Capsicum frutescens

McQuate, Grant T., Liquido, Nicanor J. & Nakamichi, Kelly A. A., 2017, Annotated World Bibliography of Host Plants of the Melon Fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett) (Diptera: Tephritidae), Insecta Mundi 2017 (527), pp. 1-339 : 32-65

Capsicum frutescens L. var. fasciculatum (Sturtev.) L. H. Bailey , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum frutescens L. var. grossum (L.) L. H. Bailey, see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum frutescens L. var. longum (Sendtn.) L. H. Bailey , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum grossum L., see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum minimum Blanco , see Capsicum frutescens L.

Capsicum petenense Standl. , see Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum

Capsicum spp.

Family: Solanaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 300105

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Capsicum sp. fruit(s), originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on two occasions: once in 2001 and once in 2005. Average recovery was 5.5 live larvae.

Listing Only: + Hardy and Adachi 1956 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett ; listed as peppers); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kalshoven 1981 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pepper); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as chillies); + Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as American chillies); + Mathew et al. 1999 (listed as chilli); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as peppers); Meksongsee et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Capsicum sp. and as chilli); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as chili peppers); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as pepper); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as peppers); + Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as peppers); + Tsatsia and Hollingsworth 1997 (listed as capsicum); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as chilli).

Carica papaya L.

Family: Caricaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 9147

Common Names: mamão (Portuguese-Brazil), mamón (Spanish), Melonenbaum (German), papaia (Portuguese-Brazil), papaja (Swedish), Papajabaum (German), Papajapflanze (German), papaya (English) , papayer (French), papayero (Spanish), pawpaw (English-Australia).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Mexico; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama.

Naturalized: AFRICA: East Tropical Africa – Tanzania, South Tropical Africa – Malawi; NORTH- ERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Florida; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Brazil: Brazil; Caribbean: Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands ( U.S.); Northern South America: French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela; Brazil: Brazil; Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; Southern South America: Argentina, Paraguay.

Cultivated: ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia; PACIFIC – North-Central Pacific: United States – Hawaii.

Field Infestation:

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Carica papaya (listed as papaya) is listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae . The authors state that adult melon flies have been reared from papaya, but that papaya does not serve regularly as a host; that it is attacked by melon fly only in rare instances, and then only slightly.

+ Couey et al. 1984:

Hilo and Kona District, Hawaii Island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From March 1979 to August 1981, 2,723 one-half ripe C. papaya fruits (1,350.5 kg) and 2,390 ripe C. papaya fruits (1,121.7 kg) (listed as papaya) were collected from picking bins at a Hilo area packing house. Fruits were held at ambient temperature (19–24°C) for 4 weeks in wood and screen trays over sand in fiberglass holding boxes. Pupae were removed from the sand and held for adult emergence and species identificaton. Recovery was 4,366 pupae from one-half ripe papayas and 61,592 pupae from ripe papayas of which 3.1% (135) and 7.1% (4,373) were B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), respectively (0.100 and 3.90 pupae/kg fruit, respectively). Over 90% of the recovered pupae at both ripeness stages were B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ).

From May to July, 1979, 330 one-half ripe papayas (135.8 kg) and 33 ripe papaya (146.4 kg) were collected in fields in the Kona District and held as described above. Recovery was 6 pupae from one-half ripe papayas and 2,964 pupae from ripe papayas of which 0.0% (0) and 0.1% (1) were B. cucurbitae , respectively (0.0 and 0.0068 pupae/kg fruit, respectively). Over 99% of the recovered pupae at both ripeness stages were B. dorsalis .

Liquido et al. 1989:

Maui and Hawaii Islands, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Ripe C. papaya fruits (cv. ‘Kapoho Solo’) were collected from the tree and from the ground from ten locations on the Island of Maui (1949–1952) and from nine locations on Hawaii Island (1950–1981). Fruits were held over sand in fiberglass boxes. The sand was sieved to recover pupariating larvae and pupae which were then transferred to 0.25 liter jars containing sand and held for adult emergence. Out of 303 fruits collected on the Island of Maui, no B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered, while 0.02 B. cucurbitae per fruit were recovered from 3,107 fruits collected on Hawai Island.

Kealakekua, Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Carica papaya fruits of four to five ripeness categories were randomly collected weekly from May to July 1979 and monthly from September 1979 to April 1980 from orchards in lower Kealakekua and held similarly to the methods described above. Fruits were held separately by ripeness category (mature green, color break, one-fourth-ripe, half-ripe and fully ripe). From the weekly samples, no B. cucurbitae was recovered from 300 mature green fruits, 300 one-fourth-ripe fruits or from 300 half-ripe fruits, while 0.003 flies per fruit were recovered from 300 fully ripe fruits. From the monthly samples, no B. cucurbitae was recovered from 247 mature green fruits, 89 color break fruits, 267 onefourth-ripe fruits, 254 half-ripe fruits or from 292 fully ripe fruits.

Puna, Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Carica papaya fruits of five ripeness categories (mature green, one-fourth-ripe, half-

ripe, three-fourths-ripe and fully ripe) were collected biweekly from November 1985 to December 1986 in four papaya orchards in the District of Puna. Fruits were held over wheat bran media in plastic buckets. The bran medium was sieved to recover pupariating larvae and pupae which were transferred to 0.25 liter plastic cups containing sand and held for adult emergence. For mature green fruits, 5 of 1,669 were infested by B. cucurbitae , with averages of 0.23% of fruits infested and an average of 0.020 B. cucurbitae per fruit. For one-fourth-ripe fruits, 8 of 2,092 were infested by B. cucurbitae , with averages of 0.325% of fruits infested and an average of 0.011 B. cucurbitae per fruit. For half-ripe fruits, 23 of 1,536 were infested by B. cucurbitae , with averages of 1.35% of fruits infested and an average of 0.78 B. cucurbitae per fruit. For three-fourths-ripe fruits, 86 of 1,367 were infested by B. cucurbitae , with averages of 4.49% of fruits infested and an average of 0.67 B. cucurbitae per fruit. For fully ripe fruits, 248 of 1,352 were infested by B. cucurbitae , with averages of 12.96% of fruits infested and an average of 2.26 B. cucurbitae per fruit. The maximum rates of infestation were found in the Nanawale papaya orchard where percentages were 0.92, 0.79, 3.78, 14.23, and 35.21% in the five fruit ripeness categories, respectively.

Liquido 1990:

Puna, Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Carica papaya cv. ‘Kapoho Solo’ fruits of three maturity classes were collected from

1.5–2-year-old trees in two orchards in Puna from June 1987 to April 1989 to assess the effect of morphological defects in the blossom end of C. papaya fruits on infestation rates by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The condition of the blossom end of the fruit was noted for each collected fruit (normal, pinhole or navel [resembling the blossom end of navel oranges]). Collected fruits were held for the assessment of infestation by tephritid fruit flies as described above in Liquido et al. 1989. Among mature green to color-break fruits, only 1 normal fruit (out of 3,048 fruits; 0.033%) was infested by B. cucurbitae , while no fruits with aberrant blossom ends were infested (582 small pinhole fruits, 65 large pinhole fruits and 17 navel fruits). Among quarter- to half-ripe fruits, 12 normal fruits (out of 1,547 fruits; 0.78%) and 3 small pinhole fruits (out of 454 fruits; 0.66%) were infested while no infestation was found in large pinhole fruits (out of 45) or navel fruits (out of 7). Among three-quarters-ripe to fully ripe fruits, 26 normal fruits (out of 735 fruits; 3.5%), 2 small pinhole fruits (out of 187 fruits; 1.1%) and 1 large pinhole fruit (out of 35 fruits; 2.9%) were infested while no navel fruits (out of 7) were infested. Liquido 1991a:

Kalapana, Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Carica papaya cv. ‘Kapoho Solo’ fruits of three maturity classes, as well as fully ripe fruit on trees versus on the ground, were collected from an orchard in Kalapana to assess the effect of fruit ripeness and location (fully ripe fruits on trees versus on the ground) on parasitization of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) by braconid parasitoids. Fruits were held over wheat bran media in plastic buckets. The bran medium was sieved to recover pupariating larvae and pupae which were transferred to 0.25 liter plastic cups containing sand and held for adult emergence. The number of B. cucurbitae per fruit averaged (by month of collection) 0.002 (range: 0.0 – 0.02), 0.04 (range: 0.0–0.47), 0.39 (range: 0.0–3.06), and 19.82 (range: 8.62–36.59) in mature green to color break fruits, quarter- to half-ripe fruits, fully ripe tree fruits and fully ripe ground fruits, respectively.

Liquido 1991b:

Kalapana, Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Three-quarters-ripe to fully ripe, tree and ground C. papaya cv. ‘Kapoho Solo’ fruits were collected weekly between August 1988 and May 1990 from a papaya orchard in Kalapana. Fruits were held over wheat bran media in plastic buckets. The bran medium was sieved to recover pupariating larvae and pupae which were transferred to 0.25 liter plastic cups containing sand and held for adult emergence. The density (by month) per fruit of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in fruits on the ground and in trees ranged from 5.80 to 44.79 and from 0.0 to 1.44, respectively. Average infestation rates (by month) in fruits on the ground and in trees ranged between 36 and 83%, and between 0.0 and 9.0%, respectively.

Liquido 1991c:

Moloaa, Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Carica papaya cv. ‘Waimanalo’ fruits of six visual ripeness categories were collected weekly from January 1988 to September 1990 from a papaya orchard in Moloaa, Island of Kauai. Fruits were held over wheat bran media in plastic buckets. The bran medium was sieved to recover pupariating larvae and pupae which were transferred to 0.25 liter plastic cups containing sand and held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was observed only in 3 fully ripe fruits (out of 367 fruits; 0.82%). One (1) fruit in May 1990 had 2 B. cucurbitae larvae and 2 fruits in September 1990 each had 3 B. cucurbitae larvae. No B. cucurbitae infestation was found in mature green (585 fruits), color break (174), quarter-ripe (154), half-ripe (187) or three-quarters-ripe (410) fruits.

Liquido and Cunningham 1990:

Puna, Hawaii island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Carica papaya cv. ‘Kapoho’ fruits of six visual ripeness categories (mature green,

color-turning, one-fourth-ripe, half-ripe, three-fourths-ripe and fully ripe) were collected biweekly from September 1985 to July 1988 from five papaya orchards in the District of Puna to determine the relationship between colorimetric quantitative ripeness indices and rates of infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Hunter LabScan Spectrocolorimeter readings for all fruits were taken for the blossom end and for the most yellow spot on the fruit. Fruits were held over wheat bran media in plastic buckets. The bran medium was sieved to recover pupariating larvae and pupae which were transferred to 0.25 liter plastic cups containing sand and held for adult emergence. For fruits where the blossom end b value (Bb) was ≤ 23.4 and the most yellow spot b value (Yb) was ≤ 27.4, 8 of 6,877 fruits (0.12%) were infested by B. cucurbitae . When Bb ≤ 23.4 and Yb ≥ 27.5, 5 of 823 fruits (0.61%). When Bb ≥ 23.5 and Yb ≤ 27.4, 3 of 780 fruits (0.38%) were infested. When Bb ≥ 23.5 and Yb ≥ 27.5, 324 of 6,713 fruits (4.8%) were infested. It was concluded that B. cucurbitae can infest papaya fruits at all levels of maturity or ripeness as measured by Bb and Yb values of the fruits.

McBride and Tanada 1949:

Kailua, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

C. B. Keck observed Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) ovipositing in a small, ripe C. papaya fruit in Kailua, on the Island of Oahu, on 28 August 1946. The fruit was placed over sand in a cage and 55 melon flies were recovered. The authors listed C. papaya as a fruit that is rarely injured.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 2,906 C. papaya fruits were collected (95 collections overall) from four islands/island groups (Amami, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 9 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in each of the islands/ island groups) of 0.31%.

Mwatawala et al. 2009a:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Mature C. papaya fruits were randomly collected at regular intervals between October

2004 and October 2006 from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. One (1) of 11 (9.09%) C. papaya samples (6.51 kg) was infested by B. cucurbitae .

