Dissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Blume, Flora 14: 498. 1831.

Kartonegoro, Abdulrokhman, Veldkamp, Jan Frits, Hovenkamp, Peter & Welzen, Peter van, 2018, A revision of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae, Dissochaeteae), PhytoKeys 107, pp. 1-178 : 1

23. Dissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Blume, Flora 14: 498. 1831. Fig. 16 , Map 16

Melastoma gracile Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 14. 1823 (" gracilis ").

Melastoma vacillans Blume var. pallens Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1074. 1826. Type: Indonesia. Java, C.L. Blume s.n. (lectotype, designated by Kartonegoro and Veldkamp 2010, pg. 134: L [L0008889]!; isolectotypes: BO!, L [L0008885, L0008886, L0008887, L0008888]!).

Dissochaeta brachyanthera Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 15: 74. 1851. Type: Indonesia. West Java: Mount Perbakti, 2 Jun 1848, H. Zollinger 3511 (lectotype, designated here: P [P05283573, image seen]!; isolectotypes: A [A00072203, image seen]!, BM!, L [L0537238]!, P [P05283585, P05283587, images seen]!).

Neodissochaeta gracilis (Jack) Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 137. 1943.

Neodissochaeta puberula Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 139. 1943. Type: Indonesia. East Kalimantan: Samarinda, Sungai Wain, L.M.R. Rutten 86 (holotype: U [U0004008]!).

Neodissochaeta compressa Bakh. f., Contr. Melastom.: 146. 1943. Type: Indonesia. South Kalimantan: Limowia, Batoe Babi, 10 Jul 1908, H.J.P. Winkler 2809 (holotype: L [L0537275]!; isotypes: BM [BM001190927]!, BO [BO1765008]!, K [K000859495]!, WRSL n.v.).

Type.

Indonesia. Sumatra, Jack s.n. (lost); Indonesia. Bengkulu: Boekit Daoen, Balai, 1000 m elev., 13 Jul 1931, C.N.A. de Voogd 591 (neotype, designated by Kartonegoro and Veldkamp 2010, pg. 134: L [L0822677]!; isoneotype: BO!).

Description.

Climbing up to 20 m in height. Branchlets terete or nearly quadrangular, 3-4 mm in diameter, glabrous or sparsely puberulous; nodes swollen, with interpetiolar line; internodes 4-6.5 cm long. Leaves: petiole terete, 7-15 mm long, glabrous or sparsely puberulous; blade ovate to elliptic, 8-17 × 3-8 cm, membranous, base rounded, margin entire, apex acuminate, tip 0.5-1 cm long; nervation with 1 pair of lateral nerves and 1 pair of intramarginal nerves; surfaces glabrous. Inflorescences terminal and in the upper leaf axils, 8-20 cm long, cymous, with many flowers; main axis angular, glabrous to sparsely furfuraceous; primary axes 5-17 cm long with 4-6 nodes, secondary axes 1-2 cm long with 2 or 3 nodes, tertiary axes 0.5-0.6 cm long with 1 or 2 nodes; bracts linear or elliptic, 3-6 mm long, thin, sparsely or densely stellate-pubescent; bracteoles linear or rarely oblong, 6-8 mm long, glabrous to stellate-pubescent; pedicels glabrescent, 3-4 mm long in central flowers, 1-2 mm long in lateral flowers. Hypanthium campanulate or suburceolate, 2-3 × ca. 2 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulous; calyx lobes truncate with undulate tips, 0.5-0.7 mm long, rarely with minutely triangular tip, glabrous; petal bud conical, 2-3 mm long; mature petals ovate, oblong or suborbicular, 2-3 × 2-3 mm, reflexed, base clawed, apex obtuse, glabrous, veined, white or pale pink. Stamens 8, unequal, filaments curved sideways; alternipetalous stamens with 3-5 mm long filaments, curved, bent at end point, anthers clavate, sickle-shaped, thecae 4-6 mm long, white or pink, pedoconnective white, 1-2 mm long, basal crests membranous, 0.25-0.5 mm long, thin, lateral appendages paired, flat, wavy, filiform, ca. 2 mm long, yellow; oppositipetalous stamens with ca. 2 mm long filaments, anthers smaller, slender, somehow staminodial, curved, thecae 1-1.5 mm long, white or pinkish, basal crests minute or spuriform, erect or ligular, ca. 0.3 mm long, lateral appendages paired, filiform, 1.5-2 mm long, yellow. Ovary half as long as hypanthium, apex villous or glabrous; style 4-6 mm long, curved at end. glabrous, white; stigma minute; extra-ovarial chambers 4, alternipetalous, extending to the middle of the ovary. Fruits globose, 5-6 × 2-4 mm, glabrous, bright green with distinct, 8-lined, purple when ripe; calyx lobe remnants persistent. Seeds ca. 0.5 mm long.

Distribution.

Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java and Borneo.

Ecology and habitat.

Primary or secondary disturbed forest, regrowth forest or riparian, lowland to mountain forest at 10-1500 m elevation.

Vernacular names.

Peninsular Malaysia: sedudu akar (Malay). Sumatra: alor sitabong detay (Simeuleu). Java: kecambang areuy, harendong areuy, kingkilaban (Sunda), Kalikadep, walak (Java).

Note.

This species can easily be distinguished by its thin leaf blades, glabrous on both surfaces and with four fertile alternipetalous stamens and four oppositipetalous staminodes. It has the smallest hypanthium of all species. The extra-ovarial chambers are shallow when compared to the size of the hypanthium and fertile stamens. Amongst all the species, D. gracilis is the most common species found in a wide elevation range, between 10-1500 m elevations. This species is also widespread west, but never east of Wallace’s line.

Selected specimens examined.

