Dissochaeta annulata Hook.f. ex Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 83, tab. 7, fig. 89a. 1872.

Kartonegoro, Abdulrokhman, Veldkamp, Jan Frits, Hovenkamp, Peter & Welzen, Peter van, 2018, A revision of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae, Dissochaeteae), PhytoKeys 107, pp. 1-178 : 1

4. Dissochaeta annulata Hook.f. ex Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 83, tab. 7, fig. 89a. 1872. Fig. 5 , Map 3

Diplectria annulata (Hook. f. ex Triana) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 246. 1891.

Dissochaeta robinsonii Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 11: 298. 1916. Type: Indonesia. Moluccas: Ambon, Hitoemesen, 100 m elev., 5 Nov 1913, C.B. Robinson 2024 (lectotype, designated here: BO [BO1747982]!; isolectotypes: BM [BM000944486]!, GH [GH00072242, image seen]!, K [K000859510]!, L [L0537257]!, NY [NY00228565, image seen]!, P [P02274818]!, US [US00120532, image seen]!).

Dissochaeta johannis-winkleri O.Schwartz, Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 7: 251. 1931. Type: Indonesia. West Kalimantan: Lebang Hara 160 m elev., 5 Dec 1924, J. Winkler 590 (lectotype, designated here: HBG [HBG522821, image seen]!; isolectotypes: BO [BO1865970]!, HBG [HBG522822, image seen]!).

Dissochaeta deusta Ohwi, Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 57: 6. 1943. Type: Indonesia. West Papua: Nabire, Dallman, 400 m elev., 1 Mar 1940, R. Kanehira & S. Hatusima 11999 (lectotype, designated here: FU, n.v.; isolectotypes: BO [BO1747983]!, L [L0537258]!).

Dissochaeta simalurensis Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 228. 1943. Type: Indonesia. Aceh: Simaloer Eiland, 24 Jun 1919, Achmad 1197 (holotype: L [L0537260]!; isotype: BO!).

Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex Triana var. robinsonii (Merr.) Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 231. 1943.

Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex Triana var. setosa Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 231. 1943. Type: Indonesia. West Sumatra: Mentawai Eilanden, Siberoet Eiland, 8 Sep 1924, Iboet 12 (holotype: L [L0537259]!; isotypes: BO [BO1865981, BO1865982]!).

Dissochaeta ramosii auct. non Merr.: Furtado, Gard. Bull. Singapore 20: 112, 1963. p.p., excl. type.

Dissochaeta annulata Hook. f. ex Triana var. johannis-winkleri (O.Schwartz) J.F.Maxwell, Gard. Bull. Singapore 33: 313. 1980.

Type.

Malaysia. Penang: Penang Hill, W. Griffith KD 2268 (lectotype, designated here: K [K000859545]!; isolectotype: K [K000859544]!).

Description.

Climbing up to 30 m in height. Branchlets terete, 3-6 mm in diameter, densely to sparsely brown stellate-furfuraceous to glabrescent, often with dense or scattered bristles; nodes swollen with interpetiolar ridges, internodes 5.5-8 cm long. Leaves: petioles terete, 7-28 mm long, densely stellate-tomentose; blades ovate, 6-15 × 3.5-8 cm, subcoriaceous to coriaceous, rarely membranous, base broadly cordate, rarely rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate, tip 1-1.5 cm long; nervation with 1 or 2 pairs of lateral nerves and 1 pair of intramarginal nerves; adaxially glabrous, bright green with prominent nervation, abaxial greyish-brown, stellate-punctate to tomentose. Inflorescences terminal or in the upper leaf axils, up to 25 cm long, many-flowered; main axis terete to subangular, brown stellate-furfuraceous; primary axis 16-20 cm long with 4-5 nodes, secondary axis 2.5-3 cm long with 1-2 nodes, tertiary axis 0.8-1 cm long with 1 node; bracts lanceolate to oblong, rarely linear, 1-3 × 0.5-1 cm, densely brown stellate-tomentose, caducous; bracteoles lanceolate to oblong, rarely linear, ca. 10 × 5 mm, densely tomentose; pedicels densely tomentose, 3-5 mm long in central flowers, 1-3 mm long in lateral flowers. Hypanthium campanulate, (6 –)10– 15 × (3 –)7– 8 mm, densely stellate-tomentose, sometimes with few scattered gland-tipped bristles up to 1 mm long; calyx lobes truncate with rounded, triangular or acute tips, erect, 1-3 mm long; petal buds conical, 7-8 mm long, bright pink; mature petals ovate to obovate, 12-20 × 10-14 mm, reflexed, base clawed, apex rounded, glabrous with ciliate margin, white or white pinkish. Stamens 8, unequal, filaments curved sideways, light yellow; alternipetalous stamens with (10 –)12– 14 mm long filaments, anthers slender, sickle-shaped, curved, thecae (12 –)16– 18 mm long, maroon, pedoconnective 4-7 mm long, basal crest entire, erose or bifid, up to 2 mm long, lateral appendages paired, filiform, 6-8 mm long, yellow; oppositipetalous stamens with (8 –)10– 12 mm long filaments, anthers S-shaped, thecae (10 –)12– 14 mm long, light yellow, basal crest ligular, obtuse or erose, 1-4 mm long, lateral appendages paired, filiform, 10-12 mm long, yellow. Ovary half as long as hypanthium, apex villous; style (12 –)18– 22 mm long, curved sideways in direction opposite to the filaments, curved at the tip, glabrous, white; stigma minute; extra-ovarial chambers 8, extending to near the base of the ovary. Fruits ovoid to urceolate, sometimes subglobose, (10 –)13– 15 × 5-10 mm, densely stellate tomentose, green brownish; calyx lobes persistent. Seeds ca.0.75 mm long.