Mwatawala et al. 2009b:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Carica papaya fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 to October

2006 and between August to December, 2007 from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 43 collected fruits (13.462 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 0.15 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Ninety-nine (99) mature C. papaya fruits (28.663 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 1 of 38 collections (2.63%), with an overall infestation rate of 0.07 flies/kg fruit and 4.31 flies/kg infested fruit.

+ Nishida 1953:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Infested C. papaya fruits (listed as papaya) were collected at cultivated areas in

Waimanalo on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii between 1950 and 1951. Nine hundred and one (901) B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered from the fruits. Number of fruits and infestation rate data were not given.

Nishida 1955:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Infested C. papaya fruits, with nearly full grown B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae, were collected at cultivated areas in the Waimanalo area on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii between 1950 and 1951. Larvae were extracted from fruits and placed in small wax paper cups containing pumpkin pulp. The cups were placed on sand in jars in which a high humidity was maintained. Nine hundred and one (901) B. cucurbitae larvae were recovered from the fruits. Number of fruits and infestation rate data not given.

+ Nishida and Haramoto 1953:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Twenty-one (21) C. papaya fruits (listed as papaya) were collected from three sites

(Waianae, Manoa Valley, Waimanalo) on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii where adult flies of both B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) and B. dorsalis (listed as D. dorsalis ) were known to be present. Fruits were held in containers until adult emergence. On average, 42.0% of tephritids recovered were B. cucurbitae with an average recovery of 44.9 B. cucurbitae per fruit (range: 0–215).

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Tephritid fruit fly puparia were recovered from field-infested C. papaya fruits (listed as papaya), separated by species ( B. cucurbitae [listed as Dacus cucurbitae ] and B. dorsalis [listed as Dacus dorsalis ]), and held for adult emergence. Out of 221 adult tephritids that emerged, 33 were B. cucurbitae and 188 were B. dorsalis .

Tsuruta et al. 1997:

Sri Lanka

Four (4) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from an unspecifed number of C. papaya fruits collected from the Kiralogama area of Sri Lanka. No infestation rate data were given.

Vargas et al. 1990:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

During March 1987 and February 1989, 13 (year one) and 8 (year two) samples of Carica papaya fruits were collected in the Moloaa area on the Island of Kauai. Fruits were placed on metal trays in plastic holding boxes containing sand. Mature B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae and pupae, recovered through weekly sifting of the sand, were held for adult emergence. Out of 600 fruits collected in year one, 3,226 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which only B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ) adults emerged. Out of 122 fruits collected in year two, 3,755 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which 1,626 B. dorsalis and 1 B. cucurbitae adults emerged. Bactrocera cucurbitae year two infestation rate was 0.02 adults per kg fruit. Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Carica papaya fruit(s), originating in Hawaii, at airports in Hawaii on 18 occasions (Hilo–2; Kailua-Kona–3; Honolulu–11; Kahului–2) between 1995 and 2005. Average recovery was 14.8 live larvae.

USDA 1924:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from C. papaya which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in Pennsylvania between 1 January 1923 and 31 December 1923. Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1948a:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from papaya ( C. papaya ) which originated in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in nonentry host) between 1 July 1945 and 30 June 1946 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA. Lab Infestation:

Arévalo-Galarza and Follett 2011:

Two (2) half- to three-quarters-ripe C. papaya fruits were placed inside a screen cage with 50 gravid female B. cucurbitae for 6 hours, after which the infested fruits were removed from the cage and held over sand for 2 weeks for pupariation and adult eclosion (three replications). An average of 264 B. cucurbitae pupae was recovered from the C. papaya fruits.

In a second study, 2 half- to three-quarters-ripe papaya fruits were placed inside a screen cage with 50 gravid female B. cucurbitae for 24 hours, after which the infested fruits were removed from the cage and held over sand for 2 weeks for pupariation and adult eclosion (three replications as a control for egg stage quarantine treatment tests and three replications as a control for 1 st instar stage quarantine treatment tests). Averages of 218.8±62.8 and 106.7±24.7 pupae per fruit were recovered from the control fruits for the egg test and the 1 st instar test, respectively.

Armstrong et al. 1989:

Color break to half-ripe C. papaya fruits (variety ‘Solo’) were artificially infested by three different developmental stages (egg, 1 st instar, and 3 rd instar) of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Approximately one hundred fifty (150) 1–18-h-old eggs were inserted under a plug taken from the papaya fruit (egg stage [12 replications]; fruits held 24 h after infestation to get 1 st instar stage [9 replications]), while approximately one hundred (100) 3 rd instars reared from eggs placed on larval diet were placed under the plug for the 3 rd instar stage tests [18 replications]). Infested fruits were placed on trays with dry larval rearing diet and held for 2 weeks. Recovered pupae were held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery was 33,122 adults from 65.96 kg of C. papaya fruits (502.2 adults/kg fruit) [egg stage tests]; 33,491 adults from 63.15 kg of C. papaya fruits (530.3 adults/ kg fruit) [1 st instar tests]; and 25,981 adults from 101.64 kg of C. papaya fruits (255.6 adults/kg fruit) [3 rd instar tests].

Armstrong et al. 1995:

Color break to half-ripe C. papaya fruits (variety ‘Kapoho Solo’) were artificially infested by three different developmental stages (egg, 1 st instar and 3 rd instar) of B. cucurbitae . Approximately one hundred fifty (150) 1–18-h-old eggs were inserted under a plug taken from the papaya fruit (egg stage [5 replications]; fruits held 24 h after infestation to get 1 st instar stage [five replications], while approximately one hundred (100) 3 rd instars reared from eggs placed on larval diet were placed under the plug for the 3 rd instar stage tests [five replications]). Infested fruits were placed on trays with dry larval rearing diet and held for 2 weeks. Recovered pupae were held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery was 14,918 adults from 29.82 kg of C. papaya fruits (500.3 adults/kg fruit) [egg stage tests]; 14,325 adults from 27.04 kg of C. papaya fruits (529.8 adults/kg fruit) [1 st instar tests]; and 20,691 adults from 24.64 kg of C. papaya fruits (839.7 adults/kg fruit) [3 rd instar tests].

Back and Pemberton 1914:

Eleven (11) B. cucurbitae larvae were able to complete instars one–three on C. papaya ,

transferred from one piece of pulp to a fresh piece of pulp, in an average time of 4 days and 12.8 hours at an average temperature of 25.8°C.

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Twelve (12) B. cucurbitae larvae were able to complete instars one–three on C. papaya

(listed as papaya), transferred daily from one piece of pulp to a fresh piece of pulp, in an average time of 4 days and 10.9 hours at an average temperature of 25.8°C.

Carey et al. 1985:

Fifty (50) newly hatched 1 st generation B. cucurbitae larvae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae )

(four replications) were added to a small portion of C. papaya fruit and held at 25 (±2.0)°C and 60.0 (±6.0)% RH in a covered Petri plate, with additional host material added as needed. When some of the larvae approached maturity, the Petri plate was opened and placed in sand in a larger container to allow for pupation. The sand was then sifted daily to recover pupae which were held at the same conditions of temperature and relative humidity. On average, 85% of the larvae survived to adult emergence, with an average larval to adult development time of 18.7 days.

Chawla 1966:

In captivity, female B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) laid eggs on cut fruits of C. papaya . The eggs hatched and larval development proceeded normally through adult emergence.

+ Couey and Hayes 1986:

Carica papaya fruits (listed as papaya) were harvested at early color stages to minimize natural infestation, then held for 2 to 3 days under fly-free conditions. Sevety-five (75) fruits (41.8 kg) were exposed to ca. 15,000 adult B. cucurbitae flies (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) (~1/2 gravid females) for 24 h. The control fruits were held for 2 weeks in a cabinet on fruit fly rearing diet with sand at the bottom, from which 18,308 pupae (438.0 pupae/kg fruit) were recovered.

+ Couey et al. 1984:

An unspecified number of C. papaya fruits (listed as papaya), of unspecified maturity level, weighing 164.4 kg, was exposed to gravid B. cucurbitae females (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) for 24 hours. Fruits were held at ambient temperature (19–24°C) for 4 weeks in wood and screen trays over sand in fiberglass holding boxes. Pupae were removed from the sand and held for adult emergence. Recovery was 30,554 pupae for an infestation rate of 185.9 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit.

Dong et al. 2011:

Infestation was tested for mature green, 1–2-yellow-stripe, 2–3-yellow-stripe, 5-yellow-

stripe, and mature yellow (fully ripe) C. papaya fruits var. ‘Tainung No. 2’, and mature green, quarter-, half-, and mature-yellow fruits of C. papaya var. ‘Sunrise’. In separate screen cages, three adult fly densities (5, 10, and 20 pairs) were introduced to individual fruits with results replicated 10 or 15 times. In variety ‘Tainung No. 2,’ there was 33.3% infestation in 5-yellow-stripe fruits infested by 20 pairs (8.9±14.0 [standard error] eggs per fruit); 33.3% infestation in mature-yellow fruits (37.8±70.5 eggs per fruit). No infestation was observed for other ripeness categories and fly introduction densities. In variety ‘Sunrise ’, there was 6.7% infestation in quarter-yellow fruits infested by 20 pairs (5.4±20.9 eggs per fruit); 33.3% infestation in half-yellow fruits infested by 20 pairs (16.3±36.2 eggs per fruit); 20.0% (20.1±46.9), 40.0% (83.4±131.6), and 40.0% (112.9±242.0) infestation (eggs per fruit) in mature-yellow fruits for fruits infested by 5, 10, and 20 pairs respectively. No infestation was observed for other ripeness categories and fly introduction densities.

Follett et al. 2009:

Five (5) C. papaya cv. “Rainbow” fruits (average of 327.9 g), each force-infested by 50

gravid female B. cucurbitae in an outdoor screen cage for 6 hours, yielded an average (±SEM) of 546.6 (±150.6) puparia, equivalent to 1710 (±520) pupae/kg fruit, with 61.2% (±7.7%) adult emergence from the puparia.

Follett et al. 2011:

One ripe C. papaya cv. ‘Rainbow’ fruit (average weight 297.5 g) was exposed to 50 gravid B. cucurbitae adults flies in an outdoor screen cage for 6 hours, then held for recovery of puparia and adult emergence (eight replicates). An average of 451.6 puparia (1,440 puparia/kg fruit) was recovered, with an average of 81.5% adult emergence.

Follett and Zee 2011:

One (1) ripe C. papaya cv. ‘Rainbow’ fruit (373.7 g) was exposed to 25 gravid female B. cucurbitae adults in an outdoor screen cage for 24 hours, then held for recovery of puparia and adult emergence. Five hundred sixty-eight (568) puparia (1,520 puparia/kg fruit) were recovered, and 402 (70.8%) adults emerged (1,076 adults/kg fruit).

Harris and Bautista 1996:

For a laboratory study of parasitization by Fopius arisanus (listed as Biosteres arisanus ), clutches of 110 B. cucurbitae eggs (3–4 hours old) were inserted in each of ten holes (4–5 mm deep) perforated into the fruit surface of C. papaya fruits trimmed into sections (8 x 3 x 1 cm) (a total of 1,100 eggs per fruit section), with seven replications. Inoculated fruits were exposed to 50 male and 50 female 21-day-old F. arisanus adults for 24 hours. Samples of 100 eggs were then removed from each fruit section to check for incidence of parasitization. Fruit sections (with 1,000 eggs) were placed in plastic cups containing about 150 g wheat diet and held for 15 days after which pupae were recovered. Pupae were then held until adult emergence of B. cucurbitae and parasitoids. On average, 44.7% (and as high as 81%) of the B. cucurbitae eggs developed to emerge as adults.

