Hoplolaimus galeatus

Zeng, Yongsan, Ye, Weimin, Tredway, Lane, Martin, Samuel & Martin, Matt, 2012, Taxonomy and morphology of plant-parasitic nematodes associated with turfgrasses in North and South Carolina, USA, Zootaxa 3452, pp. 1-46 : 6

Hoplolaimus galeatus

( Fig. 2 A–E)

Measurements. See Table 2 .

Remarks. Hoplolaimus galeatus was described from soil at Arlington Farms, Arlington, Virginia, USA ( Cobb 1913). It has been reported from SC ( Lewis et al. 1993; Martin et al. 1994; Koenning & Barker 1998), NC ( Lucas et al. 1974), Florida ( Crow 2005b), Kansas ( Todd & Tisserat 1990), Arkansas ( Robbins et al. 1987), Tennessee ( Ponchillia 1975), Alabama ( Rodriguez-Kabana & Thurlow 1980), Minnesota ( Wallace & MacDonald 1979), Virginia ( Niles et al. 1985), Maryland ( Feldmesser & Golden 1972), Indiana ( Alby et al. 1983), Mississippi ( Bost 1985), Kentucky ( Chapman 1976), Louisiana ( McGawley et al. 1984), Illinois ( Allen et al. 2005), Michigan ( Olsen 1983), Texas ( Heald et al. 1991), Missouri ( Wrather et al. 1992) and Iowa ( Norton & Hinz 1976) in USA. This species has been reported in Trinidad ( Singh 1973), Costa Rica ( Tarjan & Jimenez 1973), Argentina ( Doucet 1980), Peru ( Ciancio et al. 1998), Brazil ( Torres et al. 2007), Turkey ( Kepenekci & Ökten 2000), Pakistan ( Goswami et al. 2008) and Australia ( Nambiar et al. 2008). Hoplolaimus galeatus feeds and reproduces on a wide range of plant hosts. It can cause serious damage to cotton ( Krusberg & Sasser 1956; Wrather et al. 1992; Martin et al. 1994; Gazaway & Mclean 2003), soybean ( Lewis et al. 1993; Koenning & Barker 1998), banana ( Torres et al. 2007) and corn ( Norton & Hinz 1976). It is also considered to be an economically important pest of turfgrasses such as St. Augustine grass ( Sternotaphrum secundatum ) and bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon ) ( Henn & Dunn 1989; Giblin- Davis et al. 1990, 1995). In this survey, this species was found in 22 counties in NC and SC. It was found with high prevalence in all three management zones (green, fairway and tee) and two grass species (bentgrass and zoysiagrass). The morphological characteristics agreed well with the population described by Sher (1963).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Micrographs of Hoplolaimus galeatus, Scutellonema brachyurum and Helicotylenchus dihystera from turfgrasses in NC and SC. All scale bars = 20 μm. A. Pharyngeal region of H. galeatus. B. Vulval region of H. galeatus. C. Female tail of H. galeatus. D, E. Male tails of H. galeatus. F. Pharyngeal region of S. brachyurum. G. Vulval region of S. brachyurum. H. Female tail of S. brachyurum. I. Pharyngeal region of H. dihystera. J. Vulva and tail region of H. dihystera.