Isomerocera quadrilineata Fabricius, 1787

Mason, F. & Rozkošný, R., 2015, Morphology, taxonomy, distribution and relationships of the Afrotropical genus Isomerocera (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), African Invertebrates 56 (1), pp. 75-75 : 86-94

Isomerocera quadrilineata Fabricius, 1787

( Figs 11, 12, 15, 16 , 18–22 , 25–28 , 42–88 )

Stratiomys quadrilineata Fabricius, 1787: 331 .

Diphysa maculiventris Macquart, 1850: 347 .

Ptilocera natalensis Gerstaecker, 1857: 334 .

Ptilocera quadrilineata var. melecta Speiser, 1908: 142 .

Diagnosis: Scutellar spines located on the posterior margin of the scutellum in one plane ( Figs 15, 16 ). The female with paired antennal projections on flagellomeres 3–5. Male ( Figs 5–8 , 15 , 25–27 , 42–58 , 75–82 ).

Description:

Length (mm): Body 5.3–10.2 (n= 24); wing: 4.8–9.9 (n =24).

Head: Nearly hemispherical in lateral view, about 1.6× higher than long, transverse in dorsal view ( Fig. 42 ) and 1.6× as wide as long. Large eyes covering greater part of head, contiguous on frons for long distance, gena and postocular area not visible in lateral view. Ocellar triangle distinctly prominent in lateral view, no preocellar tubercle developed. Facets in lower third contrastingly smaller than upper ones. Upper frons elongate, triangular, barely as long as ocellar triangle, lower frons subtriangular and equilateral, both covered with snow-white tomentum. Tomentose area on lower frons with longitudinal black midline. Face somewhat swollen below antenna but this fairly flat tubercle barely visible in lateral view ( Fig. 44 ). Lower face deeply concave. Face covered with short whitish hairs, these being longer below antennae and continuing as narrow whitish tomentum along eye margin. Antenna ( Figs 45, 46 ) slender and long, about twice as long as head in lateral view. Basal antennal segments and two basal flagellomeres reddish brown to orange, scape 4–5× as long as broad distally, pedicel cup-like, as long as broad. Flagellomeres 3–7 dark brown to black. Flagellomeres 3–5 with paired projections, upper projections short and lower projections twice as long as upper projections. Last flagellomere entirely white or blackish basally. Sensory pits small but distinct on basal two flagellomeres. Proboscis brown, two-segmented palpus slender and black.

Thorax: Dark, black in ground colour, scutum covered with dark short appressed hairs and indistinct metallic iridescent scales. Two paler and narrow medial lines are more or less distinct in presutural area of scutum covered by greenish, purple or grey scales, usually widening toward scutellum. Posterior area of scutum beyond postalar callus with tuft of long whitish hairs. Scutellum with four yellow to brown spines, inner pair longer than outer, middle spines about as long as scutellum. Proepisternum, proepimeron and anterior part of anepisternum with long silvery hairs, narrow middle part of anepisternum bare and shining, but its posterior part covered by silvery and almost purple hairs and scales. Anepimeron, katepisternum, katatergite and meron silvery haired. Mediotergite bare, black and mostly matt. Anterior spiracle as in Fig. 20 , posterior spiracle as in Fig. 19 and prealar prominence as in Fig. 21 . Wing as in female ( Figs 1 , 4 ). Legs yellow or pale brown with extremely variable dark pattern. Coxae usually blackish, femora mostly darkened in apical third and tibiae predominantly darkened, tarsi pale or partly darkened ( Figs 53–58 , 75–82 ).

Abdomen: Dark brown to black, finely punctate, first tergite brown with long erect silvery hairs; large silvery hair patches present on margins of tergites 2 to 5 ( Fig. 42 ) or partly reduced on tergites 2 and 3 ( Fig. 43 ). Sternites with short appressed hairs, except sternite 1 with longer silvery and semi-appressed hairs. Tergites 6–8 as in Fig. 51 . Male terminalia ( Figs 5–8 ): epandrium ( Figs 5 , 52 ) subquadrate, cerci reaching slightly beyond proctiger; genital capsule ( Figs 6 , 47, 48 ) subquadrate or more rounded proximally, posterior medial process only with shallow median emargination. Parameral sheath bipartite, lateral aedeagal projections well developed and aedeagal complex tripartite ( Figs 7, 8 , 49, 50 ).

Female ( Figs 1–4 , 9–12 , 22 , 59–74 , 83–88 ).

Description:

Length (mm): Body 6.9–9.9 (n= 25); wing: 6.1–9.9 (n =25).

Head: 1.5× higher than long in lateral view and slightly more than twice as wide as long in dorsal view. Frontal index 1.3–1.5 (x = 1.5, n=12). The haired area around ocellar triangle mostly brown anteriorly but mainly silvery on posterior part. Upper postocular area covered by dense silvery scales ( Fig. 17 ). Eyes separated by band-shaped frons, postocular area well developed ( Fig. 59 ), gena with narrow fringe of short whitish hairs. Ocellar triangle swollen in front of anterior ocellus forming distinct preocellar tubercle ( Fig. 12a, b ). Frontal velvety whitish patches developed at eye margin at level of ocellar triangle and above antennae, sometimes more or less confluent along eye margin ( Figs 62, 63 ). Antennae as in Figs 11 and 64–65 , scape, pedicel, first and second antennal flagellomeres light brown. Flagellomeres 3–7 brown to black, the last flagellomere usually snow-white but sometimes narrowly blackish basally. Sensory pits present on flagellomeres 1–5. Lateral projections of flagellomeres 3–5 more asymmetrical than in male but also relatively short. Face brown with low nose-like projection, this with upright, dense, white hairs that are sparse dorsally.

Thorax: Scutum black, finely punctate. Scales on presutural area of scutum usually grey, with only slight purple reflections, continuing as two longitudinal stripes widening toward scutellum ( Fig. 18 ). Pile and scales on other thoracic sclerites as in male. Wing ( Figs 1 , 4 ) uniformly brown infuscated, darkened along anterior margin especially in basal half. Legs ( Figs 69–74 ) usually pale with variable dark pattern, basitarsi orangeyellow.

