Glochidion rubrum Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 586. 1825

Yao, Gang, Song, Zhu-Qiu, Xue, Bin-E, Shi, Shi, Li, Yu-Ling & Luo, Shi-Xiao, 2020, Taxonomic revision of the genus Glochidion (Phyllanthaceae) in Taiwan, China, PhytoKeys 159, pp. 137-159 : 137

7. Glochidion rubrum Blume in Bijdr. Fl. Nederl. Ind. 586. 1825 Figures 1D-F , 2M-O

Glochidion chademenosocarpum Hayata in Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 94. 1920. syn. nov. Type: China. Formosa (now Taiwan), Inter Onô et Kôsenpo, October 1917, B. Hayata s.n. (holotype: TI-01801, photo!, Figure 1D ).

Glochidion fortunei Hance var. longistylum H. Keng in Journ. Acard. Washington Sci. 41(6): 200. 1951. Type: China. Taiwan, Kaohsiung, 14 August 1937, Yamomoto & Mori 790 (holotype: TAI, photo!).

Glochidion fortunei Hance var. megacarpum H. Keng in Journ Acad. Washington Sci. 41(6): 200. 1951. Type: China. Taiwan, Kaoshiung, 8 April 1929, Kudo & Suzuki 96 (holotype: TAI).

Glochidion suishaense Hayata in Icon. Pl. Formos. 9: 97. 1920. Type: China. Formosa (now Taiwan), Suisha, 29 Apr. 1916, B. Hayata s.n. (lectotype: TI-01820, photo!, here designated; isolectotype: TI-01821, photo! Figure 1F ); Remaining syntype: Taiwan, B. Hayata s.n. (TI-01823 & TI-01824, photos!).

Type.

Indonesia, Java, C.L. von Blume s.n. (holotype: not traced; isotypes: CAL; NY-00263451, photo!, Figure 1E ).

Distribution and habitat.

Glochidion rubrum is recorded widely from India to Cambodia, China, south Japan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines and Vietnam. In China, it occurs in Anhui, Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Zhenjiang. It grows in broad-leaved evergreen forests, roadsides from low altitude to 1800 m. The species is widely distributed from northern to southern Taiwan.

Taxonomic discussion.

Hayata (1920) described G. chademenosocarpum based on one of his collections (B. Hayata s.n., TI, photo!; Figure 1D ) from Taiwan, and he suggested that the species differed from G. rubrum (recorded as G. fortunei in his study) by its much more densely clustered and sessile female flowers. After checking the protologue and observing the type of G. chademenosocarpum (Figure 1D ), it was concluded that the species is well conspecific with G. rubrum (Figure 1E ) and should be treated as a new synonym of the latter. Based on morphological description ( Hayata 1920) as well as our observation of the type, we found that the type of G. chademenosocarpum might represent an unripe flower branch of G. rubrum because the morphology of branch, leaves, ovaries and styles observed are all identical with those of G. rubrum , except the ovaries and styles are smaller in size compared with those of the ripe female flowers described by Hsu et al. (2006) as well as those observed in living plants. Additionally, most male flowers observed from the type of G. chademenosocarpum also seem to be unripe because sepals of most male flowers were unopen (Figure 1D ).

The taxonomic history of G. suishaense was similar to that of G. chademenosocarpum and G. kusukusense , except Hsu et al. (2006) treated it as a synonym of G. rubrum based on its protologue. In the present study, the result from observing the type of G. suishaense (Figure 1F ) further confirmed its taxonomic status.

Morphologically, G. rubrum could be distinguished from all other Taiwanese Glochidion species by its styles which are cylindrical in shape and 1-3 mm in length (Figure 2M ).

Representative specimens examined.

