Parasovia Devyatkin, 1996

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui & Grishin, Nick V., 2022, Taxonomic changes suggested by the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera), Insecta Mundi 2022 (921), pp. 1-135 : 35-36

Parasovia Devyatkin, 1996 is a junior subjective synonym of Sebastonyma Watson, 1893

Monotypic genus Parasovia Devyatkin, 1996 (type and the only species Halpe perbella Hering, 1918 ) clusters closely with Sebastonyma Watson, 1893 (type species Hesperia dolopia Hewitson, 1868 ) ( Fig. 8 ) and COI barcodes of their type species differ by 6.7% (44 bp), suggesting that they are congeneric. Therefore, we propose that Parasovia Devyatkin, 1996 , new synonym is a junior subjective synonym of Sebastonyma Watson, 1893 .

Rapid diversification of Asian Hesperiinae

More detailed analysis of rapid diversification of Asian Hesperiinae reveals strongly supported clades that render Erionotini Distant, 1886 sensu lato paraphyletic ( Fig. 9 ). After adding genomic datasets for the type genera of all six available family-group names associated with Erionotini Distant, 1886 ( Warren et al. 2008; Warren et al. 2009; Li et al. 2019) ( Fig. 9 ), we find that out of four confidently supported clades that disrupt monophyly of Erionotini, three clades do not have names. These clades are proposed here as new tribes. The fourth clade is recognized as a valid tribe Notocryptini Swinhoe, 1913 , new status, that consists of Notocrypta de Nicéville, 1889 (type species Plesioneura curvifascia C. Felder and R. Felder, 1862 ), Ancistroides Butler, 1874 (type species Ancistroides longicornis Butler, 1874 ) and Udaspes Moore, [1881] (type species Papilio folus Cramer, 1775 ) as these genera are defined in Evans (1949), but we rearrange them below. Monophyly of Erionotini is thus restored.

Psolosini Grishin , new tribe

http://zoobank.org/ 1160A323-4DAA-4B2D-9A69-F77B64F0F37D

Type genus. Psolos Staudinger, 1889 .

Definition. Forms a strongly supported clade that falls in the assemblage of Asian genera with unresolved phylogeny. Not confidently associated with any tribe ( Fig. 9 ), and therefore is a tribe of its own. Keys to I.2a in Evans (1949). Diagnosed by the following combination of characters: hindwing vein M 2 decurved at origin, forewing vein M 2 straight (not decurved at the origin), its origin in the middle between veins M 3 and M 1 and veins; veins R 1 and SC nearly touching each other; wings broader and rounder than in relatives, for example, forewing costa is frequently strongly convex and outer margin rounded, especially near the base, no hyaline spots; second segment of palpi erect, quadrantic and stout, third segment short and conical; club of antenna not constricted before finely pointed apiculus. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: aly798.25.4:T315C, aly 1370.9.2:C686T, aly798.25.4:A290T, aly5965.2.3:C1712G, and aly5965.2.3:T1711A.

Genera included. Psolos Staudinger, 1889 and Koruthaialos Watson, 1893 , which includes Stimula de Nicéville, 1898, new status, as a subgenus (see below).

Parent taxon. Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809 .

Ismini Grishin , new tribe

http://zoobank.org/ 83F01EBB-D009-4199-9942-1FA6FE507088

Type genus. Isma Distant, 1886 .

Definition. Forms a strongly supported clade that falls within the assemblage of Asian genera with unresolved phylogeny. Not confidently associated with any tribe ( Fig. 9 ), and therefore is a tribal level taxon. Keys to I.1 or J. 9 in Evans (1949). Phenotypically heterogeneous group that is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: club of antenna not constricted before apiculus, apiculus finely pointed, 2 nd segment of palpi erect; and if hindwing vein M 2 decurved at origin, then wings broad with forewing costal margin arched and about as long as anal margin, forewing vein M 2 straight, at its origin in the middle between veins M 1 and M 3, and forewing veins SC and R 1 separate (not nearly touching each other); or if hindwing vein M 2 not decurved then forewing vein M 2 decurved, apiculus not longer than twice width of club, nudum less than 20 segments, antennae at least as long as cell, 3rd segment of palpi short, pointed and protruding, hindwing anal margin longer than costal margin, and males with secondary sexual characters such as forewing stigma and brand and forewing with subapical hyaline spots. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: aly 1052.8.2:A287G, aly133.35.12:C148G, aly7003.4.4:G1802A, aly4645.12.5:A1343T, and aly4305.15.10:A273G.

Genera included. Isma Distant, 1886 , Iambrix Watson, 1893 , and Idmon de Nicéville, 1895 .

Parent taxon. Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809 .

Eetionini Grishin , new tribe

http://zoobank.org/ 9775636D-E693-445B-8438-61F3223570F4

Type genus. Eetion de Nicéville, 1895 .

Definition. In the current nuclear genomic tree, is not confidently grouped with any tribe and therefore a tribal level taxon ( Fig. 9 ). Keys to J. 21 in Evans (1949). Phenotypically, diagnosed by the following combination of characters: antenna not longer than half of forewing costal margin, apiculus longer than two times width of club, nudum around 25 segments, forewing discal cell long, not shorter than forewing anal margin, forewing vein M 2 decurved, hindwing discal cell shorter than half of wing. In DNA, a combination of the following base pairs is diagnostic: aly276558.19.1:A374C, aly366.4.1:T5240A, aly 2633.4.3:T97A, aly971.9.15:A88G, and aly971.9.15:A89T.

Genera included. Eetion de Nicéville, 1895 .

Parent taxon. Subfamily Hesperiinae Latreille, 1809

Figures

Figure 8. Genomic tree of Heteropterinae Aurivillius, 1925, some Old World Hesperiinae and relatives. See Fig. 1 legend for notations.

Figure 9. Genomic trees of representative Hesperiidae to illustrate their classification into subfamilies, and for the subfamily Hesperiinae into tribes. Names of species placed in the new tribes described in this work are highlighted in yellow, their clades are colored in red and highlighted in green. Sequenced specimens of the type species of the type genera of the new tribes are illustrated in dorsal (left or above) and ventral (right or below) views and indicated by blue arrows. Some images are left-right inverted and digitally edited to correct wing damage and scale loss by removing imperfections and combining segments of left and right wings. See Fig. 1 legend for other notations.