Abdomen: Black, finely punctate, with appressed silvery hair patches on tergites 2 to 5 ( Figs 59–61 ), sternites with fine appressed silvery hairs, longer on sternite 1 as in male. Female terminalia as in Figs 9 and 28 , genital furca slender, with a large median aperture ( Fig. 10 ).

Variation: In addition to size (see above), both sexes may vary apparently in the pattern of scales on the scutum, and in the extent of the abdominal hair patches. The last flagellomere may be entirely white or blackish basally up to the middle. In some females the frontal velvety patches may vary in large extent. The semicircular lateral hair patches on the upper frons along the eye margin ( Figs 62, 63 ) may be more or less developed or even completely absent even in females belonging to the same population. The narrow lateral frontal hair patch along the inner margin of the eyes may be present or absent. In a sample of 15 females from the same locality the pairs of silvery spots are present in the majority of specimens, but in five specimens these spots were absent. Kertész (1916) considered Isomerocera maculiventris and I. quadrilineata to be distinct species that may be distinguished by the basally darkened last flagellomere and the scutum having a dense, appressed, brassy-yellow pile in front of the scutellum in I. maculiventris , whereas in I. quadrilineata the last flagellomere is mostly wholly white and the scutum lacks pile as described above.Through our examination of a large amount of material we cannot confirm the species-specific character of these features. Both forms display an identical shape of the male and female terminalia. Also, the highly variable colour pattern of the legs does not show any relation to a specific distribution area.

Remarks: Lindner (1953) found larvae along with larvae of Ptecticus sp. (Sarginae) in an old Carica papaya tree trunk in Tanzania. Later Lindner (1965 b) found that the larvae develop in decaying plants and proposed to include this species among the hemerophilous forms (“Kulturfolger”) accompanying plantations of different cultured plants.According to recent data from Togo (A. Ssymank pers. comm.), I. quadrilineata was regularly collected on and/or along plantations producing avocados, aubergines, bananas, coffee and cacao beans.

Lachaise and Lindner (1973) found during an ecological survey of the tropical savannah of Lamto ( Ivory Coast) that larvae of Isomerocera quadrilineata lived in gallery forests and were reared in a large numbers from a dead fallen trunk of a papaya tree, as do the larvae of Sternobrithes tumidus Loew (Pachygastrinae) .

Published records: (Only records not included in the additional material examined are provided with coordinates and included in the distribution map).

Fabricius (1787): SIERRA LEONE (female lectotype). Macquart (1850): SOUTH AFRICA: Natal [= KwaZulu-Natal] (male holotype of Diphysa maculiventris ). Gerstaecker (1857): SOUTH AFRICA (male syntypes of Ptilocera natalensis ). Loew (1860): Caffrerei [= Cape Province, South Africa]. Speiser (1908): TANZANIA: Pale [05°54'S 39°15'E] (syntypes of Ptilocera quadrilineata var. melecta ). Grünberg (1915): CAMEROON: Bibundi, Buea , Lolodorf [03°14'N 10°44'E]; EQUATORIAL GUINEA: Alen ( Benitogebiet ) [ Benito = Mbini River area], Nkolentangan [01°34'N 10°30'E], Uelleburg ( Benitogebiet ) [01°49'N 10°36'E]; TOGO: Misahohe [06°57'N 00°35'E]; TANZANIA: Bismarckburg [= Kasanga ]. Curran (1928): D.R. CONGO: Stanleyville [= Kisangani ] (as Ptilocera ). Lindner (1938): D.R. CONGO: Eala; Katana: Katompe [= Katompi, 06°11'S 26°20'E]; Gwanga [04°34'N 24°02'E]; Likimi; Mayumbe [= Mayombe]; Tshela [= Tshala]; Stanleyville [= Kisangani]; Uelé: Bambesa ; Lulonga (river), Mondombe [00°54'S 22°48'E]; Lulua: Kapanga [= Kananga]; Albertville [= Kalemie ]. James (1949 a): LIBERIA: Bendu [= Keya Bendu , 08°18'N 10°13'W]. Lindner (1953): Tanzania: Msingi [04°20'S 34°34'S]. Lindner (1958 a): SOUTH AFRICA: Natal; ZIMBABWE: S. Rhodesia . Lindner (1958 b): D.R. CONGO, Kiamalwa [09°44'S 26°00'E]. Lindner (1961) (as I. maculiventris ): MOZAMBIQUE: Gorongosa, Manica–Sofala Dist [rict]; SOUTH AFRICA: Port St. Johns Dist[rict]; Ngoye Forest between Eshowe and Empangeni. Lindner (1965 a): D.R. CONGO: Parc National de la Garamba [= Garamba National Park]; Tanzania. Lindner (1965 b): ELFENBEINKÜSTE [= IVORY COAST]: Bingerville [05°21'N 03°54'W]. Lindner (1966 a): D.R. CONGO: Bassin Lukuga, Eala , Uele : Bambesa , Mt.Uele:Mauda [04°46'S 27°18'E], Beni ; Rutshuru, Tshuapa: Bokuma , Kivu , Lomami River [04°27'S 26°39'E], Geranga (Likimi), Buta , Bas-Congo : Kinkenge ; Ubangi: Libenge [03°39'N 18°38'E], Opala [00°43'S 23°59'E], Yangambi , Ituri: terr. Wamba , Bayange [00°50'S 17°41'E]. UGANDA: Mpanga ; Lindner (1966 b): ZIMBABWE: N. Vumba , S. Rhodesia. Lindner (1968): CONGO (BRAZZAVILLE): Sibiti [03°41'S 13°20'E]; Mayombe: Dimonika [04°47'S 11°50'E]. Lindner (1970): CAMEROON: Yaoundé : Nkolbisson; CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC: Maboké [03°54'N 17°53'E]. Lindner (1972): SOUTH AFRICA: Doornkloof Forest Reserve ; Port St. Johns ; Ngotsche Gorge , Entomeri; ZIMBABWE: N. Vumba , S. Rhodesia. Lachaise & Lindner (1973): IVORY COAST: Lamto [06°13'N 05°01'W]. Woodley (2001): BURUNDI, CAMEROON,CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CONGO [= D.R. CONGO], EQUATORIAL GUINEA ( Bioko , Rio Muni [01°30'N 10°30'E]) , IVORY COAST, LIBERIA, MLAWI, SIERRA LEONE, SOUTH AFRICA, TANZANIA, TOGO, ZAIRE [= R. CONGO], ZIMBABWE.

