Kinnecaris linesae, Karanovic & Cooper, 2011

Karanovic, Tomislav & Cooper, Steven J. B., 2011, Molecular and morphological evidence for short range endemism in the Kinnecaris solitaria complex (Copepoda: Parastenocarididae), with descriptions of seven new species 3026, Zootaxa 3026 (1), pp. 1-64 : 46-51

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.3026.1.1
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5285539
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03924C3A-FF89-A622-FF41-FEAAABE2FDA6
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Kinnecaris linesae
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Kinnecaris linesae sp. nov.

( Figs. 20–22 View FIGURE 20 View FIGURE 21 View FIGURE 22 )

Type locality. Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line A, Wirraway Bore , 27.097464˚ S 119.760755 ˚E.

Type material. Holotype male dissected on one slide ( WAM C47210); allotype female dissected on one slide ( WAM C47211); one paratype male and one paratype female on one SEM stub in toto ( WAM C47212); one paratype female destroyed for DNA sequences (amplification unsuccessful); two paratype females dissected on one slide each ( WAM C47213 and C47214); four paratype females in alcohol ( WAM C 47215); all collected at type locality, leg. T. Karanovic & G. Perina, 15 March 2010, seLN8504. Additional paratypes: three males + three females + two copepodid in alcohol, collected at type locality, leg. T. Karanovic & S. Callan, 18 March 2010, seLN8558. Additional paratype female in alcohol, collected at type locality, leg. P. Bell & S. Callan, 15 November 2009.

Other material examined. One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful; see Fig. 23 View FIGURE 23 ); 2 males in alcohol ( WAM C47216); Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line E, bore YYHHC0118 A, 27.0354526˚ S 119.7159141 ˚E, leg. S. Callan & G. Perina, 22 September 2010, seLN100379 .

One female destroyed for DNA sequence (amplification successful; see Fig. 23 View FIGURE 23 ); one male and one female in alcohol; Australia, Western Australia, Yilgarn region, Yeelirrie pastoral station, bore line E, bore YYHHC0103 B, 27.035571˚ S 119.717257 ˚E, leg. S. Callan & G. Perina, 22 September 2010, seLN100387 .

Description. Male (based on holotype and four paratypes). Total body length from 312 to 354 µm (330 µm in holotype). Surface of integument of all somites extremely smooth, without minute spinules or cuticular pits ( Fig. 21 View FIGURE 21 ). Colour, naupliar eye, rostrum, body segmentation, and pore and sensilla pattern of all somites as in Kinnecaris lakewayi (see above). Habitus ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) cylindrical and slender, without any demarcation between prosome and urosome in dorsal or lateral view; prosome/urosome ratio about 0.74; greatest width from dorsal view hard to establish. Body length/width ratio about 8.4; cephalothorax about as wide as genital somite. Integument relatively weakly sclerotized, smooth, without rows of minute spinules; large spinules present only on third urosomite ventrally ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ). Cephalothorax with clearly visible double dorsal cuticular window posteriorly; fourth and fifth urosomites each with pair of oval lateral cuticular windows ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ).

Cephalothorax about 1.5 times as long as wide in dorsal view; representing about 19% of total body length. Surface of cephalic shield ornamented as in K. lakewayi , as well as tergites and pleuras of free pedigerous somites. Genital somite ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) ornamented with three pairs of sensilla on posterior margin and one pair of ventro-lateral very small cuticular pores in anterior part; spermatophore visible inside in holotype and two paratypes, similar size to that in K. lakewayi .

Third urosomite ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) ornamented with two rows of four large spinules ventrally and with six posterior sensilla.

Fourth urosomite ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) ornamented with two ventral rows of large spinules at middle, in front of relatively small, but clearly visible, lateral cuticular windows; additionally ornamented with six posterior sensilla.

Fifth (preanal) urosomite ( Fig. 21 View FIGURE 21 ) with larger lateral cuticular windows but without any ornamentation.

