidental and the Sierra Madre Oriental, because pygmy-owls rarely occur above 1300 m.”

Megascops asio (Linnaeus, 1758)

DIPTERA : Muscidae

Philornis mimicola Dodge, 1968

UNITED STATES: Texas: 26º 34’ 22’’ N, 97º 58’ 27’’ W, 10 May 2004, 10 larvae removed from one nestling, and 5 and 1 larvae of the nestling’s two siblings (the three nestlings of 28 days old), # 658 [ DECS], 7 June 2004, additional to 20 larvae and 2 puparia extracted from the nest material; 3 additional [larvae] collected the same day from another nestling in a nest box 735 m apart; 2 (14%) infested of 42 examined nestlings from 14 nest sites during 2004 ( Proudfoot et al. 2006a) .

Micrathene whitneyi (Cooper, 1861)

DIPTERA : Muscidae

= “ Calliphoridae ”: Ligon 1968: 40 [host]

[ Philornis sp. ]

UNITED STATES: Arizona: Cave Creek Canyon, 4 to 7 miles SW Portal, 1964, 1965, “the larvae attach to soft areas of the young owls, especially between or on the toes, but occasionally on the body. They feed on the blood of the host and pupate in the nest cavity” “regularly found in owl nests” ( Ligon 1968).

Note: This description of feeding and pupation habits can be applied to both Protocalliphora and Philornis , but according to Spalding et al. (2002) “no species [of Protocalliphora ] is known in the southeastern United States south of central Georgia ( USA) neither in the arid portions of southwestern United States ”. Posterior records of Philornis on Strigidae from southwestern USA (Texas) were made by Proudfoot et al. (2006a).

Speotyto cunicularia [hypugaea (Bonaparte, 1825)]

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

* Megabothris clantoni Hubbard, 1949

= Megabothris obscurus Holland, 1949 : Adams & Lewis 1995: 27 [type; host; syn.]

UNITED STATES: Washington: Yakima County, sine loco, VI-1939 [W.L. Jellison leg.], 1 male Holotype M. obscurus , # 104662 [ USNM] from Speotyto sp. [= cunicularia ] burrow ( Adams & Lewis 1995).

TROGLODYTIDAE

Troglodytes aedon Vieillot, 1809

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

* Ceratophyllus niger Fox, 1908

UNITED STATES: New Mexico: SE corner Baca Location No. 1, Jemez Mountains, near junction N.M. Hy. 4 and Saint Peters Dome Rd. (Forest Rt. 289), 8950 ft, 7-VIII-1971, 1 female (gravid), ex? T. aedon nest about 6 ft up in a crack in dead quaking aspen ( Haas et al. 1972) .

Note: See also below Tachycineta thalassina (Hirundinidae) .

TURDIDAE

Sialia sialis (Linnaeus, 1758) DIPTERA : Muscidae Philornis porteri Dodge, 1955 UNITED STATES: Florida: Polk and Highlands Counties , 27º 38’ 39’’ N, 81º 17’ 39’’ W, Avon Park Air Force Range, maggots [NVSL] collected from six nests, identified also from nestlings, first published report of infestation in bluebird’s nestlings ( Spalding et al. 2002).

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

Ceratophyllus gallinae (Schrank, 1803)

UNITED STATES: North Carolina: Haywood Co., Purchase Creek (35.5851º N, 83.0626º W), 23-VII-2002, coll. W.K. Reeves leg., 1 male, 2 females [ GSMM], # L-3002, ex abandoned blue bird’s nest inhabited by deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus Walker ( Nelder et al. 2005) .

TYRANNIDAE

Myiarchus crinitus (Linnaeus, 1758)

DIPTERA : Muscidae

Philornis porteri Dodge, 1955

= Protocalliphora: Taylor & Kershner 1991 , fide Spalding et al. 2002.

