Phylogeny of the family Characidae (Teleostei: Characiformes): from characters to taxonomy Mirande, Juan Marcos Neotropical Ichthyology 2010 2010-12-31 8 3 385 568 55N5T Cuvier Cuvier 1816 [357,647,1423,1442] Actinopterygii Characidae Tetragonopterus Animalia Characiformes 118 503 Chordata species argenteus   1.Laterosensory canal of sixth infraorbital (76): (0> 1) branched. Reversal of synapomorphy 2 of node 203. Paralleled in  Markiana nigripinnis,  Odontostilbe microcephala,  Oligosarcuscf. jenynsii.  2.Length of caudal-fin canal of lateral line (93): (0> 1) almost reaching posterior margin of caudal fin. Paralleled in nodes 177 and 216 and in  Astyanax pelegrini.  3.Tubules for passage of blood vessels on lamellar portion of maxilla (98): (0> 1) tubule with anterior branch running parallel to anterior margin of maxilla and reaching one third of its length. Paralleled in node 201.  4.Ethmopalatine cartilage (171): (0> 1) present and conspicuous. Paralleled in  Charax stenopterusand  Phenacogaster tegatus.  5.Base of second pectoral ray (231): (1> 0) large and partially overlapping base of first pectoral ray from medial view. Paralleled in nodes 164 and 301 and in  Moenkhausia dichrouraand  Prionobrama paraguayensis.  6.Anterior margin of scales (318): (0> 1) with conspicuous undulations. Paralleled in  Markiana nigripinnis.  7. Radiiof scales (322): (0> 1) converging at focus. Reversal of synapomorphy 7 of the Characidae. Paralleled in node 273 and in  Stichonodon insignis. Some trees: Paralleled in node 302 and in  Microschemobrycon casiquiare.  8.Second humeral spot (342): (0> 1) present as a conspicuous vertical bar. Paralleled in  Gymnocorymbus ternetziand  Hyphessobrycon bifasciatus.