Anal somite ( Figs. 20A View FIGURE 20 , 21A, G View FIGURE 21 ) 1.3 times as long as preanal somite (more than in any other species described here), ornamented with pair of large dorsal sensilla at base of anal operculum, lateral pair of large cuticular pores (one pore on each side) in anterior half, two lateral pairs of minute cuticular pores close to posterior margin, and ventral pair of slightly larger cuticular pores, at base of caudal rami; no spinules of any size on outer surface. Anal operculum well developed, unornamented on outer surface, with row of slender spinules on inner surface, with smooth and nearly straight distal margin, reaching posterior end of anal somite, representing 67% of somite width. Anal sinus widely opened, with two diagonal rows of slender spinules on ventral side and transverse row of spinules on dorsal side (below anal operculum).

Caudal rami ( Figs. 20A View FIGURE 20 , 21G View FIGURE 21 ) parallel, with space between them about 1.3 times one ramus width, about 3.1 times as long as greatest width (dorsal view) and 0.7 times as long as anal somite, generally cylindrical in anterior half, but somewhat tapering in distal half and with diagonal distal margin (inner corner being much more produced than outer corner in dorsal or ventral view; arrowed in Fig. 20A View FIGURE 20 ), slightly inflated at midlength in lateral view; base about as wide as rest of ramus. Armature and ornamentation as in K. lakewayi , but lateral setae inserted more posteriorly (at about 3/4 of ramus’ length) and principal apical seta with straight tips.

Antennula ( Fig. 21B, C View FIGURE 21 ), antenna ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ), mouth appendages ( Fig. 21D View FIGURE 21 ), and first two pairs of swimming legs ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) very similar to those in K. lakewayi .

Third swimming leg ( Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ) also generally similar to K. lakewayi but apophysis much larger, not bilobate, with very broad distal part (more than in any other species described here), with slightly concave distal margin and apical tip at about same level as inner distal corner; ornamentation same as in K. lakewayi , including longitudinal row of large spinules on outer margin of first exopodal segment distally; exopodal spine about 1.2 times as long as apophysis, but unlike in other species bent inwards at 90° angle, its distal tip touching distal margin of apophysis.

Fourth swimming leg ( Fig. 21F View FIGURE 21 ) with nine very long spinules on basis at base of endopod, both similar to K. lined ; endopod spiniform with five small spinules along distal quarter of outer margin, not arranged in scoop-like structure. First exopodal segment with several very long spinules on posterior surface at about midlength. Apical seta on third exopodal segment about as long as entire exopod and about three times as long as outer spine.

Fifth leg ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) without any difference from that in K. lakewayi , except for absence of cuticular pits.

Sixth legs ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ) as in K. lakewayi .

Female (based on allotype and several paratypes). Body length from 322 to 364 µm (343 µm in allotype). Habitus, ornamentation of prosomites ( Fig. 22A View FIGURE 22 ), colour, and naupliar eye similar to those in male, except genital and first abdominal somite fused into double-somite and middle part slightly less slender, as well as absence of large spinules on urosome. Prosome/urosome ratio 0.8; greatest width from dorsal view hard to establish; body length/width ratio about 8.2; cephalothorax 1.1 times as wide as genital double-somite.

Genital double-somite ( Figs. 20B View FIGURE 20 , 22A, C View FIGURE 22 ) about 1.1 times as long as wide in dorsal view, without any trace of subdivision except for pair of ancestral dorso-lateral sensilla in anterior half; additionally ornamented with six posterior sensilla; no rows of large spinules dorso-laterally (condition arrowed in Fig. 20B View FIGURE 20 ). Genital complex ( Fig. 22C View FIGURE 22 ) as in K. lakewayi , with outer distal corners of genital operculum (fused sixth legs) produced into short and sharp spiniform processes.

Third urosomite ( Figs. 20B View FIGURE 20 , 22A View FIGURE 22 ) similar to that of male, without any ventro-lateral large spinules (condition arrowed in Fig. 20B View FIGURE 20 ), and with clearly visible small lateral cuticular windows.

Fourth (preanal), and fifth (anal) urosomites ( Fig. 20B View FIGURE 20 ) also very similar to those of male, without any large or small spinules, except those in anal sinus.

