Hypogena tricornis ( Dalman, 1823 )

Grey, Luna & Smith, Aaron D., 2020, A matrix-based revision of the genus Hypogena Dejean, 1834 (Coleoptera Tenebrionidae), Zootaxa 4780 (2), pp. 201-258 : 249-252

Hypogena tricornis ( Dalman, 1823)

( Figs 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 36 , 37 )

Phaleria tricornis Dalman, 1823: 59 .

= Ulosonia tricornis Laporte, 1840: 220 . (Synonymy in Spilman 1973:42).

Type Material: LECTOTYPE (male) labeled: (a) “ Jamaica / Wellfelt ?”; (b) “ ♂ ”; (c) “NHRS-JLKB 000027279” ( NHRS), designated here . PARALECTOTYPE (female) labeled: (a) “ Jamaica / Wellfelt?”; (b) “ ♀ ”; (c) “NHRS- JLKB 000027280” ( NHRS), designated here. (See Fig. 36 ). This image was taken by Dr. Johannes Bergsten at The Swedish Museum of Natural History .

Additional material examined: (3 unknowns, 137 females, 140 males, 5 sex unknowns): BELIZE: 1 female, 2 males. TB# 15354, 19634 ( NMNH); TB# 20281 ( BMNH) . COLOMBIA: 1 female, 1 male. TB# 20257-20258 ( BMNH) . COSTA RICA: 2 females, 5 males. TB# 15341, 19674, 19676-19677 ( NMNH); TB# 15319-15320 ( CASC); TB# 19683 ( EMEC) . COSTA RICA: Guanacaste: 1 male. TB# 15323 ( FSCA) . COSTA RICA: Heredia: 1 male. TB# 19675 ( NMNH) . CUBA: 2 females, 2 males. TB# 15359 ( NMNH); TB# 20861 , 20864-20865 ( NMPC) . ECUADOR: Guayas: 1 male. TB# 20235 ( KKIC) . EL SALVADOR: 2 females, 3 males. TB# 19643-19647 ( NMNH) . EL SALVADOR: San Salvador: 1 female, 2 males. TB# 19631, 19633, 19648 ( CASC) . GUATEMALA: 2 females, 1 male, 1 sex unknown. TB# 20863 ( NMNH); TB# 16884 , 20849 ( ADSC); TB# 20282 ( BMNH) . GUATEMALA: Escuintla: 1 male. TB# 15356 ( NHMB) . GUATEMALA: Petén: 1 female. TB# 20280 ( BMNH) . MEXICO: 15 females, 12 males. TB# 19658, 20209-20211 ( NMNH); TB# 20180-20184 , 20188 , 20236 , 20245 , 20284 ( NHMB); TB# 21363-21364 ( NMNH); TB# 20283 , 20862 , 20866-20868 , 20870 , 20872-20873 , 20876-20877 , 21335 ( BMNH); TB# 15313 ( EMEC) . MEXICO: Baja California Sur: 2 females. TB# 15317-15318 ( EMEC) . MEXICO: Chiapas: 3 males, 1 sex unknown. TB# 20172, 20296 ( CASC); TB# 15680 ( ADSC); TB# 19642 ( EMEC) . MEXICO: Nayarit: 1 female. TB# 19678 ( CASC) . MEXICO: Nuevo León: 2 females, 1 male. TB# 19616-19618 ( EMEC) . MEXICO: Oaxaca: 1 male. TB# 21336 ( BMNH) . MEXICO: Puebla: 2 females. TB# 20195-20196 ( EMEC) . MEXICO: San Luis Potosi: 5 females, 4 males. TB# 19681 ( CASC); TB# 15377 , 20189-20193 , 20286 , 20293 ( EMEC) . MEXICO: Sonora: 1 female. TB# 20279 ( BMNH) . MEXICO: Tamaulipas: 1 female, 3 males. TB# 19680 ( EMEC); TB# 15378 , 20173-20174 ( UCDC) . MEXICO: Veracruz: 27 females, 38 males. TB# 19655, 19659, 20168-20170, 20259-20261 ( NMNH); TB# 15379-15402 , 20163-20165 , 20227 ( NHMB); TB# 20262-20270 , 20278 ( BMNH); TB# 15314 , 20176-20179 , 20186-20187 , 20194 , 20197-20200 , 20285 , 20287-20291 ( EMEC); TB# 15324 ( FSCA) . MEXICO: Yucatán: 1 unknown, 2 females. TB# 20272-20274 ( BMNH) . PANAMA: Panama: 1 male. TB# 15351 ( CASC) . TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO: 1 female. TB# 20869 ( BMNH) . UNITED KINGDOM: Cayman Islands : 2 females, 1 male. TB# 15329-15331 ( FSCA) . USA: Florida: 1 female, 2 males. TB# 15375 ( NMNH); TB# 15355 ( NMNH); TB# 19684 ( FSCA) . USA: Florida: Dade Co.: 1 unknown, 2 females, 1 male. TB# 15337-15340 ( FSCA) . USA: Florida: St. Lucie Co.: 1 male. TB# 15328 ( FSCA) . USA: Texas: 4 females, 3 males. TB# 19641 ( CASC); TB# 19639-19640 , 20230-20231 ( NMNH); TB# 19632 (unknown); TB# 15332 ( FSCA) . USA: Texas: Austin Co.: 1 female. TB# 20239 ( ADSC) . USA: Texas: Bexar Co.: 5 females, 2 males. TB# 20237 ( TAMU); TB# 15348 , 15360 , 20223 , 20238 ( EMEC); TB# 15325-15326 ( FSCA) . USA: Texas: Cameron Co.: 1 unknown, 10 females, 5 males. TB# 19635-19636, 20229, 20241 ( NMNH); TB# 15342-15346 , 20212-20213 , 20233 ( TAMU); TB# 15321-15322 , 19685-19686 ( FSCA) . USA: Texas: Comal Co.: 1 male. TB# 19638 ( RLAC) . USA: Texas: Hidalgo Co.: 12 females, 12 males, 3 sex unknowns. TB# 15357, 15361-15368, 15370-15374, 20218-20222, 20226, 20228, 20244, 20292 ( NMNH); TB# 20232 , 20234 ( TAMU); TB# 20216-20217 ( ADSC) . USA: Texas: San Patricio Co.: 1 female, 1 male. TB# 20224-20225 ( TAMU) . USA: Texas: Starr Co.: 1 female, 2 males. TB# 20240 ( NMNH); TB# 20214-20215 ( ADSC) . USA: Texas: Victoria Co.: 3 females, 1 male. TB# 19627, 20242-20243, 20295 ( NMNH) . VENEZUELA: Bolívar: 1 male. TB# 19679 ( RLAC) . VENEZUELA: Zulia: 1 female. TB# 19682 ( NMNH) . country not specified: 23 females, 24 males. TB# 20185 ( CASC); TB# 15316 , 15347 , 15349 , 15352 , 15358 , 15376 , 19610-19614 , 19626 , 19628 , 19637 , 20171 , 20175 , 20246-20250 , 29628 ( NMNH); TB# 19624-19625 (unknown); TB# 15350 ( NHMB); TB# 20874 ( NMNH); TB# 20251-20256 , 20271 , 20275-20277 , 20858-20860 , 20871 , 20875 , 21180 , 21337 ( BMNH); TB# 15315 , 20294 ( EMEC); TB# 15327 ( FSCA) .