Distribution.

Malay Peninsula, Sumatra (Simeuleu, Bangka, Mentawai & Riau Archipelago), Borneo, Sulawesi (South-East), Moluccas and New Guinea.

Ecology and habitat.

Lower montane, evergreen forest on granite, old secondary forest, Kerangas forest, open places at 50-1550 m elevation.

Vernacular names.

Peninsular Malaysia: akar sendudok (Malay). Sumatra: olor sigepu bala (Simeuleu). Borneo: akar kemunting (Iban); gelagan akar (Dayak); kelawit (Ti); ulur-ulur bukit (Brunei); apeh talah (Apokayan).

Notes.

1. One of the most widespread species in the Malesian Region. Surprisingly never found in mainland Sumatra, only on Simeuleu Island, Mentawai Islands, Riau Archipelago and Bangka Island. The species also does not occur in the Philippines and the southern part of Malesia (Java to the Lesser Sunda Islands); in Sulawesi, it was only found in the South-eastern Peninsula.

2. The appearance of D. annulata resembles that of D. axillaris and D. bracteata in the shape of the leaf blades and the stamens. It differs from D. axillaris by its terminal inflorescence (instead of axillary) and slightly triangular calyx lobes (instead of truncate). It is distinct from D. bracteata by its densely brown stellate-tomentose indumentum in most parts and the campanulate hypanthium, while D. bracteata is mostly glabrous with a more tubular hypanthium.

3. The establishment of varieties was initiated by Bakhuizen van den Brink f. (1943) and Maxwell (1980b) and it was mostly based on inconstant characters. The variety robinsonii was based on the rather small size of the inflorescences, including the size of hypanthium and bracts compared to typical D. annulata ; we consider size too variable to support the separation of taxa, especially when all the other characters are similar, e.g. indument, hypanthium shape, stamen shape. Moreover, other varieties, johannis-winkleri and setosa , are only based on a simple character such as a more setose indumentum with additional bristles on the part of flowers and fruits. Since the variation in these characters is continuous, it is better to merge these varieties into the synonymy of D. annulata .

Selected specimens examined.

