Cremna pupillata Stichel, 1915

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Genomic analysis reveals new species and subspecies of butterflies, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11 (6), pp. 1-63 : 19-22

publication ID	4594F1CA-9EE8-4A80-A0CA-792676139D20
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4594F1CA-9EE8-4A80-A0CA-792676139D20
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D20187A3-0260-8C34-FE5A-F9CAFCA1FDDF
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Cremna pupillata Stichel, 1915
status

Treatment

Cremna pupillata Stichel, 1915 View in CoL is a species distinct from Cremna alector ( Geyer, 1837)

Genomic analysis reveals that specimens identified as Cremna alector ( Geyer, 1837) (type locality in Brazil) partition into two genetically differentiated clades suggestive of species level ( Fig. 19): e.g., their COI barcodes differ by 3.6% (24 bp). Upon phenotypic inspection, we find that specimens in one clade have white spots by forewing costa in the postdiscal blue band, and specimens in the other clade lack them, among other differences discussed by Hall (2005). While syntypes of C. alector are likely lost, original illustrations of this species show the lack of spots ( Geyer 1837). Inspecting these illustrations, we alector pupillata Stichel, 1910 (type locality in Brazil: Espírito Santo, sequenced as NVG-21125A10) has the spots and thus, according to our genomic results, is a species different from C. alector , represented by two specimens without spots from Linhares, Espírito Santo in Brazil ( Fig. 19). Therefore, we propose that Cremna pupillata Stichel, 1915 , stat. nov. is a species distinct from Cremna alector ( Geyer, 1837) .

A species list of Napaeina J. Hall, 2003 assigned to genera

The list below is mostly based on previously published results ( Callaghan and Lamas 2004; Hall 2005; Seraphim et al. 2018; Zhang et al. 2021) guided by the genome-level phylogeny ( Fig. 20) and is given to correct some ambiguities and mistakes. For example, Zhang et al. (2021) gave an erroneous combination Napaea sanarita (Schaus, 1902) ( type locality in Brazil: Rio de Janeiro) while correctly resurrecting the genus Eucorna Strand, 1932 of which Eucora sanarita Schaus, 1902 is the type and the only species

Cremna E. Doubleday, 1847 ( type species Papilio actoris Cramer, 1776 ), not Napaea Hübner, 1819 ( type species Cremna eucharila Bates, 1867 ) ( Fig. 20).

Assignment of species to genera follows our study (Zhang et al. 2021), and we attempt arranging species in the list to maximize the phenotypic similarity of the neighbors but without disrupting a phylogenetic order given by genomic trees ( Fig. 20): i.e., a strongly supported clade in the trees is a continuous segment in the list. We start with Hyphilaria , but the order of the entire list can be reversed. We put Cremna and Napaea next to each other because species in these genera are similar ( Hall 2005). To maintain phylogenetic order, the considerations above necessitate placing Ithomiola last. Finally, we situate Eucorna next to Cremna instead of it being last in the list because Eucorna looks more different from Ithomiola than from Cremna . Similar arguments were applied within each genus. Further suggestions about the order to optimize similarity in appearance between neighbors are encouraged.

Only valid names of genera and species are given below; for subspecies, see the Butterflies of America website (Warren et al. 2023); for synonyms and taxonomic discussions, see other publications ( Callaghan and Lamas 2004; Hall 2005). Type genus (for family-group names) or type species (for genusgroup names) names are given in parenthesis, and names of type species are underlined.

Kingdom	Animalia
Phylum	Arthropoda
Class	Insecta
Order	Lepidoptera
Family	Riodinidae
Genus	Cremna

Cremna pupillata Stichel, 1915

Cremna pupillata Stichel, 1915

Napaea rufolimba

Ithomiola bajotanos

Napaea tumbesia

Cremna pupillata