Diagnosis: The male of this species can be readily identified by the three long, thin, erect horns that are placed between the eyes and on the clypeus. The horns are equal in length and thickness. This species is also distinctive in the coarse punctures on the pronotum are almost always closely concentrated in the center of the disc. The female is similar in all respects, except that the horns are not present and the frons is more punctate ( Fig. 36 ).

Redescription: Male. Size: 7—8 mm; 2—3 mm.

Head. Clypeal horn long, thin (4:1; 5:1); not emarginated (6:0); equal in thickness to one supraorbital horn (7:1); equal in length to supraorbital horns; produced perpendicular to head (8:1); not curved; finely punctate (9:1). Supraorbital horns long, thin (10:1; 11:1); bent slightly inwards (12:1); produced perpendicular to head (13:1); not curved forward (14:0); finely punctate (15:1). Antennae with stellate sensoria (22:0); third antennomere same size and fourth and more than 1.5 times size of second (18:0; 19:2). Vertex and frons of male almost smooth (26:0; 28:0). Anterior edge of clypeus flat with corners rounded (29:1). Mentum trapezoidal, flat, punctate and lightly setose

(40:0; 43:0; 42:1; 41:1). Labrum fully setose (39:1). Groove on mandible present, continuing to connection point to cranium (44:1).