MALAYSIA. Johor: Gunung Blumut, 900 m, 24 Mar 1923, R.E. Holttum SFN 10657 (BM, BO, K); Gunung Ledang, 900 m, 17 Jul 1969, T.C. Whitmore FRI 12371 (K, L); Kota Tinggi, 50 m, 22 Apr 1978, J.F. Maxwell 78-207 (L); Labis forest Reserve, Endau River, 24 Jul 1977, J.F. Maxwell 77-359 (L). Pahang: Fraser’s Hill, 4 Aug 1967, J.C. Carrick 1613 (K, L); Kuantan, Panching, 130 m, 8 Jun 1968, H. Ogata 10513 (L); Tasek Bera, 16 Oct 1930, M.R. Henderson SFN 24057 (K). Penang: Penang Hill, W. Griffith KD 2268 (K); Government Hill, A.C. Maingay KD 788 (K, L). Perak: B. Scortechini 235 (L, P). Selangor: Genting Highlands, Gunong Ulu Kali, 1500 m, 9 Apr 1978, J.F. Maxwell 78-81a (L); Ulu Gombak, 26 May 1966, J.C. Carrick 1474 (K, L). Terengganu: Jerteh, Ulu Besut, Bukit Tangga, 900 m, 19 Jul 1984, M. Shah & Mahmud 4944 (L). Sabah: Keningau, Nabawan, 21 Aug 1976, Dewol SAN 83879 (K, L); Lamag, Gunong Lotong, Inarat, 400 m, 22 May 1976, P.F. Cockburn SAN 83349 (K, L); Ranau, Lohan to Mamut Copper Mine, 1000 m, 9 Jul 1984, J.H. Beaman et al. 10647 (K, L); Ibid., Mount Kinabalu, Eastern Shoulder, 1066 m, 14 Jun 1961, W.L. Chew, E.J.H. Corner & A. Stainton RSNB 69 (BO, K, L); Tenom, Kemabong-Katubu, 29 Apr 1972, P.F. Cockburn & Saikeh SAN 70032 (K, L); Sandakan, Sep–Dec 1920, M. Ramos BS 1207 (BO, PNH); Tawau, Tawau Hill, 300 m, 15 Jul 1974, Aban & George SAN 79761 (K, L). Sarawak: O. Beccari PB 3282 (K, P); Kuching, Matang, 760 m, G.D. Haviland 546 (K); Baram, Kelabit Highland 1066 m, 6 Nov 1974, P.K. Chai S.35320 (K, L); Bintulu, Nyabau, 90 m, 15 Jun 1966, Sibat ak Luang S.24556 (BO, K, L); Marudi, Tinjar, Ulu Dapoi, 14 Apr 1965, E. Wright S.23062 (K, L); Balingian, Ulu Sg. Arip, Bukit Iju, 24 Jul 1965, Sibat ak Luang S.23617 (BO, K, L); Niah, Gunung Subis, Jan 1961, Mohidin S.21636 (K, L); Betong, Bukit Sadok, 15 Oct 1982. Banyeng & Ilias Paie S.45094 (K, L). SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah, 1893, H.N. Ridley 5087 (BM). BRUNEI. Temburong: Bukit Belalong, 21 Jul 1989, K.M. Wong 1434 (K). INDONESIA. Aceh: Simeuleu Island, 24 Jun 1919, Achmad 1197 (BO, L). Bangka Belitung: Bangka, Lobok Besar, G. Mangkol, 50 m, 12 Sep 1949, A.J.G.H. Kostermans & Anta 632 (BO, K, L). Riau Archipelago: Bintan Island, Gunung Bintan, 350 m, 13 Jun 1919, H.A.B. Bünnemeijer 6158 (BO). West Sumatra: Mentawai Islands, Siberut Island, 8 Sep 1924, Iboet 12 (BO, L). Central Kalimantan: Katingan-Seruyan Logging Area, 212 m, 27 Jul 2011, R. Susanti et al. 276 (BO). East Kalimantan: G. Beratus, 700 m, 18 Jul 1952, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 7595 (BO, K, L); Long Sungai Barang, 750 m, 6 May 1993, J. Van Valkenburg 1252 (BO, L, P); Muan Region, Sungai Riko, 20 m, Dec 1950, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 4386 (BO, L). North Kalimantan: Long Bawan, Krayan, 1150 m, 17 Jul 1981, M. Kato, H. Okamoto & E.B. Walujo B-9017 (BO, L). West Kalimantan: Pontianak, Bentiang, Gunung Mayung, 800 m, 28 Oct 1980, G. Shea 26643 (BO, L); Sintang, Bukit Baka National Park, 310 m, 9 Nov 1993, A.C. Church et al. 637 (L); Lebang Hara, 160 m, 5 Dec 1924, J. Winkler 590 (BO, HBG); Ketapang, Gunung Palung National Park, Cabang Panti, 930 m, 20 Oct 1997, T.G. Laman et al. 1357 (BO, L). South East Sulawesi: North Kolaka, Mt. Mekongga, 931 m, 30 Jun 2011, E.A. Widjaja et al. 9718 (BO). Moluccas: Ambon, Hitumesen, 100 m, 5 Nov 1913, C.B. Robinson 2024 (BM, BO, GH, K, L, NY, P, US); Waai, Bukit Pompule, 450 m, 28 Dec 1984, Ramlanto 461 (BO, L); Ceram, Honitetu-Wae Tuba, 4 Feb 1938, P.J. Eyma 2770 (BO); Obi, Anggai, Gunung Batu Putih, 300 m, 20 Nov 1974, E.F. de Vogel 4181 (BO, L). North Moluccas: Halmahera, Weda Bay, Tolu Blewen Camp, 475 m, 3 Feb 2013, Gushilman, Haris & Lasut 382 (BO, L). Papua: Yapen Island, Nyora Uta, 750 m, 14 Aug 1997, E.A. Widjaja, T. Partomihardjo & A. Ruskandi 6894 (BO, K, L). West Papua: Nabire, Dallman, 400 m, 1 Mar 1940, R. Kanehira & S. Hatusima 11999 (BO, L); Sorong, Remu River, 8 May 1954, P. van Royen 4081 (L). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Central Province: Bereina, between Kubuna and Bakoiudu, 14 Jan 1981, N.A. Vinas & Nagari UPNG 4849 (L). East Sepik: Hunstein Range 440 m, 18 Jul 1990, W. Takeuchi 6192 (BO, K, L). Manus: Lorengau, Buyang, 530 m, 7 Mar 1981, J. Kerenga & J.R. Croft LAE 77282 (K, L). Morobe: Buko Creek, Gurakor, 487 m, 11 Jan 1962, A.N. Millar NGF 14452 (K, L); Wampit River, Bupu River, 762 m, 3 Mar 1964, A.N. Millar NGF 23241 (BO, K, L); Lae, 200 m, 21 Nov 1973, M. Jacobs 9676 (BO, L).

Figures

Map 3. Distribution of D. annulata (●).

Figure 5. Dissochaeta annulata a habit b branchlet c hypanthium d flower e fruit. Photographs by D. Penneys, vouchers: Penneys 2506 (WNC).