Additional material examined:

ANGOLA: 1♀ "A26” 8.i.1972, C.F. Huggins ( BMNH). BURUNDI: 1♂ Rutana [03°55'S 30°00'E]. 11. xi.1951, F.J. François ( IRSNB). 1♂ Bubanza [03°05'S 29°24'E], iii.1958, F.J. François ( USNM). CAMEROON: 2♂ 2♀ Befang , 60 km N Bamenda [05°56'N 10°10'E], 500 m, 24.xi.1987, all F. Kaplan; 1♀ 8.xi.1987, A. Freidberg; 2♀ YaoundÉ [03°52'N 11°31'E], 793 m, 1936, Van Zwaluwemburg & Mc Gough ( USNM). 2♂ 1♀ 120 km NW YaoundÉ, 3.xi.1987; 1♀ 5.xi.1987, all A. Freiberg (all TAUI). 1♀ Nkolbisson [03°53'N 11°27'E], 15.xii.1923, Bequaert; 1♂ 15.ix.1963, L.G. Saegers (both MRAC); 1♀ 25.x.1970, L. Matile ( USNM). 5♂ 20 km E Sangmelima [02°56'N 11°59'E], 7.xi.1987, A. Freiberg ( TAUI); 3♂ 5♀ 1200 m, 21.xi.1987, A. Freidberg (all USNM). 4♂ 3♀ Bambalang area , 50 km E of Bamenda [05°56'N 10°10'E], 1200 m, 21.i.1987, 1♂ 7.xi.1987; all A. Freidberg; 3♀ 7.xi.1987; 1♂ W Bamenda , 20.xi.1987, F. Kaplan; 1♂ 1♀ Bali [05°53'N 10°01'E], 1♂ Ile M’bamou [04°15'N 14°26'E], 29.x.1975, L. Matile (all USNM). 1♂ Buea Mts [04°09'N 09°14'E], S. Preuss; 1♀ Johann Albrechtshohe Mt. [04°40'N 11°59'E], 11.iv.1896; 1♀ Bibundi [04°13'N 08°59'E], 11.iv.1896, both L. Conradt; 1♂ 15–30.iv.1905; 1♀ 1–15.v.1905, both G. Tessmann (all ZMHB). DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 1♂ Mura [11°02'N 26°42'E], ix.1923, R.E. Turner ( BMNH). 1♀ Congo "IRSNB 24ˮ ( IRSNB). 1♂ Bas OgoouÉ, N’Gomo [03°30'S 14°26'E], 17.iv.1975, G. Couturier ( FMCV). 2♀ W Anga [3°7'S 21°34'E], R. Ellenberger ( IRSNB). 1♀ Eala [00°40'N 18°17'E], 20.viii. 1927, F. Hulstaeft ( MRAC); 1♂ 15.iv.1933, J. Gesquière ( MSNG); 1♀ 15.ii.1935; 1♀ 7.vi.1935; 1♂ 13.vi.1935; 1♀ 2.vii.1935; 1♀ 1♂ 9.vii.1935; 4♀ viii.1935; 1♂, x.1935; 1♂ 2♀ vi.1936; 1♀ viii.1945; 1♀ xi.1945 J. Ghesquière (all IRSNB); 1♀ 15.ii.1935, 1♀ 15.vii.1935, 1♀ 15.i.1936; G. de Witte ( MSNG), 1♂ vi.1936, J. Ghesquière ( USNM). 1♂ Kivu, Rutshuru [01°11'S 29°27'E], 1♀ 1000 m, 3.vii.1935, G.F. De Witte ( USNM); 2♂ 8.vii.1935, 1100 m, G.F. de Witte ( MRAC, MSNG); 1♂ 2.vi.1936, L. Lippens ( MRAC); 1♂ v.37, 1♀ 4.vii.1937, J. Ghesquière ( IRSNB); 1♀ 14.vii.1950 G. Demoulin ( MRAC); 1♀ gallery forest, 1.iv.1953, J. 1♂ 7.vii.1953, both J. Verbeke ( USNM); 1♀ 12.iv.1960, R. MarÉchal; 1♀ 15.ix.1963, L.G. Segers (both MRAC). 1♂ Kivu, Rutshuru , Buhanyia [01°52'S 30°28'E], 1200 m, G.F. de Witte ( USNM). 1♀ Bambesa [3°28'N 25°43'E], 15.i.1924, L.J. Ghesquière ( MSNG), 2♀ F.J. François ( IRSNB); 1♀ 27.vii.1938, J. Vrijdagh ( USNM). 1♀ Bafwasende [01°00'N 27°09'E], ix.1945; 3♀ 10.x.1945, F. François ( MSNG), 1♂ 1♀ ix.1946, F.J. François ( IRSNB). 2♀ Itunga [03°02'S 26°31'E], vii.1959, F.J. François ( IRSNB). 1♂ 1♀ ix.1959, F.J. François ( USNM). 1♀ Isangi [01°48'S 28°08'E], vii.1959; 1♂ Garamba National Park [04°00'N 29°15'E], 7.ii.1950; 1♂ 1♀ 10.iv.1950, 1♀ 29.x.1950 all H. de Saeger (all IRSNB). 1♀ Hoyo Mt. [01°14'N 29°49'E], 1280 m, 30.x.1933, J. Leroy ( MSNG); 1♀ 8–9.vii.1953, H. de Saeger ( IRSNB), 1♂ 1280 m, 7-15.vii. 1955, P. Vanschuytbroeck ( USNM). 1♂ Ituri, Komanda [01°23'N 29°46'E], 10.xi.1953, 1♂ Simba, Lulonga [0°38'N 18°22'E], 15.x.1912, R. MaynÉ; 1♀ Luali [05°06'S 12°29'E], 26.viii.1913, Bequaert; 1♀ Yambata [02°26'S 21°58'E], 15.ii–15.iii.1914, De Giorgi (all MSNG). 1♂ 1♀ Mayombe, Lemba [04°25'S 15°20'E], 1–10.xii.1915, R. MaynÉ, ( MSNG). 1♂ Budjala, Bosanga [02°04'S 17°13'E], 15.ix.1919 ex coll. Brunetti ( MSNG). 3♀ UelÉ [04°09'N 22°26'E], 1920, L. Burgeon; 1♀ 15.iii.1925, H.J. BrÉdo; 1♂ 24.xii.1929, A. Collart; 1♀ 20.i.1933; 1♂ 20.x.1933; 3♂ 1♀ 30.x.1933; 1♀ 15.i.1934, all J.V. Leroy (all MSNG); 1♀ 2.xii.1956, 810 m, R. Castelain ( MRAC). 1♀ Mayombe, Luki [05°39'S 13°04'E], 21–30.iii.1922, H. Schoudeten ( MSNG). 1♂ 1♀ Stanleyville [= Kisangani , 00°31'N 25°12'E], 15.v.1923, L.J. Ghesquière; 1♂ 1924, L. Burgeon (all MSNG). 1♀ 3–4.iii.1949, G.F. de Witte ( MRAC). 1♀ Mayombe, Tshela [04°58'S 12°56'E], v.1923; 1♀ vii.1925; 1♀ v.1927; all L.J. Gesquière (all MSNG). 