Thorax. Pronotum with puncturing biordinal in size (54:1); coarse punctures concentrated primarily on disc (57:1). Lateral margins of pronotum subparallel (61:1). Marginal edges of pronotum expanded more than one coarse puncture’s diameter (62:2). Anterior edge of pronotum reaching middle of eye, but not past middle of eye (63:1). Short setae on prosternum arising from punctures (70:1); puncturing on prosternum smaller than one eye facet (67:1); prosternal punctures separated by less than one diameter (68:1). Hypomeron laterally rugulose (75:2). Mesepisternum punctate; punctures smaller than eye facets (71: 1); separated by more than one diameter (72:0); not setose (73:0). Row of cuticular teeth present on posterior edge of metasternum (77:1). Elytra striate and punctate (46:1; 47:1); punctures separated by less than one diameter (48:0). Elytral interstices convex and punctate (49:1); punctures larger than one fourth of strial puncture size (50:0); separated by more than one diameter (51:1).

Legs. Tarsi pubescent. Cuticular outgrowths present of proximal two protarsomeres (86:1). On lateral edge of protibia, seven or more socketed spines on distal third of protibial (81:1; 82:0). Medial edge of protibial with entire length (83:1). Apex of protibia bearing brush of setae (84:1).

Abdomen. First three visible abdominal segments laterally rugulose (89:1; 90:1; 91:1); fourth and fifth abdominal sternites punctate. All abdominal segments setose (94:3); setae arising from punctures.

Female. Similar to male, except as follows: Intraocular space raised and extending transversely inwards (23:2); intraocular space impinging on eye (24:1). Punctures of vertex and frons smaller than eye facet (25:2; 27:2). Clypeal punctures smaller than one eye facet spread evenly across clypeus (31;1; 32:2). Clypeus tumid (33:1).

Distribution ( Fig. 37 ): Cuba, Trinidad, Mexico (Chiapas, Nuevo León, Yucatan, San Luis Potosi, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Sonora, Puebla, Baja California Sur, Oaxaca, Nayarit), Belize, Panama ( Panama), Venezuela (Bolivar, Zulia), Columbia, Ecuador (Guayas), Cayman Islands, Costa Rica (Guanacaste, Heredia), El Salvador (San Salvador), USA (Texas, Florida), Guatemala (Escuintla, Petén). The type material is from Jamaica.

Figures

FIGURE 1: Male genitalia in Hypogena. A. H. brasilica dorsal. B. H. brasilica lateral. C. H. canaliculata dorsal. D. H. canaliculata lateral. E. H. brasiliensis dorsal. F. H. laevicollis dorsal. G. H. cryptica dorsal. H. H. cryptica lateral. I. H. depressa dorsal. J. H. depressa lateral. K. H. hirsuta dorsal. L. H. hirsuta lateral. M. H. marginata dorsal. N. H. marginata lateral. O. H. tricornis dorsal. P. H. tricornis lateral. Q. H. vacca dorsal. R. H. vacca lateral

FIGURE 3: Hind wing of Hypogena species. 3a. Wing of H. vacca. 3b. Wing of H. depressa. 3c. Wing of H. tricornis.

FIGURE 4: Majority-rule consensus of 88 most parsimonious trees (Length: 310) of Hypogena and closely related taxa based on morphology. Proportion of supporting MP trees listed below branches. Non-parametric bootstrap values (BS), from 1000 pseudo-replicates, shown above branches and posterior probabilities (PP) from Bayesian analyses (20,000,000 generations, 50% burn-in, sample frequency: 1000) shown above branches (BS/PP). Scores lower than 50 BS or 0.5PP not shown.

FIGURE 5: Most Parsimonious topology from reweighted analysis (L=127, CI: 0.55, RI: 0.67).

FIGURE 36: Hypogena tricornis, Holotype and Paratype. Top, Holotype, male: dorsal view, lateral view, and labels. Bottom, Paratype, female: dorsal view, lateral view, and labels. Images obtained from Dr. Johannes Bergsten at The Swedish Museum of Natural History (NHRS).

FIGURE 37: Distribution of Hypogena tricornis. Based on 284 databased specimens.