McQuate et al. 2015:

Thirty-three (33) C. papaya fruits (17.07 kg) were individually held in 26.5 x 26.5 x 26.5 cm cubical screened cages for 24 hours with 50 gravid female B. cucurbitae flies. Following exposure to flies, fruits were transferred individually onto sand in 5 liter screen-topped plastic buckets. Two (2) weeks later, sand from the buckets was sieved and fruits cut open to recover all pupariating larvae and pupae, which were then held on sand in screened-topped cups until adult emergence. All 33 fruits (100%) were infested by B. cucurbitae , with an overall infestation rate of 409.8 pupae/kg fruit and 288.8 adults per kg fruit.

Ponce 1937:

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was reared in the laboratory on C. papaya fruit. At a mean temperature of 29.15°C, the overall larval period lasted 5.0 days, based on “three cultures” (replications).

Rajamannar 1962:

Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ; listed as L. vulgaris ), 56 of 100 (56%) 1 st instar larvae raised on C. papaya (listed as papaya) fruit pupated, with an average time to pupation of 6.6 days. In a separate test, 98 of 100 (98%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on pieces of C. papaya fruit (an average of 19.6 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).

+ Seo et al. 1973:

Carica papaya fruits (listed as papaya) were infested by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) by exposing fruits to about 50,000 adults for 3 days in an outdoor cage. Twenty-five percent of the exposed fruits were placed in holding boxes and held at 16–31°C. Surviving pupae were collected and counted. A high number of pupae was recovered and was used to estimate the number of pupae that would have been expected to be present in fruits subjected to irradiation. No infestation rate given.

Tsatsia and Hollingsworth 1997:

Various numbers of B. cucurbitae eggs were added to either whole or sections of C. papaya fruits. Fruits were held over sterilized sawdust from which pupae were obtained. Pupae were obtained from each of the 6 C. papaya fruits that were infested, with no dead larvae observed. On average, about 331 pupae were recovered per kg fruit (range: 122–873).

Vargas and Carey 1990:

One hundred (100) B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) eggs, placed on moist blotting paper, were placed on 40 g pieces of fresh C. papaya fruits (12 replications). Fruit was replaced as needed. Mature larvae were placed in plastic cups holding vermiculite as a pupation medium. Pupae were recovered after 8 days and held in plastic cups until eclosion. Emerged adults were used in studies to document survival and demographic parameters for B. cucurbitae . Duration of the B. cucurbitae larval stage on C. papaya fruit (at 24±2°C, 50±10% RH and a photoperiod of 12:12 [L:D] h) averaged 3.8±0.3 days.

Vargas et al. 2000:

One hundred (100) B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) eggs, placed on moist blotting paper, were placed on 250 g pieces of fresh C. papaya fruits (12 replications). Mature larvae were placed in plastic cups holding vermiculite as a pupation medium. Two (2) days before expected adult emergence, pupae were recovered and held in plastic cups until eclosion. Emerged adults were used in studies to document survival and demographic parameters for B. cucurbitae at alternating temperatures. Duration of the B. cucurbitae larval stage on C. papaya fruit (at 60±10% RH and a photoperiod of 12:12 [L:D] h) averaged 9.1±0.44 (24°C max. day temperature: 13°C min. night temperature); 6.3±0.13 (24:24); 6.2±0.11 (29:18); and 4.9±0.15 (35:24) days.

Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; +Harris 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as papaya); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “occasionally infested”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000; Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kakinohana et al. 1997 (listed as papaya); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Keck 1951 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); + Liu 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as papaya); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as papaya); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as papaya); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); +Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002; Phillips 1946; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; + Queensland Government 2015 (listed as papaw); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); Singh et al. 2004; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as papaya); +Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya); Vargas et al. 2004; Vargas and Prokopy 2006; Walker 2005; +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya; listed as an occasional host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as papaya; listed as an occasional host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as papaya; listed as an occasional host); White and Elson-Harris 1992.

Synonyms: Carica peltata Hook. and Arn. , Carica posoposa L., Papaya carica Gaertn.

Carica peltata Hook. and Arn. , see Carica papaya L.

Carica posoposa L., see Carica papaya L.

Carissa acuminata A. DC. , see Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan

Carissa arduina Lam. , see Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan

Carissa bispinosa (L.) Desf. ex Brenan

Family: Apocynaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 9157

Common Names: Chocuan (Portuguese), dorniger Wachsbaum (German), hedgethorn (English).

Native: AFRICA – East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; South Tropical Africa: Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe; Southern Africa: Botswana, Namibia, South Africa – Eastern Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape, Western Cape; Swaziland.

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as Carissa arduina ); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Carisa arduina ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Carissa arduina ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Carissa arduina ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Carissa arduina ; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Synonyms: Arduina bispinosa L., Carissa acuminata A. DC. , Carissa arduina Lam.

Caryophyllus jambos (L.) Stokes, see Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels

Casimiroa edulis La Llave and Lex.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 9292

Common Names: casimiroa (English), Cochilsapote (German), matasano (Spanish), Mexican-apple (English), pomme mexicaine (French), sapote blanche (French), sapoti (Portuguese), weisse Sapote (German), white sapote (English), zapote blanco (Spanish), vit sapote (Swedish).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Northern Mexico: Mexico – San Luis Potosi; Southern Mexico: Mexico – Federal District, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico, Michoacan, Morelos, Oaxaca, Queretaro, Veracruz; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Central America: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala.

Cultivated: also cultivated.

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Cassiaceae Vest , see Fabaceae Lindl. , nom. cons.

Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin

Family: Vitaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 101054

Common Names: slender watervine (English), three-leaf cayratia (English).

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Yunnan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia; Malaysia; Philippines; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory, Queensland, Western Australia.

Listing Only: Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed both as Vitis trifolia and galls grape vine); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Vitis trifolia ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as galls of Vitis trifolia ); Kapoor 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vitis trifolia ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vitis trifolia ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as galls of Vitis trifolia ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vitis trifolia ); Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vitis trifolia ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as galls of Vitis trifolia ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Vitis trifolia ); USDA-APHIS 2008 (listed as Vitis trifolia ); USDA-APHIS 2000 (listed as Vitis trifolia ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as galls of Cayratia trifolia ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as galls [female] on Vitis trifolia [grapes]; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Synonyms: Cissus trifolia (L.) K. Schum., Vitis trifolia L.

Cedrostis Post and Kuntze , orth. var., see Kedrostis Medik.

Cephalandra indica (Wight and Arn.) Naudin , see Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt.

Cerasiocarpum Hook. f., see Kedrostis Medik.

Ceratoniaceae Link , see Fabaceae Lindl. , nom. cons.

Cereus undatus Haw. , see Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton and Rose

Cestrum nocturnum L. Family: Solanaceae Grin Nomen Number : 9997 Common Names: lady-of-the-night (English), night-jessamine (English), vit nattjasmin (Swedish). Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Mexico; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Cuba; Central

America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama. Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics. Listing Only: USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Synonyms: Cestrum suberosum Jacq.

Cestrum spp.

Family: Solanaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 403889

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Cestrum suberosum Jacq. , see Cestrum nocturnum L.

Chayota edulis Jacq. , see Sechium edule (Jacq.) Sw.

Chrysophyllum albidium G. Don

Family: Sapotaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 400210

Common Names: white star-apple (English).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Uganda; West- Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon, Gabon, Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, Nigeria, Sierra Leone.

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Niger

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Chrysophyllum albidum fruit(s), from a flight originating in Niger (one occasion), intercepted in Atlanta. Recovery was four live larvae.

Nigeria

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Chrysophyllum albidum fruit(s), intercepted on flights originating in Nigeria (19 occasions). The fruit(s) were intercepted in Detroit (2); Atlanta (7); Houston (8); New York JFK (1) and Washington Dulles (1) between 2004 and 2015. Average recovery was 8.3 live larvae (range: 1–38). On one occasion in 2008, two live pupae were also recovered (Atlanta).

Chrysophyllum cainito L.

Family: Sapotaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10405

Common Names: caïmitier (French), caimito (Spanish) , caimito blanco (Spanish), caimito morado (Spanish), star-apple (English), stjärnäpple (Swedish), Sternapfel (German).

Native: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti,

Jamaica, Puerto Rico. Naturalized: Widely naturalized in tropics. Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics. Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Oakley 1950

(listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984

(listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as

Dacus cucurbitae ); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Chrysophyllum monopyrenum Sw. , see Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. subsp. oliviforme

Chrysophyllum oliviforme L.

Family: Sapotaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 70175

Common Names: caimitillo (Spanish), damson-plum (English), satinleaf (English), wild star-apple (English).

Native: NORTHERN AMERICA – Southeastern U.S.A.: United States – Florida; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Bahamas, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico.

Cultivated: SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: West Indies.

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967; Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Chrysophyllum sp.

Family: Sapotaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 310664

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Nigeria

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Chrysophyllum sp. fruits from flights originating in Nigeria on six occasions. The fruits were intercepted in Detroit (3); Miami (1); New York JFK (1); and Washington Dulles (1) between 2002 and 2015. Average recovery was 4.3 live larvae (range: 1–11).

Cissus lanceolaria Roxb. , see Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb.

Cissus leucostaphyla Dennst. , see Tetrastigma leucostaphylum (Dennst.) Alston ex Mabb.

Cissus trifolia (L.) K. Schum., see Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin

Citrullus aedulis Pangalo , see Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai subsp. lanatus

Citrullus amarus Schrad.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 468434

Common Names: Citron-melon (English), fodder-melon (English), preserving melon (English), stock-melon (English), tsamma-melon (English), Futtermelone (German), cukatnyj arbuz (transliterated Russian), kormovoj arbuz (transliterated Russian).

Native: AFRICA – Southern Africa: Cape Province, Free State, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Cape.

Naturalized: naturalized elsewhere.

Field Infestation:

+ Gupta and Verma 1978 :

Hisar (listed as Hissar), State of Haryana, India

Citrullus amarus (listed both as citron and as a cucurbit) was grown from seed planted 31 July 1975 in a randomized complete block design with ten other cucurbit crops in Hisar, Haryana State, India. Fallen and marketable sized fruits were collected/picked every 3 days and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infestation results were summarized weekly. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was found in 6 of 7 weekly summaries (85.7%). Overall, 52 (161.1 kg) fruits were collected, of which 13 were infested, for an average of 7.4 fruits collected per week with an average infestation rate of 28.0%.

Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 10674

Common Names: alhandal (Spanish), bitter-apple (English), bitter-cucumber (English), Bitter- Melone (German), colocíntida (Portuguese), colocynth (English), coloquinte (French), coloquíntida (Spanish), handhal (Arabic), kolokvint (Swedish), Koloquinte (German), tumba ( India), vine-of-Sodom (English), wild gourd (English).

Native: AFRICA – Northern Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia; Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad, Ethiopia, Somalia, Yemen – Socotra; East Tropical Africa: Kenya; West Tropical Africa: Mali; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula : Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Yemen; Western Asia: Afghanistan, Cyprus, Egypt – Sinai, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India – Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Delhi, Goa, Gujarat, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Myanmar; EUROPE – Southeastern Europe: Greece, Italy – Sicily; Southwestern Europe: Spain.

Naturalized: AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in s.w. Asia and n. Africa.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from samples of C. colocynthis . Number of fruit samples and infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Badii et al. 2015:

Northern Ghana

Citrullus colocynthis fruits were collected from Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions of Ghana. Fruits were brought to a laboratory in Nyankpala, Ghana, and held over a layer of sterilized sand. Pupae recovered from the sand were held on moistened filter paper in Petri plates until adult emergence. Adults were killed and identified after being fed for 3 days. Taxonomic keys were used for species identification, with final species confirmation provided by Dr. Maxwell Billah. Adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from C. colocynthis fruits. Also recovered were adult Dacus ciliatus and D. vertebratus .

Syed 1971:

Hyderabad and Karachi, Sindh Province; Harnai and Quetta, Province of Balochistan, Pakistan

During November 1964 through 1965, 8.0% of Citrullus colocynthis fruits were attacked at Hyderabad by B. cucurbitae (listed in publication as Dacus cucurbitae ) and Dacus ciliatus , in a ratio of about 40%:60%, respectively; the infestation rate dropped to 4.0% in December. Between 1962 and 1966, 85% of fruits were infested in March and 60% infested in November by these two tephritid fruit fly species. Bactrocera cucurbitae was also reared from C. colocynthis in October (1964–1965) in Harnai and Quetta.