1♂ 2♀ Mayombe, Dingi [02°32'S 25°45'E], 21.x.1924, A. Collart; 1♂ Kapanga, Lulua [05°54'S 21°27'E], 15.iii.1926, L.J. Ghesquière; 1♀ Barumbu [04°19'S 15°19'E], 1927, R.P. Hulstaeft (both MSNG); 1♂ Uluku, Ituri [01°51'N 29°58'E], 12.viii.1927; 1♂ Albertville [= Kinshasa , 04°19'S 15°19'E], 20.viii.1927; 1♀ Catombe, Eala [00°40'S 18°17'E], 20.viii.1927; 1♀ Hulstaeft, Boende [00°44'S 19°12'E], 21.xi.1927; 1♂ Mayombe, Makala Ntete [04°22'S 15°18'E], 1928, all A. Collart (all MSNG). 1♀ Mondombe [00°54'S 22°48'E], 15.ix.1928, F.G. Overlaet; 1♀ Elisabethville [= Lubumbashi , 11°40'S 27°28'E], 15.xii.1928, Bequaert ( MSNG). 1♀ Beni [00°30'N 29°28'E], 1150 m, 7.xi.1931, L. Lebrun ( MSNG). 1♀ Kivu, Tshibinda [00°19'S 28°45'E], 18–26.xi.1932, L. Burgeon; 1♀ Banzyville [= Mobayi–Mbongo , 04°18'N 21°11'E], 24.xi.1932, H.J. BrÉdo; 1♂ Yuvanga, Likimi [02°50'N 20°45'E], 15.ix.1933 H.J. BrÉdo (all MSNG). 1♀ Limami river, Kasongo [04°27'N 26°39'E], 3.vii.1935, G.F. de Witte; 1♀ Ubangi, Libenge [03°39'N 18°38'E], 15.iv.1936, C. LÉontovitch (both MRAC). 1♀ Bova nr. Kiamalwa [09°40'S 25°44'E], L. Lippens; 2♂ Lukunga [04°40'S 13°47'E], 1936, De Saeger; 1♀ NW Ruwenzori, Watalinga [00°40'N 29°59'E], 15.vi.1937, Lisfranc (all MRAC). 1♀ Yapehe [00°13'S 24°27'E], 26.vi.1948, P.L.G. Benoi; 1♂ Buta [02°48'N 24°45'E], 1949, R.F.J. Hutsebaut (both MRAC). 1♀ Bas–Congo, Kinkenge [05°57'S 12°29'E], 15.ii.–15.iii.1951, M. Bequaert ( MRAC). 1♀ National Park Garamba, Embe Mt. [04°40'N 29°31'E], 20.iv.1952; 1♀ 17.v.1952, both H. De Saeger. 1♂ 1♀ Tshuapa, Bokuma [00°48'N 24°45'E], 15.iv.1954, R.P. Lootens (all MRAC). 7♂ Hoyo Mt. [01°14'N 29°49'E], 7–15.vii.1955; 2♂ 23.viii.1956; 1♂ 23.xii.1957, all P. Vanschuytbroeck ( MRAC, 1♂ USNM). 1♂ Massif Ruwenzori, Kalonge [03°24'S 29°02'E], 7– 15.vii.1955, 2065 m, 3♂ Semliki, Lume [04°43'S 26°31'E], 1830 m, 7–15.vii.1955, all Vanschuytbroeck (all MRAC). 1♂ Sankuru, Pempa Zeo [06°49'S 23°58'E], 10.xii.1959, P.L.G. Benoi ( MRAC). 1♂ 1♀ Yangambi [00°47'N 24°28'E], 15.iv.1960, J. Decelle ( MRAC); 1♂ 23.xi.1950, J.M. Mc Goug ( USNM). 1♂ Mayombe, Sanga [08°50'S 26°36'E], 25.ix.1977, R. RoquÉ ( MRAC). 1♂ Lukombe [04°16'S 18°21'E], 3.iii.1965, D. Cookson ( NMSA). EQUATORIAL GUINEA: 1♂ 3♀ Bahia de San Carlos [03°28'N 08°33'E], 200 and 400 m, L. Fea ( MSNG). 1♀ Fernando, Poo Island [= Bioko Island, 03°30'N 08°42'E], 1901; 2♂ 3♀ Punta Frailes [03°47'N 08°43'E], x.1901, all L. Conradt ( USNM). 1♂ Spanish Guinea, Benitogebiet [ Benito = Mbini River area], Alen [01°35'N 09°37'E], 15.v.1895, R. Baumann; 3♀ 16–31.vii.1906, G.Tessmann (all USNM). GABON: 3♀ Fernand–Vaz [01°34'S 09°37'E], 400 m, ix–x.1901, L. Fea ( MSNG). 1♀ OgoouÉ, LambarenÉ [00°41'S 10°13'E], 1910; 1♀ 1912, both R. Ellenberger ( IRSNB, USNM). GHANA: 1♂ Ghana ( West Africa ), i.57, N.H.L. Krauss; 1♀ Gold Coast [Region], 5.v.1912, J. W. Scott Macflie; 2♂ 1913, A.E. Evans; (all BMNH). 1♂ 2♀ Gold Coast, Kumasi [06°40'N 01°37'W], 17.iii.1947, J. Bowden; 1♀ Gold Coast, Ashanti , Ahinsa [06°16'N 02°01'W], xii.1959, B. & P. Stuckenberg (all NMSA). IVORY COAST: 1♀ Adiopo DoumÉ [05°20'N 04°07'W], 16.x.1974; 1♀ " Fopo Fopo ”, 7.iii.1975; both G. Couturier ( FMCV). 1♂ 50 km NW Abengourou, Amanikro [07°22'N 04°03'W], 15.v.–15.vi.1961; 1♂ 5.viii.1961; 1♂ Divo [05°50'N 05°22'W], 28.xi.1963, all J. Decelle ( MRAC). 1♀ Asagny Nat. Par, Roadway between Gate & Camp (05°14'N 04°49'W), 24. iv.1989, J. & A. Londt ( NMSA). 2♀ 17 km NW Abidjan [05°19'N 04°02'W], 1–6.x.1971, J.A. Gruwell ( USNM). KENYA: 1♂ Nairobi [01°17'S 36°49'E], 29.vii.1913, 1♀ 17.x.1931, A. Makie (both BMNH). 2♂ Mombasa [04°03'S 39°40'E], 13.viii.1983, A. Freidberg ( CSCA); 1♀ Kakamega Forest (00°15'N 34°52'E), 1554 m, 4.ii.1959, A.C. van Brugger (all USNM). 1♀ Kakamega Forest (00°13'N 34°52'E), 23.ix.2005, L. Friedman ( TAUI); 1♀ 11.v.1991, all A. Freidberg ( CSCA). 2♂ 2♀ W Kakamega Forest Reserve (00°22'N 34°53'E), 1620 m, indigenous forest paths, 22.xi.1992, A.Whittington & J. Londt ( NMSA). 1♀ Diani Beach [04°19'S 39°34'E], L.C. Edwards; 1♀ i.1957, Krauss (both USNM). 1♂ 2♀ Shimba [04°15'S 39°23'E], 2.vi.1980, D. Furth ( USNM). LIBERIA: 1♀ " Liberia ”, Marley ( BMNH). MALAWI: 1♂ "Nyasaland”, Cholo [16°04'S 35°08'E], R.C. Wood; 1♂ 1913, A.E. Evans (both BMNH). 