China. Taiwan. Chiayi, at an elevation of 700-1300 m, 1 November 1985, C.I. Peng 8789 (HAST); Hsinchu, Senkyakuseki, 25 June 1927, Y. Simada 4147 (HAST); Hsinchu, Lienhuassu, at an elevation of 50-100 m, 30 August 1996, K.C. Yang 4908 (HAST); Hualien Hsien, Yueh-wang-ting to Yen-hai logging tract, 3 April 1991, J.C. Wang et al. 6757 (HAST); Hualien Hsien, Hsiulin Hsiang, Hoping Forest Road, 24°18'26"N, 121°41'57"E, at an elevation of ca. 875 m, 22 August 1996, S.M. Liu et al. 362 (PE); Ilan Hsien, Mohen, 24°26'54"N, 121°37'30"E, 30 September 1930, S. Suzuki 6097 (TAI); Ilan Hsien, Nanao Hsiang, on the way from hiking entrance to Machialanshan, at an elevation of 270 m, 13 January 1994, Y.R. Lin 294 (HAST); Ilan Hsien, Nanaonanhsi, at an elevation of 440 m, 16 August 1995, T.Y. Liu 817 (HAST); Kaosiung Hsien, Taoyuan Hsiang, southern Cross-Island Hwy near Likuan, broadleaf forest, 23°16'57"N, 120°52'24"E, at an elevation of ca. 1800 m, 1 April 1995, T.Y. Liu et al. 509 (IBSC); Nantou Hsien, Chen-you-lan-chi, at an elevation of 1650 m, 7 May 1988, W.H. Hu 663 (IBSC); Pingtung, Kaoshih, 22°7'54"N, 120°50'42"E, 1 January 1929, S. Suzuki 16046 (TAI); Pingtung Hsien, Mutan Hsiang, Gaushr-Mutan, 22°08'22"N, 120°49'49"E, at an elevation of 250 m, roadside, 26 March 1999, C.M. Wang 03970 (IBSC, PE); Pingtung Hsien, Mutan Hsiang, Mutan-Hsushai, 22°11'13"N, 120°51'17"E, on roadside, 12 April 1998, C.M. Wang et al. 03099 (IBSC); Pingtung Hsian, Shihtzu Hsiang, on the way from Neiwen to Shouka, along Hsien road 199, broadleaf forest, 22°13'57"N, 120°51'58"E, at an elevation of ca. 390 m, 6 December 1995, S.M. Liu et al. 140 (PE); Pingtung Hsien, Tahanshan, 22°24'N, 120°46'E, at an elevation of 600 m, 20 September 1996, T.T. Chen 7883 (PE); Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, on Hsuehshan forest, at road mileage sign 23.7 km, 24°14'57"N, 120°55'30"E, at an elevation of 1600 m, 5 May 1999, S.H. Wu 1277 (KUN); Taichung Hsien, Hoping Hsiang, at an elevation of ca. 1100 m, 29 May 1999, C.H. Chen et al. 2737 (HAST); Tainan, Lungtien, 23°12'5"N, 120°16'33"E, 17 May 1942, Senbenlin 303 (TAI); Taipei Hsien, Nankang, local hills up the Hu-Shih Park, at an elevation of ca. 50-100 m, 14 April 1991, C.I. Peng et al. 13898 (PE); Taipei, Peitou, 25°7'42"N, 121°29'42"E, 5 May 1935, H. Shimada 360 (TAI); Taipei Hsien, Yangmingshan National Park, Tatunshan, 25°22'00"N, 121°31'31"E, at an elevation of ca. 825-840 m, on exposed trail, 10 November 1994, H.Y. Shen et al. 275 (KUN); Taitung Hsien, Lanyu Hsiang, Hsiangtienchih, 22°04'50"N, 121°30'05"E, at an elevation of 180 m, semi-shaded, 28 April 1997, S.T. Chiu & J.N. Chen 04099 (IBSC); Taitung Hsien, Lanyu Hsiang, Langtao, Pond Hsiaotienchih, at an elevation of 150-180 m, 9 July 1997, T.Y.A. Yang et al. 08597 (IBSC); Taitung Hsien, Lutao Hsiang, along the paved road from Nanliao to Huoshaoshan, at an elevation of 100 m, 9 October 2001, Y.Y. Huang 753 (PE); Taoyuan Hsien, Fuhsiang Hsiang, Litungshanchuang-Shankuang, 24°40'47"N, 121°20'23"E, at an elevation of 960 m, on roadside of broadleaf forest, 4 January 1996, C.M. Wang & H.M. Lin 01953 (IBSC); Taoyuan Hsien, Nankan, 24°59'17"N, 121°18'22"E, 5 May 1929, Y. Yamamoto s.n. (TAI).

Figures

Figure 1. A holotype of Glochidion assamicum var. magnicapsulum Croiatz & Hara (A. Henry 117, A) B holotype of G. kusukusense Hayata (B. Hayata & S. Sasaki s. n., TI) C lectotype of G. lanceolatum Hayata (T. Makino s. n., TI) D holotype of G. chademenosocarpum Hayata (B. Hayata s. n., TI) E isotype of G. rubrum Blume (C. L. von Blume s. n., NY) F isolectotype of G. suishaense Hayata (B. Hayata s. n., TI).

Figure 2. General morphology of Glochidion A-C G. acuminatum var. acuminatum Muell. Arg D, E, H G. ellipticum Wight F, G G. lanceolatum Hayata I-K G. philippicum (Cav.) C. B. Rob L, P G. puberum (L.) Hutch M-O G. rubrum Blume Q-S G. zeylanicum var. zeylanicum (Gaertn.) A. Juss T-V G. zeylanicum var. tomentosum Trimen A, D, F, I, M, R, T female flowers B, E, J, S, U male flowers C, G, H, K, N-Q, V fruits L female flowers and male flowers N male flowers and fruits. Photographs: A-C, F, G, I-K, M-O, Q-U by A. Kawakita (Kyoto University, Japan) D-E, H, L, P by G. Yao V Z. Q. Song.