Caudal rami ( Fig. 20B View FIGURE 20 , 22B View FIGURE 22 ) very similar to those of male, although slightly inflated at middle from lateral view (arrowed in Fig. 20B View FIGURE 20 ).

Antennula ( Figs. 20C View FIGURE 20 , 22A View FIGURE 22 ) very similar to that in K. lakewayi , with only slightly shorter proximal aesthetasc (arrowed in Fig. 20C View FIGURE 20 ).

Antenna ( Fig. 20D View FIGURE 20 ), mouth appendages ( Figs. 20E, F View FIGURE 20 , 22D View FIGURE 22 ), first swimming leg ( Fig. 22A, D View FIGURE 22 ), second swimming leg ( Fig. 20G, H View FIGURE 20 ), and exopod of fourth swimming leg ( Fig. 22A View FIGURE 22 ) very similar to those of male and almost without any difference from those of K. lakewayi .

Endopod of second swimming leg ( Fig. 20G, H View FIGURE 20 ) about seven times as long as wide, its apical seta very slender and only half as long as segment.

Third swimming leg ( Fig. 20I View FIGURE 20 ) similar to K. lakewayi , but with proportionately shorter apical seta on second segment (arrowed in Fig. 20I View FIGURE 20 ) and more strongly expressed cuticular plates on praecoxa and coxa.

Endopod of fourth swimming leg ( Fig. 20J View FIGURE 20 ) about seven times as long as wide, half as long as first exopodal segment, armed with short bipinnate element apically, ornamented with six spinules along distal margin, at base of apical seta. Exopod similar to that of male, but without large spinules on posterior surface of first exopodal segment.

Fifth leg ( Figs. 20B View FIGURE 20 , 22C View FIGURE 22 ) similar to that of male, but slightly more elongated, with narrower distal part; cuticular window visible (although not well defined) with scanning electron microscope, but not visible with light microscope.

Sixth legs ( Fig. 22C View FIGURE 22 ) vestigial, fused into simple bilobate cuticular plate, covering gonopore, unornamented and unarmed; outer distal corners produced into short and sharp spiniform processes, but significantly shorter than inner lobes.

Etymology. The species name comes from the two bore lines where it was collected (lines A and E; see fig. 23), but should be treated as comprising an arbitrary combination of letters that can be treated as a Latin word and may be conceived as a noun in apposition to the generic name.

Variability. Body length of males ranges from 312 to 354 µm (337 µm average; n = 5), while in females it ranges from 322 to 364 µm (344 µm average; n = 13). No other significant forms of variability or asymmetry were observed. The shape of the apohysis of the male third leg ( Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ) is extremely conservative, as is the somite ornamentation (or the lack of it).

Remarks. This species differs from all other eight Australian congeners by the absence of all spinules on all somites in female, including those on the third urosomite ventrally (arrowed in Fig. 20B View FIGURE 20 ); the only spinules left are those on the male third urosomite ventro-laterally ( Fig. 21A View FIGURE 21 ). It also has the shortest caudal rami of all Australian species, with diagonal distal margin in ventral view ( Fig. 21G View FIGURE 21 ), as well as an extremely broad distal part of the third leg apophysis in male ( Fig. 21E View FIGURE 21 ). Cuticle is extremely smooth in this species, without any cuticular pits. The only other Australian Kinnecaris Jakobi, 1972 that lacks cuticular pits is K. solitaria ( Karanovic, 2004) , which is unfortunately still only known after females, so the male characters cannot be compared. The latter species, however, can easily be distinguished from K. linesae sp. nov. by the reduced number of lateral caudal setae, longer caudal rami, presence of minute spinules on the anal somite, and presence of large spinules on the third urosomite. Molecular data ( Fig. 23 View FIGURE 23 ) suggest that K. linesae is more closely related to K. uranusi sp. nov. (and one undescribed species from line P: K. sp.) than to K. linel sp. nov. or to K. lined sp. nov. Morphological data do not support this relationship, and differences between K. linesae and K. uranusi are numerous, while the latter species is morphologically very similar to K. linel (see above).