1♀ Mt. Mulanje [15°57'S 35°35'E], without date, L.C. Edwards; 1♂ vi.1945; 1♀ vii– viii.1946; both Van Someren; 1♀ 19.ix.1912 and 1♂, 16. xi.1912, J.J. Simpson; 1♀ 30.v.1913, S.A. Neave (all BMNH). 1♂ Nkwadzi [12°44'S 33°43'E], 1920, L. Burgeon; 1♂ 25.x.1977, R. JocquÉ (both MRAC). 1♂ Mulanje Village [16°02'S 35°30'E], 800 m, 24–25. xi.1980, Londt & Stuckenberg; 1♀ Riverine Gallery Forest , 800 m, 8 km SE, 30.xi.1980, Stuckenberg & Londt (both NMSA). 1♂ Nyasaland , indigenous forest, 18.xii.1990, D.A. Barraclough; 1♂ Lilongwe Nature Sanctuary [13°59'S 35°20'E], 1100 m, 15–16.iii.1987, J &A. Londt; 2♂ 1♀ Zomba [15°23'S 35°35'E], 1100 m, 24–27.xi.1980, Londt & Stuckenberg (all NMSA). 1♂ Chiradzulu Forest (15°41'S 35°11'E), 1130 m, 8.i.2010, A. Freidberg; 1♂ 1♀ same data; 1♂ 9.i.2010, all L. Friedman (all TAUI). MOZAMBIQUE: 1♀ Amatonga Forest near Gondola [19°10'S 33°44'E], gallery forest, 15.i.–26.i.1959, A.C. van Bruggen ( USNM). 4♂ 3♀ Manica, Sofala District , Gorongosa Mts [18°45'S 34°30'E], 641 m, gallery forest, ix.1957; 2♂ 5.iv.1960; 1♀ v.1961; all P. Stuckenberg (all NMSA). 1♂ 1♀ Tumbine Mt., Port East Africa [16°05'S 35°48'E], 5–6.iv.1958, B. Stuckenberg ( NMSA). NIGERIA: 1♀ Nigeria , 20.xi.1912, 1♀ 9.v.1913, both S.A. Neave ( BMNH). 1♂ Ibadan [07°23'N 03°55'E], 5♂ Bridwell ( USNM); 1♂ 23.iii.1923, A.W.J. Pomeroy ( BMNH); 1♀ 5.ix.1936, Van Zwaluwemburg & Mc Gough; 1♀ 2.i.1963, D.C. Eidt (both USNM). 1♂ IlÉ–Ifè, 11. iv.1970, J. T. Medler ( USNM). REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO: 1♂ Kalanga [01°29'S 16°09'E], 15.xii.1918, R. MaynÉ ( MSNG). 1♂ Lilimi [03°43'S 13°32'E], 15.i.1924, L.J. Ghesquière ( MSNG). 1♀ Mayidi [00°11'S 15°09'E], i. 1945, P. Van Eyen ( MRAC). SIERRA LEONE: 1♂ Makuma [02°54'N 23°34'E], R.C. Wood ( BMNH). SOUTH AFRICA: 1♂ Caffrerei [= Cape Province], 26–27.xii.1892, L. Conradt S., ex Coll. H. Loew ( ZMHB). 2♀ Natal, ex Coll. Bigot; 1♂ 1♀ Natal, Zululand , [= KwaZulu-Natal ], ex coll. W.H. Potts (all BMNH); 1♂ i.1957, N.H.L. Krauss; 1♀ 9.ii.1969, O.W. Richards (both BMNH). 1♂ Mfongosi [27°18'S 32°10'E], ex Coll. C.J. Vainwright; 1♀ W.E. Jones (both BMNH), 1♂ ex Coll. Brunetti ( MRAC). 1♀ Durban [29°53'S 31°03'E], 1♀ L. Pieters ( MRAC); 1♂ 11.xii.1913, S.A. Neave; 1♂ i.1919, D. Cookson (both BMNH); 1♀ 20.ii.1965; 1♀ 5–6.iv.1969; both B. & P. Stuckenberg (all BMNH). 1♂ Eshowe [28°53'S 31°26'E], ii.1923, R.E.Turner; 1♀ Entumeni Nature Reserve , 16 km W Eshowe, 670 m, 26.i.1980, R. Miller & P. Stabbins ( USNM); 2♀, 6.i.1983, A. Freidberg ( BMNH) 1♂ Pondoland, Port St. Johns [31°38'S 29°32'E], xi.1923, R. E. Turner; 1♀ x.1926, G.A.K. Marshall; 1♀ x.1930, Van Someren (all BMNH); 1♀ ii.1957; 1♂ 16–17.x.1959, both Stuckenberg; 1♂ 20–25.xi.1961, B. & P. Stuckenberg; 1♂ 3.i.1965, D. Cookson (all NMSA). 3♀ Ballito [29°32'S 31°13'E], 30 m, 11.x.1991, J.G.H. Londt; 1♀ 23 km N King William’s Town, Ciskei, Maden Dam [32°44'S 27°18'E], 26–27.i.1984, D. & C. Barraclough (both BMNH). 1♀ Upper Tongaat [29°26'S 31°01'E], 19.x.1919, ex coll. Brunetti ( MRAC); 1♀ Transvaal, Krantzkloof (20°46'S 30°50'E), 1905, S.G. Schroeder ( USNM). 1♂ Transvaal, Krantzkloof Nature Reserve upper Krantz [29°46'S 30°50'E], 455 m, 3.vii.1935 ( MRAC); 1♀ 1036 m, 9.i.1965, B. Stuckenberg; 1♀ 400 m, indigenous forest, 1♀ 8.ii.1984; 2♂ 8.xi.1984; 6♂ 18.xii.1990; all D.A. Barraclough ( NMSA); 1♀ 455 m, 25.xi.1999, K.C. Holston ( CSCA). 1♂ East London [33°00'S 27°54'E], 2.ii.1924, R.H. Stevenson; 2♂ 1♀ 11.i.1925, H.K. Munro; 1♂ 7.x.1965, D. Cookson (all NMSA). 1♂ Eshowe, Dlinza Forest Nature Reserve [28°53'S 31°26'E], 20.xii.1954; 1♀ 16.i.1955; 1♂ 1♀ ix.1957; 1♀ 5–6.iv.1960, all B. & P. Stuckenberg (all NMSA); 6♂ 6. xii.1977; 9♂ 20–23.xi.1978; 4♂ 2♀ 22.xii.1979; all R. Miller & P. Stabbins; 2♂ 530 m, 26–27.i.1988, J.G.H. Londt ( NMSA, USNM). 1♂ Inchanga [29°44'S 30°40'E], 16.i.1955, B. & P. Stuckenberg ( NMSA). 1♂ St. Helier, Hillcrest [29°46'S 30°45'E], 25.i.1955, B.R.S.P.G.; 1♂ 9.ix.1962; B. & P. Stuckenberg (both NMSA). 1♂ Umgeni River, Nagle Dam [29°35'S 30°37'E], iv.1958, B. & P. Stuckenberg ( NMSA). 