Zeuzera multistrigata, Moore, 1881

Thanh, Giang Thi, Trung, Luu The, Cam, Ngo Van, Kien, Nguyen Duc & Chi, Nguyen Minh, 2024, Zeuzera multistrigata Moore (Lepidoptera: Cossidae) damaging three new host plants in Vietnam, Ecologica Montenegrina 77, pp. 200-210 : 203-210

Zeuzera multistrigata damage in Glyptostrobus pensilis , Coffea arabica and Passiflora edulis

In G. pensilis plantations, stem borer attacks were more prevalent in 9-year-old than 2-year-old trees resulting in damage incidences of 94.1% and 44.1%, respectively ( Table 2). In general, all trees attacked by Z. multistrigata were declining in health and vigor, and many had broken stems ( Fig. 3 ). The bore holes were circular with a dimeter of 0.6‒0.9 cm ( Fig. 3f ), and were located 0.6‒5.0 m above the ground. The larval tunnels were circular in cross-section, 0.7‒0.9 cm in diameter ( Figs. 3c, f ), 25‒45 cm in length ( Figs. 3d, f ), and they extended throughout the wood. Before pupation, the larvae often excavated long tunnels that circled the trunk, and consequently damaged trees were easily broken during strong winds ( Figs. 3a, b, e ).

Zeuzera multistrigata damage in C. arabica and P. edulis was similar to G. pensilis . The attacked plants were in decline and had broken stems ( Figs. 4a, b ). Many frasses were readily visible at the base of affected plants ( Fig. 4e ). The holes ( Figs. 4c, d ), and larval tunnels ( Figs. 4c, f ) were similar to those described earlier in G. pensilis .

The damage incidence (P%) and the average damage index (DI) of Z. multistrigata in C. arabica and P. edulis are given in Table 2. Mostly 1-year-old C. arabica and P. edulis stands were attacked, and the damage incidence was low, only 13.8% and 14.5%, respectively. In C. arabica , P% declined from 13.8% in 1-year-old stands to 3.1% in 6-year-old stands.

Discussion

This is the first report of Zeuzera multistrigata (Moore, 1881) damage in Glyptostrobus pensilis , Coffea arabica and Passiflora edulis , of which G. pensilis plantations were the most seriously affected. Zeuzera multistrigata is a widespread insect, being recorded in Bangladesh, China, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam ( Arora 1976; Yakovlev 2012; Ahmad et al. 2023). The morphological characteristics of the adult males and females in this study are in agreement with previous descriptions by Bhardwaj (1982), Jinshui et al. (1988), Baruah and Saikia (2020) and Chi et al. (2022a) for Z. multistrigata . With the three new host plants recorded in this study combined with previous studies, it is evident that Z. multistrigata is a polyphagous pest ( Arora 1976; Ulenberg et al. 1986; Robinson et al. 2001; Yakovlev 2012). The number of hosts was 13 in 2012 ( Yakovlev 2012) and this has increased to 28 in recent studies ( Table 3). It has been recorded as a serious pest of Prunus spp. ( Bhardwaj 1982), Casuarina equisetifilia ( Jinshui et al. 1988) , Persea bombycina , Litsaea polyantha ( Baruah and Saikia 2020) , and Eucalyptus spp. ( Chi et al. 2022a). Eggs of Z. multistrigata in this study (0.6‒0.8 mm long) are smaller than that in Eucalyptus plantations (1.1‒1.3 mm) in Northern Vietnam ( Chi et al. 2022a). The larvae of Z. multistrigata in Eucalyptus is yellow ( Chi et al. 2022a), but in this study they are pink. Whether the host diet affects larval pigmentation remains to be determined.

The primer pair COI-LEP-F/COI-LEP-R has been used for identification of some Zeuzera species ( Sutrisno 2015; Yakovlev et al. 2020). The ten species of Zeuzera that have been analyzed with the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 gene region fall into five clades, of which Polyphagozerra coffeae (= Z. coffeae ) (Nietner, 1861) and Zeuzera queita (Turner, 1932) belong to a separate clade ( Sutrisno 2015). In our study, FRPC151 (PP893044) collected from G. pensilis, FRPC 154 (PP893045) collected from C. arabica and FRPC155 (PP893046) collected from P. edulis clustered into one sub-group with 99.98‒100% similarity. The separation from MF491642 highlights the need in future studies to use more specimens from across the geographic region to determine species boundaries.

Polyphagozerra coffeae is a pest of robusta coffee plantations ( Lan and Wintgens 2009; Van et al. 2015), but there is no previous record of Zeuzera stem borer on C. arabica . Because G. pensilis is very susceptible to damage from Zeuzera stem borers, the pest may have spread from plantations to adjacent C. arabica and P. edulis farms. This finding showed that G. pensili s may be a preferred host plant of Z. multistrigata , similar to a Eucalyptus hybrid (clone DH32-29) in Northern Vietnam ( Chi et al. 2022a). As there were incomplete age cohorts for 2 to 9-year-old stands in G. pensilis plantations across different locations, the survey results were insufficient to determine whether tree tolerance alters with age. However, the older C. robusta stands were less susceptible to this stem borer than young stands. Thangavelu and Isa (1992) and Chi et al. (2022a) also found Z. multistrigata prefers young trees. Whether older trees are more resilient to attack than younger trees remains to be determined.

multistrigata in C. equisetifolia trees, respectively. In addition, spraying B. bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae into N. conferta borer holes in Melaleuca leucadendra was partly successful (59.6‒63.3% mortality) in Vietnam ( Chi et al. 2022b). The integrated pest management protocols developed for Hypsipyla robusta in C. tabularis plantations ( Chi et al. 2023a) and P. coffeae (= Z. coffeae ) in walnut trees ( Ahmad 2017) provide a basis for exploring management options for Z. multistrigata for these three new hosts.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Vietnam Ministry of Sciences and Technology, for financial support of this study, under grant NVQG-2021/ĐT.12. The authors would like to thank Professor Roman Yakovlev for his confirmation of the pest, and Professor Bernard Dell for discussion and English language editing.

Conflict of interest On behalf of the authors, there are no conflicts of interest.

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Figures

Figure 3. Symptoms of Zeuzera multistrigata in Glyptostrobus pensilis trees: a, b, c. damaged trees with broken branches and holes on shoot; d, e, f. damage to the wood with holes and tunels inside

Figure 4. Symptoms of Zeuzera multistrigata in Coffea arabica (a-c) and Passiflora edulis (d-f): a, b, d. damaged plants; b. broken shrub after serious damage by Z. multistrigata; c, f. damage to the wood and inner cortex; e. fallen frass on the ground.