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Citrullus colocynthis fruits were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 177 (standard deviation = 396) adults per kg infested fruit.

Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as colosynth); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris var. colocynthis ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris var. colocynthis ); Khandelwal and Nath 1978 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Khandelwal and Nath 1979 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as only a little favorable as a host); Singh et al. 2004; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as colocynth; listed as a wild host); White and Elson-Harris 1992.

Synonyms: Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad. , Cucumis colocynthis L.

Citrullus fistulosus Stock , see Benincasa fistulosa (Stocks) H. Schaef. and S. S. Renner

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 10675 Common Names: Afghan-melon (English), anguria (Italian) , bastard-melon (English), egusi (Nigeria-Yoruba), sandía (Spanish), subag (transcribed Korean), suika (Japanese Rōmaji), vattenmelon (Swedish), Wassermelone (German), watermelon (English), xi gua (transcribed Chinese). Native: AFRICA – Southern Africa: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa – Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Limpopo, Mpumalanga, North West, Northern Cape. Naturalized: Widely naturalized elsewhere. Field Infestation:

Ali et al. 2014b:

Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan

Citrullus lanatus fruits were collected during the 2005 through 2006 growing season in

Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan, and held for recovery of tephritid fruit flies. Out of 11.0 kg of C. lanatus fruits, 31 B. cucurbitae adults were recovered for an infestation rate of 2.8 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit.

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 12 samples of C. lanatus .

Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Citrullus lanatus (listed as watermelon) is listed as a preferred host of B. cucurbitae . The authors report that melon fly larvae can infest watermelon vines and roots as well as fruits. Illustrations are presented to show damage to both vines and watermelon fruit caused by melon fly infestation.

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Citrullus lanatus (listed as watermelon) is listed as a preferred host for B. cucurbitae .

The authors report that melon fly larvae can infest watermelon vines and roots as well as fruits. Illustrations are presented to show damage to roots, vines and watermelon fruit caused by melon fly infestation.

Badii et al. 2015:

Northern Ghana

Citrullus lanatus fruits were collected from Northern, Upper West and Upper East regions of Ghana. Fruits were brought to a laboratory in Nyankpala, Ghana, and held over a layer of sterilized sand. Pupae recovered from the sand were held on moistened filter paper in Petri plates until adult emergence. Adults were killed and identified after being fed for 3 days. Taxonomic keys were used for species identification, with final species confirmation provided by Dr. Maxwell Billah. Adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from C. lanatus fruits. Also recovered were adult Bactrocera dorsalis (listed as Bactrocera invadens Drew, Tsuruta and White ) and Dacus bivittatus (Bigot) .

Clarke et al. 2001:

Thailand

One hundred sixteen (116) (54.1 kg) C. lanatus infested fruits were collected in Chiang

Rai, Thailand from 1986 to 1994. Infestation rates of 0.48 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 1.0 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruits were observed. Bactrocera cucurbitae were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock.

+ Gupta and Verma 1978 :

Hisar (listed as Hissar), State of Haryana, India

Citrullus lanatus (listed as watermelon) was grown from seed planted 28 February 1975,

in a randomized complete block design with ten other cucurbit crops in Hisar, Haryana State, India. Fallen and marketable sized fruits were collected/picked every 3 days and assessed for infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Infestation results were summarized weekly. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation was found in 4 of 5 weekly summaries (80%). Overall, 39 (154.5 kg) fruits were collected, of which 10 were infested, for averages of 7.8 fruits collected per week with an average infestation rate of 24.2%.

Haldhar et al. 2015b:

Bikaner, State of Rajasthan, India

Twenty-seven (27) varieties/genotypes of C. lanatus were sown in the summer 2012 in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental farm of the Central Institute for Arid Horticulture in Bikaner, India. Fruits randomly selected at three pickings over the course of the growing season were used to calculate percentage infestation and to count the number of B. cucurbitae larvae in infested fruits. Percentage fruit infestation averaged 43.75% (range: 12.6–66.9%) while B. cucurbitae larval density averaged 15.32 larvae/fruit (range: 9.97–19.10 larvae/fruit) across all 27 varieties/genotypes.

Fifteen (15) varieties/genotypes of C. lanatus , selected from those used in the 2012

trial, were sown, both in July 2013 and February 2014, in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the experimental farm of the Central Institute for Arid Horticulture in Bikaner, India. Fruits randomly selected at three pickings over the course of the growing seasons were used to calculate percentage infestation and to count the number of B. cucurbitae larvae in infested fruits. Percentage fruit infestation, averaged across both growing seasons, was 38.59% (range: 12.73–67.37%) while B. cucurbitae larval density averaged 14.56 larvae/fruit (range: 10.2–19.2 larvae/fruit) across all 15 varieties/genotypes.

+ Harris et al. 1986:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Two (2) collections of C. lanatus fruits (0.771 kg) (listed as watermelon) were made on the Island of Kauai, Hawaii, between July 1980 and September 1982, with fruits held over moist sand for assessment of infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Two hundred thirty-five (235) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered (304.8 flies/kg fruit).

Hollingsworth et al. 2003:

Solomon Islands

From June 1994 to June 1998, C. lanatus fruits were collected from up to seven provinces of the Solomon Islands (Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Isabel, Malaita, Temotu, Western). Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 1 of 8 samples (12.5%). Forty-two (42) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered from 12 fruits (10.77 kg) for overall infestation rates of 3.5 flies per fruit and 3.9 flies/kg fruit.

Jacquard et al. 2013:

Réunion Island, France

Bactrocera cucurbitae- infested C. lanatus fruits were collected from “Location 8” on

Réunion Island from January to April 2009 and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Nineteen (19) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.

Jakhar and Pareek 2005:

Jobner, State of Rajasthan, India

Seeds of nine cucurbit species were sown in a randomized block design with four replications at the Horticultural Farm of S.K.N. College of Agriculture in Jobner, India during the kharif season in 2000. The infestation rate of C. lanatus cv. ‘ Mateera ’ fruits, by B. cucurbitae averaged 19.85% (range: 14.43–29.16%) over the course of five collection dates, each 3 days apart, in September 2000.

Khandelwal and Nath 1979:

Jobner, State of Rajasthan, India

Five trials on the relative resistance or susceptibility of 94 cultivars of C. lanatus to infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were tested under natural conditions in Jobner India from 1967 to 1968 over both the summer season and the rainy season. Twenty (20) plants of each cultivar were planted in single rows in three trials while cultivars were set out in a randomized block design, with three replications, in two trials. The fields were bordered by a trap crop of Lagenaria siceraria to maintain sufficient fruit fly population. The maximum damage rate by B. cucurbitae averaged 68.4% across all 94 cultivars. Two cultivars were found to be “resistant” (11–25% fruits damaged), 6 were “medium resistant” (26–50%), 65 were “susceptible” (51–75%), and 4 were “highly susceptible” (76–100%). None of the cultivars was found to be completely free from damage by the melon fly.

Leblanc et al. 2012:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG), Solomon Islands

Citrullus lanatus fruits were collected between 1997 to 2000 in PNG and between 1994

to 1999 in the Solomon Islands and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 4 of 21 (19.0%) samples in PNG and in 2 of 12 (16.7%) samples in the Solomon Islands.

Leblanc et al. 2013a:

Papua New Guinea ( PNG), Solomon Islands

Citrullus lanatus fruits were collected between 1997 to 2000 in PNG (104 fruits; 54.55

kg) and between 1994 to 1999 in the Solomon Islands (18 fruits; 16.39 kg) and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 4 of 21 (19.0%) samples in PNG, with an overall infestation rate of 5.72 flies/kg fruit and 39.34 flies/kg infested fruit. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 2 of 12 (16.7%) samples in the Solomon Islands with an overall infestation rate of 3.60 flies/kg fruit and 9.83 flies/kg infested fruit.

+ Lee 1972:

Taiwan

Citrullus lanatus plants (listed as water melon) were grown in the field year-round from

2 June 1969 to 10 June 1970 and from March to August, 1971. Fruits, picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, were placed over sand in holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly to recover B. cucurbitae pupae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Pupal recovery per fruit was averaged quarterly for 1969 to 1970 harvests. Pupal recovery per kg fruit was averaged monthly for 1971 harvests. Bactrocera cucurbitae pupal recovery averaged 6.8, 4.5, and 17.8 pupae/fruit (1969–1970) and 97.9, 15.6 and 11.9 pupae/kg fruit (1971) overall, for fruits picked 5, 10, and 15 days after flowering, repectively.

McQuate and Teruya 2015:

Southwestern Islands of Japan

Before the start of population suppression activities in a B. cucurbitae eradication program, 4,346 C. lanatus fruits were collected (35 collections overall) from four islands/island groups (Amami, Miyako, Okinawa, Yaeyama) in Japan and held on sand or sawdust in plastic containers. After 2 to 3 weeks, the sand or sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly pupae which were then held for adult emergence and identification. Infestation by B. cucurbitae was found in 144 fruits, giving an average percentage infestation rate (weighted by the number of collections in each of the islands/island groups) of 10.3%.

Modjonnesso et al. 2012:

Lomé, Togo

Between June 2008 and February 2009, 27 C. lanatus fruits with evidence of infestation by tephritid fruit flies were collected in Lomé, Togo and held in a laboratory for assessment of infestation. One (1) adult female B. cucurbitae was recovered.

Mwatawala et al. 2009a:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Tender-skinned immature C. lanatus fruits were randomly collected at regular intervals between October 2004 and October 2006 from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Three (3) of 5 (60.0%) C. lanatus samples (4.5 kg) were infested by B. cucurbitae .

Mwatawala et al. 2009b:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Citrullus lanatus fruits were randomly collected weekly between October 2004 through

October 2006 and from August through December 2007, from areas within the Sokoine University of Agriculture campus in Morogoro and from Nyandira, Mikese, Mkindo in the Morogoro region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Out of 134 collected fruits (9.599 kg), infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 14.27 emerged adults per kg fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2010:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Five hundred seventeen (517) immature C. lanatus fruits (29.174 kg) were collected at irregular intervals between October 2004 and April 2008, from the Morogoro Region of Tanzania. Fruits were held in individual rearing boxes provided with appropriate medium for pupariation of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Emerged adults were removed and identified. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were recovered from 31 of 47 collections (65.96%), with an overall infestation rate of 23.31 flies/kg fruit and 37.25 flies/kg infested fruit.

Mwatawala et al. 2015:

Morogoro Region, Central Tanzania

Citrullus lanatus , Cucurbita sp. (“pumpkin”), and Cucumis sativus were directly sown both in mono-cropped plots and in plots where all three crops were “haphazardly mixed both within and between lines.” Two plots of each type were planted in each of three seasons: March through June 2013, October through December 2013, and April through July 2014. Planting dates for each crop species were adjusted based on days to flowering in order to synchronize fruit setting. Fruits in all plots were subject to natural infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ). At each sampling date, fruits of each species were randomly harvested from each plot and held in rearing containers containing sterilized sand as a pupation medium. Pupae were removed and held in Petri dishes with moist filter paper within emergence containers until adult emergence. From the mono-cropped C. lanatus plots, 73.3% of fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae with an average infestation rate of 226.13 flies/kg fruit (out of 1.11 kg fruits). From the mix-cropped plots, 80.0% of C. sativus fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae with an average infestation rate of 209.3 flies/kg fruit (out of 0.99 kg fruits).

Nath and Bhushan 2006:

Varanasi, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Citrullus lanatus (listed as Citrullus sativus and as water melon) was sown, with three replications, in Varanasi, India, the last week of March (summer season) in both 2001 and 2002. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 8.0% (range: 7.8–8.3%).