1♂ Umhlanga [29°43'S 31°05'E] 20–25.ii.1961, B. & P. Stuckenberg; 1♀ Ngoye Forest [28°50'S 31°43'E] between Eshowe & Empangeni , 5.iii.1963, D.M. Cookson ( NMSA); 1♂ 250 m, 29.i.1988, J.G.H. Londt ( USNM). 1♀ Entumeni, Eshowe District, Ngotsche [28°51'S 31°19'E], 17.ii.1965, D.M. Cookson ( NMSA); 1♀ Nature Reserve (29°12'S 31°23'E), 1150 m, 3.ii.1988; 2♂ 27.i.1988, both J. Londt (all NMSA). 2♂ Umhlatuzana River [29°53'S 31°00'E], 500 m, indigenous forest, xii.1990, D.A. Barraclough ( NMSA). 10♂ 1♀ Transkei, Dwesa Nature Reserve (32°16'S 28°51'E), 50 m, 17–29.xi.1991, D.A. Barraclough ( NMSA). 1♂, 4♂ 3♀ Natal, Umhlanga Bush [29°43'S 31°05'E], 19 km N of Durban, 29.xi.1994, Marion Kotrba ( USMN). 1♂ Natal, S Coast , Uvongo [30°49'S 30°23'E], 25.ii.1999, K.C. Holston ( USNM). TANZANIA: 1♂ Amani [05°05'S 38°40'E] ex coll. W.H. Potts ( BMNH); 1♀ 16–31.vii.1906, S.G. Tessmann ( ZMHB); 1♀ thick bush, 1957, J.G. Halcrow ( BMNH). 1♀ Usumbara Mts. [04°45'S 38°30'E], 1000 m, 3.i.1976, O. Lomholdt ( UZMC). 1♀ Bismarckburg [= Kasanga , 08°27'S 31°08'E], 8.v.1893; 1♀ 1.vi–4.vii.1893; both S.L. Conradt; 1♀ 1.v.1905, S.G. Tessmann (all ZMHB). TOGO: 4♂ 3♀ Cascades d'AyomÉ, NE of AmlamÉ (07°30'01"N 00°57'20"E), 300–330 m, 13. iv.2008; 3♂ 1♀ Danyi–ApÉyÉmÉ, Danyi Plateau (07°11'04"N 00°41'32"E), 770 m; 14.iv.2008; 1♀ Danyi–DzogbÉgan, Danyi river , Monastère de l'Ascension (07°14'30"N 00°40'45"E), 725 m, 14.iv.2008; 1♂ Aghanon–AgotÉ, Tomesutoè stream (07°15'53"N 00°47'51"E), 360–370 m, 15.iv.2008; 2♂ 2♀ Cascades de KpimÉ, W von HumÉ (07°00'21"N 00°38'50"E), 280–300 m, 16.iv.2008; 1♀ Cascades de Yô , NW of KpalimÉ (06°57'06"N 00°35'50"E), 370 m, 16.iv.2008; 1♂ Mont Agou, KÉbo– DalavÉ , NE of Agou (SE of KpalimÉ) (06°50'56"N 00°44'52"E), 270–275 m, 17.iv.2008; 1♂ 1♀ Lomnava, NE of HuimÉ (07°00'59"N 00°40'46"E), 290 m, 18.iv.2008; 1♂ Oounabè, at Ofê river between Pref. d'Amou and Pref. Wawa (NW of TÉmÉdja) (07°32'35"N 00°59'59"E), 720 m, 19.iv.2008; 11♂ ZogbÉgan–Carrière, at Elèbè river (07°34'49"N 00°40'03"E), 650–660 m; 21.iv.2008; 1♂ Soto, Owui River (70°36'09"N 00°42'20"E), 490 m, 21.iv.2008; 1♂ KlabÉ–Azafi, at Gonobè river (07°36'00"N 00°43'21"E), 485 m, 21. iv.2008; 6♂ 1♀ AnonoÉ, at Okpabè stream (07°33'39"N 00°36'09"E), 280 m;, 22.iv.2008; 2♂ ObÉ at Akloa, BÉna stream (07°31'56"N 00°36'36"E), 260 m; 22.iv.2008; 5♂ 1♀ Akloa, RÉgion des Plateaux at Domi river (nr. Cascades d'Akloa ) (07°30'48"N 00°36'36"E), 280–300 m; 22.iv.2008; 1♂ N von Ayagba, at KpÉlÉkoun river, (07°46'12"N 00°47'48"E), 490 m, 23.iv.2008; 1♂ 2 ♀ Kougnohou, at Kpon river (07°41'11"N 00°47'44"E 560 m, 23.iv.2008; 3♂ Abriwa-Nko, ca. 5 km N of Badou, at Egnulu-Agbadja river (07°37'16"N 00°36'15"E), 300 m, 24.iv.2008; 1♂ Kodjo-KopÉ, N of Badou, at Djodji stream (07°38'56"N 00°35'43"E), 260 m, 24.iv.2008; 1♂ Zoumenou, at Iviwou-Zato river (S of ZogbÉgan) (07°30'52"N 00°40'50"E), 670 m; 25.iv.2008; 1♂ N’kengbÉ, at Apati stream (08°06'40"N 00°45'54"E), 580 m, 28.iv.2008; 7♂ 1♀ Tentkro, at Koflo River (SE of Y’guÉ, SW of Blitta) (08°05'18"N 00°45'53"E), 530 m, 28. iv.2008; all A. Ssymank (all ASCG). UGANDA: 1♀ Bwamba [00°43'N 30°07'E], xi.1923, R.E. Turner; 1♂ Bwamba Valley , x.30; 1♀ vi/40; 1♂ Jinja [00°25'N 33°12'E], x.30, both Van Someren; 1♀ thick bush, 1957, J.G. Halcrow (all BMNH); 1♀ 1400 ft, W. Peters ( MRAC). 3♂ Mpanga [00°04'N 30°22'E], 65 km E Entebbe, 15.viii.1959, P.L.G. Benoit ( MRAC). ZIMBABWE: 1♀ Chirinda Forest, Selinda Mt. [20°27'S 32°43'E], 19.vi.1912, J. W. Scott Macflie ( BMNH); 1♀ 24.iii.1954, B. Stuckenberg ( NMSA); 1♂ 20.xii.1954, B. & P. Stuckenberg; 2♂, 1066 m, 15–26.i.1959, A.C. van Bruggen; 1♂ 6.ii.1961, M. & H.D. Brown (all NMSA). 1♂ Vumba [= Bvumba Mts, 19°06'S 32°47'E], 1906, E. Haug ( NMSA); 1♂ 4–8.xii.1956, Son & Martin; 1♂ 1♀ 3.i.1965; 1♂ 14.ii.1965; 1♂ 17.ii.1965; 1♀ 20.ii.1965; 1♀ 8.iv.1965, all D. Cookson; 1♂ 8.ii.1965, T. Schofield; 2♀ 16.i.1970, B. & P. Stuckenberg; 1♀ 24–25.ii.1980, Londt & Stuckenberg (all NMSA). 1♀ Umtali [= Mutare , 18°58'S 32°38'E], Leopard Rock , 25.i.1955, B.R.S.P.G; 1♀ ix.1957, Stuckenberg (both NMSA).