UNITED STATES: Florida: Highlands, 1973 , heavy infestations on nestlings, maggots reared to adults ( Kinsella & Winegarner 1974, cited by Spalding et al. 2002); Orange, 1979–89, maggots ( Taylor & Kershner 1991, cited by Spalding et al. 2002); Clay, 1997, maggots [ NVSL] ( Spalding et al. 2002); ( Dudaniec & Kleindorfer 2006).

Note: According to Spalding et al. (2002), “ Protocalliphora spp. are relatively uncommon (though some occur in high altitudes) in warmer climates and no species is known in the southeastern United States south of central Georgia ”. In light of the host association and the earlier Orange County collecting record for P. porteri ( Dodge, 1955) , Spalding et al. (2002) suggest that the Taylor & Kershner (1991) Protocalliphora record properly refers to P. porteri .

Salpinctes obsoletus (Say, 1823)

SIPHONAPTERA : Ceratophyllidae

* Dasypsyllus gallinulae perpinnatus (Baker, 1904)

UNITED STATES: California: Farallon Islands (43 km W San Francisco), South Farallon Island, many [specimens] in [2 examined] nests ( Marshall & Nelson 1967).

Sayornis nigricans (Swainson, 1827)

SIPHONAPTERA : Pulicidae

Hectopsylla psittaci Frauenfeld, 1860

UNITED STATES: California: southern California, large numbers from nests of black phoebes ( Hastriter & Méndez 2000, following Schwan et al. 1983).

TYTONIDAE

Tyto alba pratincola (Bonaparte, 1838)

COLEOPTERA : Trogidae

Omorgus tytus ( Robinson, 1941)

= Trox (Omorgus) tytus: Robinson 1941: 228-229 [descr.; distr.; hosts]

UNITED STATES: Pennsylvania: Delaware County, Broomal, 14-VI-1941, M. Robinson leg., 1 male Type [ MRCP], same date, M. robinson leg., 1 female Allotype [ MRCP], 1-VI-1941, M. Robinson leg., 4 exx. Paratypes, 29-V-1941 to 20-VI-1941, M. Robinson leg., 162 exx. Paratypes [ AMNH, ASUT, MCZC, MRCP, OLCC], all from one nest of barn owl ( Robinson 1941); Broomall, June, 1 male Type; Broomall, May, June, 11 males, 6 females, 23 exx. Paratypes; Lyndell, June, 9 exx. Paratypes, in the nests of the barn owl ( Vaurie 1955); Georgia: Barnesville, Sept., 2 exx., collected also from barn owls' nests ( Vaurie 1955); ( Hicks 1959); found only in Barn Owl nests ( Philips & Dindal 1977).

HEMIPTERA : Cimicidae

Haematosiphon inodorus (Dugés, 1882)

UNITED STATES: California: Riverside County, ¾ mile of Norco [13 miles SW Riverside], Santa Ana River, prior to 1955, Lee leg., concentrated in cracks and crevices of the soft soil about the entrance and in the walls of the cave-like nests, 1425 exx. taken from a single nest, 1778 exx. from another nest ( Lee 1955a), 5-VIII-1958, Lee & Ryckman leg. ( Usinger 1966); ( Platt 1975); 1,778 exx. in a single nest ( Philips & Dindal 1977, following Lee 1959) (Wilson & Oliver 1978); ( Grubb 1986); New Mexico: Sinkhole Flat, Bedbug Cave, June 1972, bugs on the floor and walls in the entrance and twilight zones of the cave; several skeletons of T. alba as well as obvious roosts evident in the entrance zone of the cave (Cockendolpher & Poliak 1996).

Remarks: two collections were made at Norco, the first by Lee prior to the work published in April 1955, and the second was made three years later by Lee & Ryckman ( Usinger 1966). As Tyto alba is known to nidificate all years in the same place if is not disturbed ( Mastropaolo 2007a), it is likely that both collections were made in the same nests. Specimens from caves of New Mexico were retained in the collections of the consulting taxonomists; other examples are in the collection of Cokendolpher, the Texas Memorial Museum, the University of Texas at Austin, and the Arthropod Museum, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces (Cockendolpher & Poliak 1996). A consulting taxonomist for cimicid bugs was not stated.