Ndiaye et al. 2012:

Niayes and Thiès plateau zones, Senegal

Citrullus lanatus fruits were collected from July through December 2008, and held over sieved coarse sand in cloth-covered pots. Recovered tephritid fruit fly pupae were transferred to Petri dishes for adult emergence and species identification. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from the 9.3 kg of C. lanatus fruits sampled, with an infestation rate of ≤ 100 individuals per kg fruit.

+ Pareek and Kavadia 1994:

Jobner and Udaipur, state of Rajasthan, India

Citrullus lanatus fruits (listed as water melon, variety ‘Sugar baby’) were raised in a randomized block design with nine other cucurbit crops (each with three replicated plots) for assessment of preference of B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The trials were conducted from February to June in 1979, and again in 1981, in Udaipur (semi-humid agroclimatic conditions) and in 1980 and 1981 in Jobner (semi-arid agroclimatic condition). Fruits were examined on ten plants per replicate twice a week, and the percentage of fruits infested by B. cucurbitae calculated. Percentage infestation averaged 25.5% (range: 24.3–26.8%) in Udaipur and 28.8% (range: 25.7–31.8%) in Jobner.

+ Shivarkar and Dumbre 1985:

Dapoli, State of Maharashtra, India

In order to test the effect of planting date of C. lanatus (listed as watermelon) variety

‘Sugar Baby’ on infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), seed was sown twice a month from 15 October 1979 to 1 March 1980 in a randomized block design with three replications. The percentage of infested fruits was recorded weekly. Infestation averaged 20.3% over all dates (range: 13.1–30.9%), with infestation rate tending to increase as the season progressed.

Dapoli, State of Maharashtra, India

In order to test the effect of C. lanatus (listed as watermelon) variety on infestation by B.

cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), 10 C. lanatus varieties were sown in a randomized block design (number of replications not stated). The percentage of infested fruits was recorded weekly. Infestation averaged 39.9% across all varieties (range: 24.4–50.6%).

Dapoli, State of Maharashtra, India

In order to test the relative effectiveness of nine different insecticides on reducing the infestation of C. lanatus (listed as watermelon) variety ‘Sugar Baby’ fruits by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ), a field trial was conducted using a randomized block planting design with four replications for the nine insecticidal treatments and an unsprayed control. The average control fruit infestation was 52.3%.

+ Singh et al. 2000:

Kanpur, State of Uttar Pradesh, India

Citrullus lanatus fruits (listed as watermelon) were collected weekly at growers’ fields at the bank of the river Ganga in Kanpur beginning in February 1997. Percentage infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was determined (by observation) at each picking. The overall average B. cucurbitae infestation rate was 28.6%.

+ Steiner et al. 1965:

Island of Rota, Mariana Islands

Citrullus lanatus fruits (listed as watermelon) were collected on the island of Rota as part of a B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) eradication program. Fruits that showed evidence of sting injury were collected in their immature stage before fly damage could cause them to rot. Monthly C. lanatus fruit infestation averaged 41.9 B. cucurbitae larvae/kg fruit (range: 7.05–75.8 larvae/kg fruit) over the months of January through July, 1960 to 1962, before the initiation of either bait sprays or sterile fly releases.

Syed 1971:

Faisalabad and Gujranwala, Province of Punjab; and Karachi, Sindh Province, Pakistan

During May 1962 to 1963, 2.0% of C. lanatus fruits (listed as Citrullus vulgaris ) were attacked by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in Faisalabad and Gujranwala; infestation rate increased to 4.0% in June. In Karachi in April (1962–1966), C. lanatus infestation reached 28%, but was infested by both B. cucurbitae and Dacus ciliatus . Total number of fruits collected was not given.

Tan and Lee 1982:

Penang Island, Malaysia

Infested C. lanatus fruits were randomly collected on Penang Island. Fruits were held over moist sterilized sand in fine wire mesh-covered plastic containers until pupation. Pupae were transferred and held at 27–29°C (80±5% RH) until adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from infested C. lanatus fruits. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate were not given.

Vargas et al. 1990:

Island of Kauai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Between March 1987 and February 1989, 3 (year one) and 4 (year two) samples of Citrullus lanatus fruits were collected in the Moloaa area on the Island of Kauai. Fruits were placed on metal trays in plastic holding boxes containing sand. Mature B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae and pupae, recovered through weekly sifting of the sand, were held for adult emergence. Out of 6 fruits collected in year one, 40 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which 3 B. dorsalis (listed as Dacus dorsalis ) and 6 B. cucurbitae adults emerged, for an infestation rate of 0.2 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit. Out of 8 fruits collected in year two, 351 tephritid fruit fly pupae were recovered, from which no B. dorsalis and 296 B. cucurbitae adults emerged, for an infestation rate 8.6 B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit.

Vayssières et al. 2007:

Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea, Mali, and Senegal, West Africa

Tephritid fruit fly-infested Citrullus lanatus fruits were collected from untreated orchards in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. lanatus fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 26– 50 pupae /kg fruit. For comparison, the authors indicated that the infestation level of C. lanatus fruits also averaged 26– 50 pupae /kg fruit on Réunion Island.

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Citrullus lanatus fruits, var. ‘Sugar baby,’ were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 45.9 (standard deviation = 137.1) adults per kg infested fruit.

+ Wen 1985:

Taiwan

Citrullus lanatus fruits (listed as watermelon) were collected in southern Taiwan July–

August 1983, and November 1983 to June 1984. Infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) averaged 4.02% (bimonthly averages ranged from 1.08–7.24%).

+ Wong et al. 1989:

Rota, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands

On the island of Rota, 38 C. lanatus fruits (listed as watermelon) (from 17 collections)

were collected in 1985, 110 fruits (from 30 collections) were collected in 1986, and 143 fruits (from 23 collections) were collected in 1987. Fruits were held over moist sand in plastic containers with screened lids for recovery of B. cucurbitae pupae and adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 16.9 pupae/kg fruit (1985), 35.6 pupae/kg fruit (1986), and 62.7 pupae/kg fruit (1987). Interception Data:

Defra 2008:

Ghana

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in South East United Kingdom from 2 boxes of C.

lanatus originating in Ghana. No infestation rate data were given.

USDA 1932b:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from watermelon ( C. lanatus ; listed as C. vulgaris )

which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in stores) between 1 July 1931 and 30 June 1932 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

USDA 1933:

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from watermelon ( C. lanatus ; listed as C. vulgaris )

which originated from a port in Hawaii and was intercepted at a port in California (1 interception in stores) between 1 July 1932 and 30 June 1933 (number of individuals recovered and life stages not reported). Taxonomic identification was done by entomologists of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, USDA.

Lab Infestation:

Khandelwal and Nath 1978:

C. lanatus variety found to be fairly resistant to infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) (J 18-1), four susceptible varieties (New Hampshire Midget [ U.S.A.], Bykovski-199 [ U.S. S.R.], Red Nectar and J 20-1 [ India]), and the crosses between the resistant and susceptible varieties were all sown in pots and grown inside insect proof cages. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were added to the cages, at a rate of 1 fly per fruit, at fruit-bearing stage. The percentage of infested fruits in each group was recorded. Percentage infestation ranged from 14 to 19% (the resistant variety, J 18–1), 63.7 to 87.5% (the four susceptible varieties) and 13.8 to 24.6% (the F 1 crosses).

C. lanatus variety found to be fairly resistant to infestation by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) (J 56-1), four susceptible varieties (New Hampshire Midget [ U.S.A.], Bykovski-199 [ U.S. S.R.], Red Nectar and J 20-1 [ India]), and the crosses between the resistant and susceptible varieties were all sown in pots and grown inside insect proof cages. Bactrocera cucurbitae flies were added to the cages, at a rate of 1 fly per fruit, at fruit-bearing stage. The percentage of infested fruits in each group was recorded. Percentage infestation ranged from 15.8 to 23% (the resistant variety, J 56–1), 63.7 to 87.5% (the four susceptible varieties) and 19.2 to 31.1% (the F 1 crosses).

Khandelwal and Nath 1979:

Eight (8) cultivars of C. lanatus (J-18-1, J-20, J-21, J-56-1, J-64, J-83-1, and Bykovski-199 and Smena) were planted from seeds in pots (three replications) and grown inside of an insect proof field cage. At the time of fruiting, reared B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were released inside the cage at the rate of 1 fly per fruit, after emergence of female flowers. The rate of infestation by B. cucurbitae averaged 60.6% (average by cultivar: 21.6, 70.0, 69.0, 25.0, 70.6, 72.2, 64.4, and 92.3%, respectively).

Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as water melon); + Australian Quarantine Service, Commonwealth Department of Primary Industry 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); + Bateman 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); + Blackman 1909 (listed as melon fly and as a Dacus sp. ; listed as watermelon); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantelo and Pholboon 1965 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ); Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ); + Chen 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as water melon); + Christenson and Foote 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; + EcoPort 2008 (listed as watermelon); + Froggatt 1909 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; + Greene 1929 (listed as watermelon); Harris et al. 2010; + Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009 (listed as watermelon); + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000; + Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); + Kalshoven 1981 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as semangka); Kandybina 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Leblanc 2000 (listed as watermelon); Leblanc et al. 2013b; + Lee et al. 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); Liquido 1991b (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Liu 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); Mamet and Williams 1993 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as watermelon); + Mau et al. 2007 (listed as watermelon); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as watermelon); + Nishida and Bess 1957 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); +Okinawa Prefectural Fruit Fly Eradication Project 1987 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Puttarudriah and Usman 1954 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris ); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as very favorable as a host); Qureshi et al. 1974 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad ); + Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as water melon); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as watermelon); Rejesus et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ); Ryckewaert et al. 2010; + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); Singh et al. 2004; Sookar and Khayratee 2000; + Tenakanai 1997 (listed as water melon); Tsatsia and Hollingsworth 1997; USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as watermelon; listed as a preferred host); +Van Dine 1906 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon); Vargas et al. 2004; Vargas and Prokopy 2006; Vijaysegaran 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris L.); +Walker 2005 (listed as watermelon); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon; listed as a preferred host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as watermelon; listed as a preferred host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as watermelon; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992; +Willard 1920 (listed as watermelon); Yunus and Hua 1980 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris L.); +Yong 1992 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as water melon).

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai subsp. lanatus Family: Cucurbitaceae Grin Nomen Number : 314923 Common Names: albudeca (Spanish), dessert watermelon (English), melancia (Portuguese), melon d’eau (French), pastèque (French), sandía (Spanish), Wassermelone (German), watermelon (English). Cultivated: Only cultivated. Field Infestation:

Bains and Sidhu 1984:

Punjab, India

Field observations of infestation of C. lanatus (listed as Citrullus vulgaris ) fruits by B.

cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were made at 10-day intervals in Punjab, India, between June and November. Infested fruits were found in 7 of 9 observations (77.8%) with an average infestation rate of 25.7 (±7.3 [standard error])%.

Clausen et al. 1965:

Island of Mindanao, Philippines

From C. lanatus (listed as Citrullus vulgaris ) collections in August 1950 on the island of Mindanao in the Philippines, 62 B. cucurbitae puparia (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered.

Thailand

From C. lanatus (listed as Citrullus vulgaris ) collections in February 1951 in Thailand,162 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ) and Bactrocera tau (listed as Dacus nubilus Hendel ) ( B. cucurbitae was the most abundant species).

North India

Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq. ) was present in small numbers in watermelon in North India.

Harris and Lee 1989:

Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Between August 1978 and January 1980, 2 C. lanatus fruits (listed as Citrullus vulgaris

Schrad.) were collected at Hoolehua, Island of Molokai, Hawaii, and held over sand in fruit holding boxes. One hundred forty-nine (149) B. cucurbitae pupae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) were recovered from which 132 adults emerged. Overall infestation rate was 7.5 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit.

Nishida 1955:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Infested C. lanatus subsp. lanatus fruits (listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ), with nearly full grown B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) larvae, were collected at cultivated areas in two locations on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii during 1950–1951: Waianae and Waimanalo. Larvae were extracted from the fruits and placed in small wax paper cups containing pumpkin pulp. The cups were placed on sand in jars in which a high humidity was maintained. One hundred sixty-seven (167) and 2,396 B. cucurbitae larvae were recovered from the fruits at the two sites, respectively. Number of fruits and infestation rate data were not given. Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus fruits, originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Honolulu) on two occasions in 1992. Average recovery was 2.5 live larvae.