Type material remarks: Stratiomys quadrilineata : Female syntype from Sierra Leone in UZMC (Woodley 2001) is hereby designated as lectotype. It is labelled: “S. 4lineata, Sierra Leone /TYPE [red label]/ LECTOTYPUS Stratiomys quadrilineata Fabricius, 1787: 331 , F. Mason des., 2010”. Condition: Both antennal flagella missing, thorax broken around pin, anterior margins of both wings damaged, dorsal part of abdomen with some rusty incrustation.

Diphysa maculiventris : Male holotype from Durban ( South Africa) in MNHN (Woodley 2001). It is labelled: “32 46 [handwritten on a small round label]/ Diphysa maculiventris ♂ Macq. n. sp. [handwritten by Macquart in black ink on a large rectangular label]/ HOLOTYPE Diphysa maculiventris Macquart, Mason & RozkoŠnÝ rev. 2011”. Condition of the holotype: left wing damaged, left flagellum broken, otherwise in satisfactory condition (genitalia not dissected).

Ptilocera natalensis : Male syntype in ZMHB (Woodley 2001), hereby designated as lectotype, labelled as follows: “ Natalensis Gerst. [green aquamarine handwritten label] /1859/Type [small red label]/Pt. Natal Dst [handwritten on a green aquamarine label] / LECTOTYPUS Ptilocera natalensis, Gerstaecker, 1887: 334 , F. Mason & R. Rozkošný des., 2011”. Condition of the lectotype: perfect (genitalia not dissected).