UNDETERMINED FAMILY

Birds´nests [undetermined species]

COLEOPTERA : Tenebrionidae

[Undetermined sp.]

MEXICO: Sonora: Valle del Yaqui , ± 100 larvae and one adult, # 143a [ CIANO] in birds´nests on “guamúchil” [Phitecellobium dulce, Mimosaceae ] (Pacheco M. 1978) .

Note: 60 adults of the same species were found under bark of same trees, # 143 [ CIANO] (Pacheco M. 1978) .

III. Insects in birds’ nests excluded from the Neotropical Region

ACCIPITRIDAE

Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758)

COLEOPTERA : Trogidae

Trox scaber (Linnaeus, 1867)

Remarks: citation given by Vaurie (1962) about T. scaber is very confused. First, on page 113, she said “some species [of Trogidae ] are found in nests of birds or mammals in some parts of the world, and in South America T. scaber has been taken from the nest of a hawk ( Buteo ), as well as from the nests of other birds and of small rodents, where they feed on the hairs or feathers in the nests.” No bibliographic reference is given for this paragraph, but on page 160, she wrote “according to Strand (1959, p. 47) scaber is found in the nest of the hawk Buteo buteo Linnaeus ”, and repeats “it occurs also in the nests of other birds and of rodents and small mammals where it feeds on the hairs, feathers, or bones.” It can be pointed out here that from one page to the other “small mammals” were added to “birds and … small rodents” and “bones” were added to “hairs or feathers” when she was speaking about the same species.

There are two interpretations: 1) that T. scaber was found in the nest of Buteo buteo from South America , and that this record was due to Strand (1959); or 2) that T. scaber was found in the nest of an undetermined Buteo species in South America , and the record of Strand (1959) is different but could be a coincidence.

Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) is an Eurasian species (American Ornithologists’ Union 1998) and T. scaber is an Holartic species introduced into South America , where it is present only in Argentina [Corrientes; Buenos Aires] and Chile ( Vaurie 1962; Scholtz 1990). Following the work of Strand (1959), the nests of Buteo buteo were collected in Fyllingsmiddagskollen and Seterisen, both localities in Norway, one nest in each locality and one specimen of T. scaber in each nest. About the first interpretation, no record exists of insects in nests of a species of Buteo or some allied American genus ( Turienzo & Di Iorio 2007).

COLUMBIDAE

Undetermined sp.

= “ninhos de pombos”: Lent 1935: 393; Hicks 1959: 379 [host, = pigeon; ref.].

= “nidos de paloma”: Mazza, Basso & Basso 1936: 18 [host; ref.]; Hicks 1959: 380 [host, = paloma; ref.]

= “dove-cotes”: Brumpt 1949; Hicks 1959: 375 [host; ref.]

= birds’ nests: Neiva & Lent 1936: 157; Hicks 1959: 253, 344 [host; ref.]

= “pigeon coops”: Lent & Wygodzynski 1979: 316; Carcavallo et al. 1998b: 574 [host]

= “Pigeons”: Carcavallo et al. 1998a: 549 [host; ref.], 553 [ref.]

HEMIPTERA

Reduviidae : Triatominae

Triatoma rubrofasciata (DeGeer, 1773)

INDIA: Assam: Dharapur and Kaon Bari ( Lent 1935, following Awati 1921); ( Neiva & Lent 1936); India (Mazza, Basso & Baso 1936, following Lent 1935); ( Hicks 1959: 253, 344, following Neiva & Lent 1936); ( Hicks 1959: 375, following Brumpt 1947; Hicks 1959: 379, following Lent 1935; Hicks 1959: 380, following Mazza, Basso & Basso 1936); (Lent & Wygodzynski 1979); ( Carcavallo et al. 1998a, 1998b, following Awati 1921 -1922).

Note: Original record comes from India ( Awati 1921). Except by Lent (1935), it was later cited by several authors without indication of locality.

Discussion