Listing Only: Back and Pemberton 1914 (listed as Citrullus vulgaris ; can oviposit in the seedling); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Citrullus vulgaris ); Holbrook 1967 (listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ; listed as “heavily or generally infested”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ; listed as a frequently injured plant); Meksongsee et al. 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ); Moiz et al. 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris ); Orian and Moutia 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrat ); Phillips 1946 (listed as Citrullus vulgaris ); Ponce 1937 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris ); Pradhan 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus valgaris Chard ); Ramsamy 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris Schrat. ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrullus vulgaris – being the same as C. lanatus ; listed as a preferred host).

Synonyms: Citrullus aedulis Pangalo , Citrullus vulgaris Schrad., Colocynthis citrullus (L.) Kuntze, Cucurbita citrullus L.

Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai var. citroides (L. H. Bailey) Mansf. , see Citrullus amarus Schrad.

Citrullus spp.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 300135

Listing Only: Back and Pemberton 1917 (listed as Citrullus [Java]; listed as “occasionally infest- ed”); Back and Pemberton 1918 (listed as Citrullus [Java]; listed as “occasionally infested”); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization 2015 (listed as a minor host); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “occasionally infested”); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA- APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation).

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. , see Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai

Citrullus vulgaris Schrad. var. fistulosus (Stocks) J. L. Stewart , see Benincasa fistulosa (Stocks) H. Schaef. and S. S. Renner

Citrus amara Link , see Citrus aurantium L.

Citrus aurantium L.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10684

Common Names: arancio (Italian), arancio amaro (Italian), bigarade (English), bigaradier (French), bitter orange (English), Bitterorangen (German), daidai (Japanese Rōmaji), gwanggyulnamu (transcribed Korean), kaisei-tō (Japanese Rōmaji), khatta ( India), khushkhash ( Israel), laranja-azeda (Portuguese), melangolo (Italian), naranja agria (Spanish), naranja amarga (Spanish), naranja mateca (Spanish), oranger amer (French), Pomeranze (German), Seville orange (English), sour orange (English), suan cheng (transcribed Chinese).

Origin: Probable multiple hybrid origin China and elsewhere.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Lab Infestation:

Rajamannar 1962:

Using B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) 1 st instar larvae obtained from eggs oviposited on bottle gourd ( Lagenaria siceraria ; listed as L. vulgaris ), 49 of 100 (49%) 1 st instar larvae raised on C. aurantium (listed as orange) pupated, with an average time to pupation of 8.7 days. In a separate test, 94 of 100 (94%) 1 st instar larvae were found to feed on pieces of C. aurantium fruit (an average of 18.8 out of 20 larvae, based on five replicated trials).

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Citrus amara Link , Citrus bigarradia Loisel. , Citrus vulgaris Risso

Citrus aurantium L. var. decumana , see Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Citrus aurantium L. var. grandis L., see Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Citrus aurantium L. var. sinensis L., see Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Citrus bigarradia Loisel. , see Citrus aurantium L.

Citrus chilensis Molina , see Citrus spp.

Citrus decumana (L.) L., see Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Citrus depressa Hayata var. vangasay (Bojer) H. Perrier , see Citrus reticulata Blanco

Citrus duttae Tanaka , see Citrus spp.

Citrus grandis Osbeck , see Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Citrus hystrix DC.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10714

Common Names: combava (French), Kaffir lime (English), Kafir-Limette (German), langdorniger Orangenbaum (German), Makrut-Limette (German), Mauritius papeda (English), papeda (Swedish).

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Guangxi, Yunnan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Myanmar, Thailand; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Philippines.

Naturalized: Widely naturalized.

Cultivated: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China.

Native: Native range obscure.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

In 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 2 samples of C. hystrix . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Listing Only: CABI 2016 (listed as a wild host); Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015.

Synonyms: Citrus torosa Blanco

Citrus inflatorugosa hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Citrus iriomotensis hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10732

Common Names: citronnier (French), lemon (English), limão (Portuguese), limão-eureka (Portuguese-Brazil), limão-gênova (Portuguese-Brazil), limão-siciliano (Portuguese-Brazil), limão-verdadeiro (Portuguese-Brazil), limoeiro (Portuguese-Brazil), limoeiro-azedo (Portuguese), limón (Spanish) , limone (Italian), limonero (Spanish), limonier (French), li meng (transcribed Chinese), limum (transliterated Arabic), ning meng (transcribed Chinese), Zitrone (German).

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Origin: Likely China.

Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as lemon); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ- CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Citrus limonum Risso , Citrus medica L. var. limon L.

Citrus limonum Risso , see Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.

Citrus luteoturgida hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Citrus macracantha Hassk. , see Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10744

Common Names: Adamsapfel (German), buntan (Japanese Rōmaji), jamboa (Portuguese), limau (Indonesian), Pampelmuse (German), pamplemousse (French), pamplemoussier (French), pomelo (English), Pomelo (German), pompelmo (Italian), pompelmus (Swedish), Pumelo (German), pummelo (English), shaddock (English), shadek (French), toronja (Spanish), you (transcribed Chinese), zabon (Japanese Rōmaji), zhu luan (transcribed Chinese).

Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Field Infestation:

Tan and Lee 1982:

Penang Island, Malaysia

Infested C. maxima fruits (listed as both pomelo and Citrus grandis ) were randomly collected on Penang Island. Fruits were held over moist sterilized sand in fine wire mesh-covered plastic containers until pupation. Pupae were transferred and held at 27–29°C (80±5% RH) until adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) was recovered from infested C. maxima fruits. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate were not given.

Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as Citrus grandis ; listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; Cantrell et al. 1999; Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Citrus grandis ); Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; Holbrook 1967 (listed as Citrus grandis ; listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Singh et al. 2004 (listed as Citrus grandis ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Citrus grandus ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992.

Synonyms: Aurantium maximum Burm., Citrus aurantium L. var. decumana , Citrus aurantium L. var. grandis L., Citrus decumana (L.) L., Citrus grandis Osbeck

Citrus medica L. var. limon L., see Citrus limon (L.) Burm. f.

Citrus neoaurantium Tanaka , see Citrus spp.

Citrus nobilis Andrews , see Citrus reticulata Blanco

Citrus oligopulpa hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Citrus nobilis Lour.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10759

Common Names: King of Siam (English), king orange (English), tangor (English), mandarinier king (French), roi de Siam (French), kunenbo (Japanese Rōmaji).

Cultivated: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China; Eastern Asia: Japan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo- China: Vietnam; NORTHERN AMERICA – United States.

Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “occasionally infested”); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ- CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host).

Citrus paradisi Macfad.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10772

Common Names: grapefruit (English), Grapefruit (German), Paradisapfel (German), pomelo (French), pomelo (Portuguese), pomelo (Spanish), toronja (Spanish), yuan you (transcribed Chinese).

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Listing Only: Cantrell et al. 1999; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as grapefruit); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS- PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson- Harris 1992 (listed as Citrus × paradisi ; authors state “requires confirmation”).

Citrus reticulata Blanco

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10778

Common Names: bergamota (Portuguese-Brazil) , culate mandarin (English), gan ju (transcribed Chinese), mandarin (English), mandarin orange (English), mandarina (Italian), mandarina (Portuguese), mandarina (Spanish), mandarine orange (English), Mandarinen (German), Mandarinenbaum (German), mandarinier (French), ponkan (Japanese Rōmaji), santara ( India), småcitrus (Swedish), Swatow orange (English), tangerina (Portuguese-Brazil), tangerine (English), Tangerine (German).

Native: ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China: Vietnam.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Origin: probable origin Asia.

Field Infestation:

McBride and Tanada 1949:

Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Ten (10) C. reticulata fruits were collected on 22 April 1947, in Punahou, Honolulu, by M. Chong. Recovered from these fruits were 259 B. dorsalis Hendel (listed as Dacus dorsalis ), and 1 B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). The authors listed C. reticulata as a doubtful host.

Vayssières et al. 2007:

Benin, West Africa

Tephritid fruit fly-infested Citrus reticulata fruits were collected from untreated orchards in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. The average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. reticulata fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 1- 25 pupae /kg fruit.

Lab Infestation:

Chawla 1966:

In captivity, female B. cucurbitae adults (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) laid eggs on cut fruits of mandarin ( C. reticulata ). The eggs hatched and the development of the larvae proceeded normally through adult emergence.

McQuate et al. 2015:

Ninety-six (96) C. reticulata var. Clementine fruits were individually held in 26.5 x 26.5 x 26.5 cm cubical screened cages for 24 hours with 50 gravid female B. cucurbitae flies. Half of the fruits were presented intact (2.78 kg) while the other half of the fruits (2.92 kg) were punctured 50 times using a 1.0 mm diameter probe, with probes penetrating to a depth of 1.0 cm. Following fruit fly exposure, fruits were transferred individually onto sand in 5-liter screen-topped plastic buckets. Two (2) weeks later, sand from the buckets was sieved and fruits cut open to recover all pupariating larvae and pupae, which were then held on sand in screened-topped cups until adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 15 of 48 intact fruits (31.2%), with an overall infestation rate of 340.8 pupae/kg fruit and 284.7 adults per kg fruit. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 28 of 48 punctured fruits (58.3%), with an overall infestation rate of 240.1 pupae/kg fruit and 168.2 adults per kg fruit.

Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a doubtful host); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Citrus depressa Hayata var. vangasay (Bojer) H. Perrier , Citrus nobilis Andrews , Citrus vangasay Bojer

Citrus sarbati Tanaka , see Citrus spp.

Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10782

Common Names: Apfelsine (German), Apfelsinenbaum (German), arancio dolce (Italian), blood orange (English), danggjulnamu (transcribed Korean), laranja-amarga (Portuguese-Brazil), laranjaazeda (Portuguese-Brazil), laranja-bigarade (Portuguese-Brazil), laranja-da-terra (Portuguese-Brazil), laranja-de-sevilha (Portuguese-Brazil), laranja-doce (Portuguese), laranjeira (Portuguese), laranjeiradoce (Portuguese), naranja (Spanish), naranjo duce (Spanish), navel (French), navel orange (English), orange (English), Orange (German), orange douce (French), Orangenbaum (German), oranger (French), oranger doux (French), sanguine (French), Sinaasappel (Dutch), sweet orange (English), tian cheng (transcribed Chinese), Valencia orange (English).

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Origin: Probable origin Asia.

Field Infestation:

Ali et al. 2014b:

Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan

Citrus sinensis fruits were collected during the 2005 through 2006 growing season in Abugubeiha Province, South Kordofan State, Sudan, and held for recovery of infesting tephritid fruit flies. Out of 6.0 kg of C. sinensis fruits, 19 B. cucurbitae adults were recovered for an infestation rate of 3.2 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit. Bactrocera dorsalis (listed as B. invadens ) and Ceratitis cosyra (Walker) were also recovered.

+ Back and Pemberton 1917:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Citrus sinensis (listed as orange) is listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae . The authors report that E. M. Ehrhorn reared a single female melon fly from a sweet orange from Kaimuki, on the Island of Oahu, Hawaii. The authors, though, further noted that this is one of several fruits that has “never been known to serve regularly” as a melon fly host and that this record of infestation “must be considered as exceptional.”

+ Back and Pemberton 1918:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Citrus sinensis (listed as orange) is listed as “occasionally infested” by B. cucurbitae .

The authors report that adults have been reared from orange, but that this is one of several fruits that does not serve regularly as a melon fly host and that it is only attacked in rare instances, and then only slightly.

+ Ehrhorn 1910:

Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

In 1910, a few C. sinensis fruits (listed as oranges) provided by a farmer in Kaimuki were placed in a breeding jar. One (1) adult B. cucurbitae fly (listed as melon fly) was reared from the sample.