Ptilocera quadrilineata var. melecta : male and female syntypes should be deposited in ZMHB (Woodley 2001) but recently they were not found (Sven Marotzke, ZMHB, pers. comm.).

Figures

Figs 11–16.Isomerocera quadrilineata (Fabricius): (11) antenna; ocellar triangle in (12a) frontal and (12b) dorsal view (Abbreviations: aoc – anterior ocellus, loc – lateral ocellus, oct – ocellar triangle, pot – pre-ocellar tubercle).Isomerocera spp., scutellum:I.heteraspis James, female,in (13) posterolateral and (14) posterior view; I. quadrilineata (Fabricius), (15) male and (16) female in lateral view.

Figs 17–22. Isomerocera heteraspis James, female: (17) scales on postocular area. I. quadrilineata (Fabricius), female: (18) (a) hairs and (b) scales on presutural area of scutum; (19) male posterior stigma (ps – posterior spiracle); (20) postpronotal callus and anterior stigma (as – anterior spiracle, ppc – postpronotal callus); prealar prominence of (21) male and (22) female.

Figs 23–28. Isomerocera heteraspis James, female: (23) prealar prominence; (24) hair tuft (tft) between postalar callus andanatergite.I.quadrilinenata (Fabricius):(25) labellarlobes and palpi; (26) palpus; (27) hind tarsus (clw – claw, emp – empodium, pulv – pulvillus terminalia); (28) female terminalia (crc – cerci).

Figs 42–74. Isomerocera quadrilineata (Fabricius), (42–58) male and (59–74) female: (42) male body in dorsal view, (43) abdomen variation: South Africa, Port St. Johns; (44) head in frontal view; (45) antenna,(46) variation:SouthAfrica,Umgeni River,Nagle Dam; (47)genital capsule,(48) variation: South Africa, Mfongosi; aedeagal complex in (49) ventral and (50) lateral view; (51) tergites 6–8; (52) proctiger, cerci and epandrium; colour pattern of legs: (53) fore, (54) middle and (55) hind leg, variation:South Africa, Durban, (56) fore, (57) middle and (58) hind leg; (59) female body in dorsal view, abdomen variation: (60) South Africa, Eshowe, Dlinza Forest and (61) Democratic Republic Congo, Eala; (62) head in frontal view, Democratic Republic Congo, Bambesa, (63) variation: Cameroon, Sangmelima; (64) antenna, Zimbabwe, Vumba, (65) variation: South Africa, Eshowe, Dlinza Forest; (66) genital furca, (67) variation: South Africa, Eshowe, Dlinza Forest; subgenital plate (68); colour pattern of legs Democratic Republic Congo, Eala: (69) fore, (70) middle and (71) hind leg, variation: South Africa, Ngoye Forest, between Eshowe and Empangeni: (72) fore, (73) middle and (74) hind leg.

Figs 75–88. Isomerocera quadrilineata (Fabricius), variation of legs colour pattern, males (75–82) and females (83–88): Males: (75–78) Mozambique, Gorongosa; (79) Zimbabwe, Chirinda Forest; (80) Democratic Republic Congo, Yangambi; (81) Mozambique, Gorongosa; (82) Malawi, Nkwadzi. Females: (83) South Africa, Eshowe, Dlinza Forest; (84) South Africa, St. Helier, Hillcrest; (85) Malawi, Zomba; (86) Democratic Republic Congo, Bambesa; (87) Uganda, Jinja; (88) Democratic Republic Congo, Stanleyville [= Kisangani]. Abbreviations: l1, l2, l3 – fore, middle and hind leg.

Figs 5–10. Isomerocera quadrilineata (Fabricius), male and female terminalia: Male: (5) dorsal part; (6) ventral part; aedeagal complex in (7) dorsal and (8) lateral view. Female: (9) terminalia in dorsal view and (10) genital furca.Abbreviations: aa – aedeagal apodeme,alp – aedeagal lateral projection, ast – attachment structure, c – cercus, ep – epandrium, ga – gonocoxal apodeme, gf – genital furca, gs – gonostylus, ma – medial aperture, mp – median process of synsternum, pb – posterior bridge, pha – phallic organ, pl – posterolateral projection, pr – proctiger, psh – parameral sheath, tg – tergite.

Fig.1. Isomerocera quadrilineata (Fabricius), female (South Africa, KwaZulu-Natal,South Coast Uvongo, orig. F. Mason). Scale bar=1.0 mm.

Fig. 4. Isomerocera quadrilineata (Fabricius), female wing, veins and cells. Abbreviations: A1 – anal vein, alu– alula,anl – anal lobe, bm– basal medial cell,br – basal radial cell, C – costal vein,c – costal cell, CuA1and CuA2– branches of anterior cubital vein, cua1 – anterior cubital cell, cup – posterior cubital cell, dm– discal cell, h – humeral crossvein,M1–2 – medial veins,m1–2 – medial cells,R1-5– radial veins, r1–5 – radial cells, r-m – crossvein between R and M veins, Sc – subcostal vein, sc – subcostal cell.