Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford, 1913

Percy, Diana M., Butterill, Philip T. & Malenovský, Igor, 2015, Three new species of gall-forming psyllids (Hemiptera: Psylloidea) from Papua New Guinea, with new records and notes on related species, Journal of Natural History 50 (17 - 18), pp. 1073-1101 : 1085-1089

Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford, 1913

( Figures 3F , 5G – H )

Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford, 1913: 296 ; Yang et al. (2013): 46.

Sympauropsylla triozoptera (Crawford) , Enderlein (1921): 116.

Neotrioza triozoptera (Crawford) , Li (2011): 1315.

Material examined

9 ♂, 4 ♀, 2 5th instars, Ohu village , Madang Province, PNG, 11 April 1995, (hand collecting/beating) hatched from leaf galls ex Ficus trachypison, Y . Basset leg. ( MMBC) ; 4 5th instars (+ 4 larvae of Lepidoptera ‘ commensal ’), same data as previous but 11 January 1995, from galls on mature leaves; 4 ♂, 2 ♀, Baitabag village, Madang Province, PNG, March 1996, ex Ficus trachypison ( TRA 3 ), V. Novotný leg. ( MMBC ). 2 ♂, 1 ♀, Laguna College , Laguna, Philippines, 10 June 1976, leaf galls ex Ficus ulmifolia, R . Braza leg. ( BMNH) ; 2 ♂, 3 ♀, Davao Experiment Station , Philippines, March 1964, traps air level, M. Gavarra leg. ( BMNH); 2 ♂, 4 ♀, same data as previous but January 1964 ( BMNH); 1 ♂, 4 ♀, same data as previous but traps ground level, October – December 1961 ( BMNH) . 1 5th instar, 5 1st – 2nd instars, Taiwan (22.0499°N, 120.8576°E, 150 m), 30 January 2010, dissected from galls ex Ficus cf . ampelas, D. Percy leg. ( BMNH) .

Comments

This species is widespread in eastern Asia. We report the first records for PNG, Madang Province, on Ficus trachypison (Moraceae) . All known Pauropsylla are gall inducing. This species shares with Pauropsylla udei a galling habit on Ficus in PNG, but there are notable morphological differences between the two species, including the male terminalia illustrated in Figure 5 (G, I); the head structure (illustrated by Uichanco 1921); antennae with three rhinaria on segment 3 and a single rhinarium on segments 4, 6, 8 and 9 (the latter associated with a very long seta as long as segment 10) in P. triozoptera , versus only four on segments 4, 6, 8 and 9 (associated with a short seta) in P. udei ; metatibia with three apical spurs in P. triozoptera versus four (2 + 2) in P. udei , and the female terminalia. The immatures can also be differentiated primarily by the large distinctly shaped circumanal pore area in P. triozoptera ( Figure 6H , and illustrated by Yang 1984) versus much reduced anus lacking circumanal pore area in P. udei . Genetic divergence between the two species is high (mitochondrial DNA divergence> 20%).

Host plants

Ficus tinctoria (= F. gibbosa ), F. ulmifolia and possibly F. ampelas in Taiwan ( Yang 1984; Hodkinson 1986; Yang et al. 2013), F. trachypison (new record) in PNG.

Biology

Dissected galls from PNG (on F. trachypison ) and from Taiwan (on F. cf. ampelas ) contained a single immature per gall. As described below for P. udei , some noticeable variation in gall phenotype within this species was found. All galls produced by P. triozoptera are enclosed galls on the leaf blade, but in PNG the gall exterior is covered in spine-like trichomes, whereas in Taiwan the galls are smooth, without trichomes ( Figure 3F ). Furthermore, the shape of the galls in Taiwan is narrowly conical, and in PNG it is globular or broadly conical (bell-shaped), produced on the upper adaxial leaf surface; on some leaves from PNG, mature galls appear to fuse, forming an irregular bumpy mass in which individual galls are difficult to distinguish. In PNG, the galls on F. trachypison may be parasitized by a species of Braconidae (an adult braconid was present in the sample together with the gall). Parasitization of gall-inducing psyllids by Braconidae has been reported for Pauropsylla braconae Li, 2000 in Li et al., 2000 on Ficus hainanensis in China (Yunnan) ( Li et al. 2000). In Taiwan, a 5th instar was found parasitized by Psyllaephagus sp. ( Encyrtidae , det. J. Noyes, BMNH).

Distribution

Taiwan ( Yang 1984; Li 2011; Yang et al. 2013), Japan: mainland, Ryukyu Islands ( Hodkinson 1983, 1986), Indonesia: Java ( Hodkinson 1986), Philippines ( Crawford 1913; Hodkinson 1983, 1986), PNG (new record), Fiji ( Hodkinson 1983, 1986).

Gene sequences

GenBank: KT588303 (COI), KT588309 (cytB) (TAI83 – 10).

Figures

Figure 3. Galls Papua New Guinea (A–D), Singapore (E), Taiwan (F). (A) Trioza incrustata Percy, sp. nov.: leaf margin galls on Celtis philippensis (Cannabaceae) (early and later gall development viewed from lower leaf surface); (B) Cornegenapsylla allophyli Malenovský and Percy, sp. nov.: leaf margin galls on Allophylus cobbe (Sapindaceae) (early and later gall development viewed from upper leaf surface); (C) Trioza grallata Percy, sp. nov.: leaf surface galls on Elaeocarpus schlechterianus (Elaeocarpaceae) (adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces); (D) Pauropsylla udei Rübsaamen: conical leaf surface galls on Ficus variegata (Moraceae) produced on the abaxial leaf surface (inset above: gall detail on lower leaf surface; inset below: gall viewed from upper leaf surface); (E) Pauropsylla udei Rübsaamen: globular leaf surface galls on Ficus variegata (Moraceae) produced on the adaxial leaf surface, images on right show a dissected gall chamber and presence of the eclosed adult within; (F) Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford: conical leaf surface galls produced on the adaxial leaf surface of Ficus cf. ampelas (Moraceae).

Figure 5. Adult comparison of Cornegenapsylla allophyli Malenovský and Percy, sp. nov. (A, D, E) and Cornegenapsylla sinica Yang and Li (B, C, F). (A, B) Forewings: (A) C. allophyli, (B) C. sinica; (C, D) heads: (C) C. sinica, (D) C. allophyli; (E, F) male terminalia: (E) C. allophyli, (F) C. sinica. Comparison of adult male terminalia in specimens of Pauropsylla triozoptera Crawford (G, left to right): from Papua New Guinea, Philippines, with inset schematic of gall phenotypes; (H) 5th instar circumanal pore area of P. triozoptera from Taiwan. Comparison of adult male terminalia in specimens Pauropsylla udei Rübsaamen (I, left to right): from Papua New Guinea, Hong Kong, Bangladesh, Philippines, with inset schematic of gall phenotypes.

Figure 6. Adult Cornegenapsylla allophyli Malenovský and Percy, sp. nov. (A) Forewings and hindwing, upper forewing imaged with reflected light and lower with transmitted light; (B) hind leg; (C) thorax dorsum; (D) clypeus and proboscis; (E) antenna, terminal two segments (inset); (F) antennal rhinaria on 4th (lower), 5th (middle) and 6th (upper) segments; (G) head, lateral (left), ventral (middle) and lateral showing reduced but distinct genal tubercles (right); (H) male terminalia; (I) paramere (inner surface); (J) distal aedeagus segment; (K) female terminalia, circumanal ring (inset); (L) ovipositor.