+ Inayatullah et al. 1993:

Faisalabad, Pakistan

Based on observation, the average infestation rate of C. sinensis fruits (listed as orange)

by B. cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ) in the vicinity of the University of Agriculture in Faisalabad was about 10%.

Vayssières et al. 2007:

Benin and Burkina Faso, West Africa

Tephritid fruit fly-infested Citrus sinensis fruits were collected from untreated orchards in West Africa. Fruits were placed on mesh supports over sand. Tephritid fruit fly pupae, recovered through weekly sieving of the sand, were transferred to small hatching boxes lined with wet blotting paper and held for adult emergence. In 2006 in Benin, B. cucurbitae adults were recovered from C. sinensis fruits from several mixed orchards in Borgou, but also (though more rarely) from orchards located in the departments of Zou and Le Plateau. The authors indicated that the average B. cucurbitae infestation level in C. sinensis fruits in West Africa fell in the range of 1– 25 pupae /kg fruit. Lab Infestation:

McQuate et al. 2015:

One hundred and sixty-eight (168) C. sinensis fruits were individually held in 26.5 x

26.5 x 26.5 cm cubical screened cages for 24 hours with 50 gravid female B. cucurbitae flies. Half of the fruits were presented intact (26.28 kg) while the other half of the fruits (25.85 kg) were punctured 50 times using a 1.0 mm diameter probe, with probes penetrating to a depth of 1.0 cm. Following exposure to flies, fruits were transferred individually onto sand in 5-liter screen-topped plastic buckets. Two (2) weeks later, sand from the buckets was sieved and fruits cut open to recover all pupariating larvae and pupae, which were then held on sand in screened-topped cups until adult emergence. No pupae or adult B. cucurbitae flies were recovered from the intact fruits (0.0%). Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 44 of 84 punctured fruits (52.4%), with an overall infestation rate of 84.5 pupae/kg fruit and 24.8 adults per kg fruit. Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a secondary host); CABI 2016; California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a; Government of Western Australia Department of Agriculture and Food 2015; + Heppner 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as orange); Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Hollingsworth et al. 1996; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as orange); + Margosian et al. 2009 (listed as oranges); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a rarely injured plant); +NAPPO, PAS 2015 (listed as orange); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; + Severin et al. 1914 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as orange); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as a preferred host); +USDA-ARS 1959 (listed as orange); +Weems 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as orange; listed as an occasional host); +Weems 1967 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as orange; listed as an occasional host); +Weems et al. 2001 (listed as orange; listed as an occasional host); White and Elson-Harris 1992.

Synonyms: Citrus aurantium L. var. sinensis L., Citrus macracantha Hassk.

Citrus speciosa hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Citrus spp.

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 312282

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Citrus sp. fruit(s), originating in Hawaii, at an airport in Hawaii (Kahului) on one occasion in 2002. Recovery was 22 live larvae.

Listing Only: + Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as citrus); + Batra 1953 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as citrus); Cantrell et al. 1999; EcoPort 2008; + Gopalan et al. 1977 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as citrus); Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009; Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Kapoor 1989 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as citrus); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1964 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Lall 1975 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as citrus); McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Rajamannar 1962 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); + Ramadan and Messing 2003 (listed as citrus); Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Vargas et al. 2004.

Synonyms: Citrus chilensis Molina , Citrus duttae Tanaka , Citrus inflatorugosa hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., Citrus iriomotensis hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., Citrus luteoturgida hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., Citrus neoaurantium Tanaka , Citrus oligopulpa hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., Citrus sarbati Tanaka , Citrus speciosa hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., Citrus sphaerocarpa Tanaka , nom. nud., Citrus tenuissima hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., Citrus yanbaruensis hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud.

Citrus tenuissima hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Citrus torosa Blanco , see Citrus hystrix DC.

Citrus vangasay Bojer , see Citrus reticulata Blanco

Citrus vulgaris Risso , see Citrus aurantium L.

Citrus yanbaruensis hort. ex Tanaka , nom. nud., see Citrus spp.

Cladosicyos edulis Hook. f., see Melothria sphaerocarpa (Cogn.) H. Schaef. and S.S. Renner

Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels

Family: Rutaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 10811

Common Names: Chinese clausena (English), huang pi (transcribed Chinese), wampee (American Indian-Algonquin), wampi (English) , wampi (Swedish) .

Native: ASIA-TEMPERATE – China: China – Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Sichuan, Yunnan ; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indo-China: Vietnam.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated in tropics and subtropics.

Listing Only: Holbrook 1967 (listed as “non-host or host of undetermined status”); Isnadi 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Clauseni lansium ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA- APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; insufficient data to justify regulation); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (authors state “requires confirmation”).

Synonyms: Clausena punctata (Sonn.) Rehder and E. H. Wilson , Clausena wampi (Blanco) Oliv. , Cookia punctata Sonn. , Cookia wampi Blanco , Quinaria lansium Lour.

Clausena punctata (Sonn.) Rehder and E. H. Wilson , see Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels

Clausena wampi (Blanco) Oliv. , see Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels

Coccinia cordifolia auct. see Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

Coccinia cordifolia (L.) Cogn., see Cucumis maderaspatanus L.

Coccinia indica Wight and Arn. , see Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 10974

Common Names: ivy gourd (English), kanduri (Urdu-Pakistan), kundru, kundree ( India), kundur (Urdu-Pakistan), little gourd (English), pepasan (Maylay), pepino cimarrón (Spanish), scharlakansgurka (Swedish), Tindola (German), tindora ( India), tindori ( India).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Mali, Nigeria, Senegal; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula : Yemen; China: China – Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan; ASIA-TROPICAL – Indian Subcontinent: India – Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Kerala, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil, Nadu, Tripura, Urrar Pradesh, West Bengal; Pakistan, Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam; Malesia: Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea; AUSTRALASIA – Australia: Australia – Northern Territory.

Naturalized: PACIFIC – Southwestern Pacific: Fiji.

Cultivated: Widely cultivated.

Field Infestation:

Allwood et al. 1999:

Thailand, Malaysia, Southern India

From fruit collections in 1992, B. cucurbitae was recovered from 314 samples of both fruits and flowers of C. grandis . Infestation rate data were not given. Bactrocera cucurbitae individuals were identified by R.A.I. Drew and D.L. Hancock.

Bhatia and Mahto 1968:

New Delhi, India

During July to October 1967, 123 stem galls on wild C. grandis plants (listed as Coccinea indica W. and A. and also referred to as kundru), caused by the gall fly, Bimba toombii Grover , were collected at the Indian Agriculture Research Institute Farm in New Delhi, India. Galls were infested by two species of fruit flies: Dacus ciliatus and Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ). Thirtyfour percent (34%) of the galls were infested with 1 to 3 maggots in a single gall. Out of 142 fruit flies that emerged, 25% were B. cucurbitae . During the time that these observations were made, C. grandis fruits were present in great abundance and were heavily infested by both fruit fly species.

Clausen et al. 1965:

South India

From C. grandis collections (listed as Coccinea indica ) from May 1950 to January 1951 in South India, 54,254 puparia were recovered, a mix of two predominant species: Bactrocera cucurbitae (listed as Dacus cucurbitae Coq ) and Dacus ciliatus Loew (ratio not stated).

Chinajariyawong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Bactrocera cucurbitae was reared from 41 samples of C. grandis collected in Thailand.

No infestation rate data were given.

Clarke et al. 2001:

Thailand

Eight thousand eight hundred forty-four (8,844) (108.6 kg) infested C. grandis fruits were collected in Thailand from 1986 to 1994. Five regions of Thailand (Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Bangkok, Surat Thani, Songhkla) recorded infestation rates of 0.73, 1.6, 1.3, 3.3, and 2.2 B. cucurbitae per infested fruit and 69.0, 106.1, 125.2, 228.4 and 164.8 B. cucurbitae per kg infested fruits, respectively. Bactrocera cucurbitae were identified by either R.A.I. Drew or D. L. Hancock.

Harris et al. 2010:

Kahuku, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

In a study assessing the effect of parasitoid releases in suppressing B. cucurbitae populations, C. grandis fruits were collected weekly in 2003, 2004, and 2005 from a wild habitat adjacent to a commercial papaya orchard in Kahuku, Hawaii (control site). Fruits were held to monitor fruit infestation and parasitism rates. Overall melon fly recovery in Kahuku from C. grandis fruits averaged 9.34 B. cucurbitae pupae/kg fruit, of which 5.77 per kg fruit emerged as adults. Total numbers of fruit collected and total fruit weight were not reported.

Hollingsworth et al. 1996:

Honiara, Guadalcanal, Solomon Islands

From April to September 1996, C. grandis fruits were collected every 2 weeks at seven sites in the Honiara area of the island of Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 28 of 53 collections (52.8%). Five hundred sixty-nine (569) B. cucurbitae were recovered from the 547 fruits (5.932 kg) collected with overall infestation rates of 1.04 B. cucurbitae per fruit and 95.9 B. cucurbitae per kg fruit.

Hollingsworth et al. 2003:

Solomon Islands

From June 1994 to June 1998, C. grandis fruits were collected from up to seven provinces of the Solomon Islands (Central, Choiseul, Guadalcanal, Isabel, Malaita, Temotu, Western). Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered from 2 of 11 samples (18.2%). Forty-four (44) B. cucurbitae flies were recovered from 275 fruits (3.99 kg) for overall infestation rates of 0.16 flies per fruit and 11.0 flies/kg fruit.

Jackson et al. 2003:

Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, Hawaii Island, U.S.A.

Coccinia grandis fruits (mature red fruit if available, but at least with some red present)

were collected in 1992 (five sites), 1993 (five sites) and 1994 (eight sites) near Kailua-Kona, Hawaii and held over sand in plastic cups for recovery of tephritid fruit flies. In 1992, 2,813 B. cucurbitae puparia (from which 1,906 adults emerged) were recovered from 748 fruits. Recovery was 83 puparia/kg fruit and 425 puparia/kg fruit in the November and December samplings, respectively. In 1993, B. cucurbitae puparia were recovered from 613 out of 1,592 collected fruits (38.5%), with 612.4 B. cucurbitae puparia recovered per kg fruit and 564.4 adults recovered per kg fruit. In 1994, B. cucurbitae puparia were recovered from 1,859 out of 3,851 collected fruits (48.3%), with 7.4 adults recovered per fruit and 14.7 adults recovered per infested fruit.

Jacquard et al. 2013:

Réunion Island, France

Bactrocera cucurbitae- infested C. grandis fruits were collected from eight locations on

Réunion Island in 2009 and held over sand. Puparia, recovered by sifting the sand, were held for adult emergence. Two hundred and eight (208) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered.

Kittayapong et al. 2000:

Thailand

Coccinia grandis fruits (listed as Coccinia cordifolia ) were collected throughout Thailand within the time period October 1995 through December 1998. Collections were placed over sawdust in a ventilated plastic container and brought back to the laboratory at Mahidol University in Bangkok. Both B. cucurbitae and B. tau sp. A were recovered from C. grandis fruits. Total number of fruits collected and infestation rate data were not given.

Leblanc et al. 2012:

Solomon Islands

Coccinia grandis fruits (547 fruits; 7.53 kg) were collected during 1994 to 1999 in the

Solomon Islands and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 9 of 22 (40.9%) samples.

Leblanc et al. 2013a:

Solomon Islands

Coccinia grandis fruits were collected during 1994 to 1999 in the Solomon Islands and held in plastic containers over finely sieved sawdust that had been sterilized in an oven or frozen overnight to kill mites. The sawdust was sieved to recover tephritid fruit fly puparia. Puparia were kept in moist sawdust until adult emergence. Adults were fed for 5 days, then killed by freezing to allow colors and markings, necessary for correct species identification, to fully develop. Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in 9 of 22 (40.9%) samples, with an overall infestation rate of 42.76 flies/kg fruit and 101.58 flies/kg infested fruit.

Liquido et al. 1994:

Island of Hawaii, Hawaii, U.S.A.

From July 1990 to October 1992, 313 (3.21 kg) ripe tree or ground C. grandis fruits were collected (through collections made once or twice a month) from several sites on the island of Hawaii, Hawaii. Fruits were weighed, counted, split into groups of 5 or 10, and held over sand in plastic buckets at 19–24°C until pupation (2 weeks). Bactrocera cucurbitae larvae and pupae were recovered from infested C. grandis fruits with an overall infestation rate of 1.48 larvae and pupae per fruit (144.55 larvae and pupae/kg fruit).

Tsatsia and Hollingsworth 1997:

Honiara, Guadalcanal Island, Solomon Islands

A laboratory B. cucurbitae colony was established with about 100 adults obtained from wild Coccinia grandis fruits (listed as Coccinea grandis ) collected in Honiara. The colony size was increased via whole fruit egging with both ripe and green fruits (if punctured first) of C. grandis . No infestation rate data were given.

Tsuruta et al. 1997:

Sri Lanka

Five (5) adult B. cucurbitae were recovered from an unspecifed number of C. grandis fruits collected from the Meddegama area of Sri Lanka. No infestation rate data were given.

Uchida et al. 1990:

Hawaii, U.S.A.

Ripe C. grandis fruits were collected from four sites on the Island of Oahu (Ewa, Kamilo

Nui, Makiki, and Waimanalo) from December 1988 to April 1989 and from two sites on the Island of Hawaii (Kailua and Kalaoa) on 21–22 April 1989. Fruits were held in wooden frames with screen bottoms lined with newspaper, placed in fiberglass boxes with a layer of fine vermiculite on the bottom. Vermiculite was screened weekly with recovered larvae and pupae transferred to paper packages for adult emergence. Adult B. cucurbitae recoveries were 254.6 flies/kg fruit (Ewa; 84 fruits; 1.0959 kg), 73.0 flies/kg fruit (Kamilo Nui; 7 fruits; 0.0685 kg), 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Makiki; 3 fruits; 0.0775 kg), 54.5 flies/kg fruit (Waimanalo; 124 fruits; 2.1463 kg), 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Kailua; 36 fruits; 0.3799 kg), and 0.0 flies/kg fruit (Kalaoa; 7 fruits; 0.1156 kg).

Vargas et al. 2000:

Waimanalo, Island of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Infested C. grandis fruits collected from Waimanalo were used to establish a laboratory colony of B. cucurbitae .

Vargas et al. 2004:

Kailua-Kona, Hawaii Island, Hawaii, U.S.A.

Approximately 100 three-fourths-ripe to fully ripe Coccinia grandis fruits were randomly collected monthly from each of ten patches of C. grandis from April 1996 to March 1997 in Kailua-Kona.

Fruits were held in batches of 100 on a wood-framed metal screen inside a fiberglass holding box with screened ventilation holes on the sides and with sand on the bottom. Sand was sifted weekly to recover pupae which were held in screen-topped plastic containers until adult emergence. Additionally, 250 fruits were collected in April 1997 from each of four sites and were held individually in screened-top plastic cups. Bactrocera cucurbitae infestation rates in C. grandis were also recorded in cage studies where 100 field-collected naturally infested C. grandis fruits (90–100% ripe) were introduced to cages to which 0 (control), 1, 2, or 3 grams of B. cucurbitae pupae parasitized by Psyttalia fletcheri (Silvestri) were subsequently added. Finally, infestation data were also recorded from wild C. grandis fruits from field sites where parasitoids were released and where no releases were made (control). From the initial field surveys, 32.4% of the fruits were infested by B. cucurbitae , with a mean (± standard error) emergence of 2.05±0.13 B. cucurbitae per fruit. Numbers of flies recovered ranged from 50 to 270 per kg fruit. In the cage studies, an average of 131.8±19.4 B. cucurbitae adults was recovered per 100 fruits in the control treatment. In the field release trials, estimated B. cucurbitae adult emergence averaged 54.0 (range: 26–89) B. cucurbitae adults per kg fruit.

Vayssières and Carel 1999:

Réunion Island, France

Wild Coccinia grandis fruits were collected over the course of a year from up to 70 localities on Réunion Island. Fruits with evidence of fruit fly infestation were held in individual containers, with recovered pupae held for adult emergence. Bactrocera cucurbitae recovery averaged 1,006 (standard deviation = 1,061) adults per kg infested fruit.

Interception Data:

Defra 2008:

India

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered in North West United Kingdom from 4 boxes of Coccinia grandis originating in India. No infestation rate data were given.

Listing Only: Agrawal and Mathur 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Coccinia indica and as kundru); Botha et al. 2004 (listed as a wild host); CABI 2016 (listed as a secondary host); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Chawla 1966 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Coccinia indica W. and A.); Copeland et al. 2009; De Meyer et al. 2014; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ); Dhillon et al. 2005a (listed as Coccinia grandis , Coccinia indica and as Cephalendra indica ); EcoPort 2008 (listed as both Coccinia cordifolia and as C. grandis ); Hawaii Department of Agriculture 2009; Holbrook 1967 (listed as Coccinia cordifolia ); Hollingsworth and Allwood 2000; Kapoor 1970 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Coccinia indica ); Kapoor 1991 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); Kapoor 2005 –2006 (listed as infesting C. grandis fruits as well as stem galls on C. grandis induced by gall midges, Lasioptera toombii [Grover] [ Diptera : Cecidomyiidae ] (listed as Lasiosptera toombii ); Kapoor and Agarwal 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Coccinia indica and as Cephalandra indica ); Kumar et al. 2008 (listed as Coccinia indica Wight and Arn. ); Leblanc 2000; Leblanc et al. 2013b; McBride and Tanada 1949 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Coccinia indica Wight and Arn. ); Narayanan and Batra 1960 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Coccinia indica and as Cephalandra indica ); Nishida 1963 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as both kundru and Coccinia indica W. and A.); Oakley 1950 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Coccinia cordifolia ); Pacific Fruit Fly Web 2002; Plantwise Knowledge Bank 2015; Purcell and Messing 1996; Puttarudriah and Usman 1954 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Cephalandra indica ); Quilici and Jeuffrault 2001 (listed as very favorable as a host); Ramadan and Messing 2003; Ryckewaert et al. 2010; Syed 1971 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed both as Coccinia indica and as Cephalandra indica ); USDA 1986 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ 1983 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ); USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CSDA 1984 (listed as Dacus cucurbitae ; listed as Coccinia cordifolia ; insufficient data to justify regulation); USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008; +Walker 2005 (listed as ivy gourd); White and Elson-Harris 1992 (listed as infesting galls made by Lasioptera toombii (Grover) [ Diptera : Cecidomyiidae ] on C. grandis ).

Synonyms: Coccinia cordifolia auct., Coccinia indica Wight and Arn.

Coccinia indica Wight and Arn. , see Coccinia grandis (L.) Voigt

Coccinia spp.

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 300138

Listing Only: Ayyar 1935 (listed as Chaetodacus cucurbitae, Coq. ; “reared from stem galls on Coccinia in Coimbatore”); California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; De Meyer et al. 2014; Nath et al. 1976; USDA-APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008.

Coccinia trilobata (Cogn.) C. Jeffrey

Family: Cucurbitaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 476139

Native: AFRICA – East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania.

Listing Only: Copeland et al. 2009; De Meyer et al. 2015 (listed as Zeugodacus cucurbitae ).

Synonyms: Peponia parviflora var. trilobata Cogn.

Coffea arabica L.

Family: Rubiaceae

Grin Nomen Number : 300141

Common Names: Arabian coffee (English), Arabica coffee (English), Arabicakaffee (German), arabischer Kaffeebaum (German), arabischer Kaffeestrauch (German), arabiskt kaffee (Swedish), Bergkaffee (German), café (Portuguese-Brazil), caféeiro (Portuguese), caféier d’Arabie (French), cafeiro (Portuguese-Brazil), cafeto arábico (Spanish), cafeto de Arabia (Spanish), coffee (English), coffeetree (English), Kaffeestrauch (German), koffieboom (Afrikaans).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia, Sudan; East Tropical Africa: Kenya.

Naturalized: AFRICA – Africa; sometimes naturalized in the tropics.

Cultivated: AFRICA – Western Indian Ocean: Réunion; ASIA-TROPICAL – Malesia: Indonesia – Java; widely cultivated in tropics.

Field Infestation:

Harris et al. 2003:

Kalaupapa Peninsula, Island of Molokai, Hawaii, U.S.A.

During 1991 to 1992, 1,062 C. arabica fruits (3.01 kg) were collected from the Kalaupapa peninsula and placed on sand in fruit holding boxes. The sand was screened weekly for recovery of tephritid fruit fly puparia. Recovered puparia were placed in glass jars and held until adult emergence. One (1) adult B. cucurbitae was recovered, for an infestation rate of 0.00094 melon flies per fruit (0.33 melon flies/kg fruit).

Synonyms: Coffea arabica L. var. arabica , Coffea arabica L. var. columnaris Ottol. ex. P. J. S. Cramer, Coffea arabica L. var. erecta P. J. S. Cramer , Coffea arabica L. var. goiaba Taschdjian , Coffea arabica L. var. laurina Laness. , Coffea arabica L. var. maragogipe A. Fern. ex A. Froehner , Coffea arabica L. var. mirta P. J. S. Cramer , Coffea arabica L. var. mokka P. J. S. Cramer , Coffea arabica L. var. polysperma Burck , Coffea arabica L. var. purpurascens P. J. S. Cramer

Coffea arabica L. var. arabica , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. columnaris Ottol. ex. P. J. S. Cramer, see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. erecta P. J. S. Cramer , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. goiaba Taschdjian , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. laurina Laness. , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. maragogipe A. Fern. ex A. Froehner , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. mirta P. J. S. Cramer , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. mokka P. J. S. Cramer , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. polysperma Burck , see Coffea arabica L.

Coffea arabica L. var. purpurascens P. J. S. Cramer , see Coffea arabica L.

Colocynthis citrullus (L.) Kuntze, see Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. and Nakai subsp. lanatus

Colocynthis vulgaris Schrad. , see Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad.

Comeurya cumingiana Baill. , see Dracontomelon dao (Blanco) Merr. and Rolfe

Coniandra Schrad. , see Kedrostis Medik.

Cookia punctata Sonn. , see Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels

Cookia wampi Blanco , see Clausena lansium (Lour.) Skeels

Crateva marmelos L., see Aegle marmelos (L.) Corrêa

Crescentia spp.

Family: Bignoniaceae

Grin Genus Number : There is no listing in GRIN for this genus; taxonomy taken from The Plant List.

Listing Only: California Department of Food and Agriculture 2001; Cantrell et al. 1999; USDA- APHIS 2000; USDA-APHIS 2008.

Crotalaria incana L.

Family: Fabaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 12329

Common Names: silver rattlepod (English), woolly rattlepod (English).

Native: AFRICA – Northeast Tropical Africa: Ethiopia; East Tropical Africa: Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda; West-Central Tropical Africa: Burundi, Cameroon, Rwanda, Zaire; West Tropical Africa: Nigeria; South Tropical Africa: Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Western Indian Ocean: Madagascar; ASIA-TEMPERATE – Arabian Peninsula : Yemen; NORTHERN AMERICA – Mexico; SOUTHERN AMERICA – Caribbean: Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Cayman Islands, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent and Grenadines – St. Vincent, Virgin Islands (British), Virgin Islands ( U.S.); Central America: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Northern South America: Guyana; Brazil: Brazil – Bahia, Para; Western South America: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; Southern South America: Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay.

Naturalized: Naturalized elsewhere in tropics.

Listing Only: Botha et al. 2004 (listed as Crotolaria incana L. and as a wild host).

Crotalaria sp.

Family: Fabaceae

Grin Nomen Number: 300155

Interception Data:

PestID 2016:

El Salvador

Bactrocera cucurbitae was recovered by USDA-APHIS-PPQ (“interceptions”) from Crotalaria sp. stem, originating in El Salvador, at an airport in California (Los Angeles) on one occasion in 1992. Recovery was two live larvae.