THAILAND. Ayutthaya: Sukirin Poo Kao Tong, 200 m, 28 Mar 1987, J.F. Maxwell 87-254 (L, P). Chanthaburi: Khao Soi Dao, 100 m, 29 Apr 1930, A.F.G. Kerr 19233 (BM, K). Narathiwat: Waeng, 15 Nov 1962, B. Sangkhachand BKF 46913 (K); Ibid., Hala Bala 380 m, 20 Apr 2004, Chongko 315 (L); Sungei Kolok, 28 Feb 1974, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen 32731 (L). Pattani: Kao Kalakiri, 600 m, 11 Sep 1923, A.F.G. Kerr 7812 (BM, K). Petchaburi: Khao Daen, 200 m, 19 Apr 1928, A.F.G. Kerr 15310 (BM, K). Songkhla: Khao Nam Kang, Na Thawee, 100-150 m, 13 Jun 1992, K. Larsen et al. 42845 (P); Ton Nga Chang, 250 m, 17 Aug 1995, K. Larsen et al. 45732 (L). Sukhothai: Klaung Tan, 400 m, 11 Mar 1928, A.F.G. Kerr 14470 (BM, K). Trang: Trang Ridge, 800 m, 28 Aug 1915, Vanpruk 697 (K); Khao Pap Pa, 13 Mar 1974, K. Larsen & S.S. Larsen 33279 (L). Yala: 8 Feb 1973, B. Sangkhachand & S. Phusomsaeng 1539 (P); Betong, 300 m, 31 Jul 1923, A.F.G. Kerr 7433 (BM, K); Bannang Sata, 21 Dec 1966, B. Sangkhachand BKF 40970 (K, L, P). MALAYSIA. Johor: Panti, 19 Nov 1966, T. Suppiah KEP 98980 (K, L); Labis, 150 m, 14 Apr 1967, T. Suppiah KEP 104968 (K, L); Kota Tinggi, 50 m, 22 Apr 1978, J.F. Maxwell 78-211 (L). Kelantan: Channing, 2 Feb 1917, H.N. Ridley s.n. (K); Ulu Sungai Lebir Kecil, 17 Sep 1967, P.F. Cockburn FRI 7132 (K, L). Malacca: W. Griffith s.n. (BM). Negeri Sembilan: Jelebu, Serting Forest Reserve, 200 m, 1 Oct 1996, E.C. Gardette 2280 (L). Pahang: Kuala Lipis, Ulu Chimeras, 21 Nov 1924, I.H. Burkill & M. Haniff SFN 15726 (BO); Kuala Tahan, 60 m, 16 Feb 1968, M. Shah 1308 (K, L); Ulu Sungai Kuantan, 183 m, 11 Jun 1934, C.F. Symington & Kiah SFN 28776 (BO, K). Penang: N. Wallich 4050 (P); Batu Kawau, Aug 1885, C. Curtis 398 (K). Perak: Goping, King’s collector 657 (BM, K, P); Gunong Bubu, 610 m, 18 Aug 1966, W.L. Chew 1236 (K, L); Larut & Matang, Bukit Larut, 645 m, 21 Mar 2007, S.N. Phoon & H.L. Kueh FRI 53289 (K, L). Selangor: Rawang, May 1896, H.N. Ridley 7332 (K); Genting Highlands, Ulu Gombak 325 m, 2 Jun 1978, J.F. Maxwell 78-297 (L). Terengganu: Kemaman, Bukit Kajang, 183 m, 4 Nov 1935, E.J.H. Corner SFN 30223 (K); Ulu Terengganu, Sekayu, Bt. Lanjut, 20 Sep 1969, H.L. Loh FRI 13499 (K, L). Sabah: Keningau, Tulid Area, Ulu Sg. Sembuan, 20 Sep 1988, Asik Mantor SAN 125639 (K, L); Lahad Datu, Danum Valley, 14 May 1989, C.E. Ridsdale 2017 (L); Ranau, Kampong Poring, 30 Mar 1995, S. Sambuling 596 (K); Tawau, Mar 1923, A.D.E. Elmer 21427 (BM, BO, K, L, U); Semporna, Sg. Montoritip, 13 m, 24 Feb 1964, Aban Gibot SAN 40929 (L). Sarawak: Bukit Mersing, Anap, 200 m, 24 Aug 1964, Sibat ak Luang S.21910 (BO, K, L); Kuching, 17 Oct 1894, G.D. Haviland & C. Hose 3387 (BM, K, L); Ibid., Mount Penrissen, 1100 m, 4 Dec 1994, J.H. Beaman & Gregory-Smith 11090 (K); Limbang, Bukit Pagon, Sg. Sipayan, 540 m, 3 Aug 1984, D. Awa & B. Lee S.47645 (K); Dataran Tinggi Merurong, Sungei Jelalong, Sungei Ebau, 350 m, 11 Oct 1984, Othman et al. S.48867 (K, L). SINGAPORE. Bukit Timah, 1894, E. Langlasse 83 (P). BRUNEI. Temburong: Batu Apoi, 350 m, 29 Oct 1991, D.A. Simpson & M. Marsh 2503 (K, L). INDONESIA. Aceh: Gayoland, Palo to Kongke, 1000 m, 4 Mar 1937, C.G.G.J. van Steenis 9478 (BO, K, L); Kutacane, Gunung Gurah, 22 Mar 1954, A.H.G. Alston 14627 (BM, BO); Mt. Leuser, Bengkong River, 200 m, 16 Jul 1979, W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. de Wilde-Duyfjes 18739 (BO, K, L); Simeuleu Island, Tapah, 26 Mar 1920, Achmad 1757 (BO, K, L). Bengkulu: Rimbo Pengadang, 1000 m, 9 Jun 1916, Ajoeb 115 (BO); Bukit Daun, Balai, 1000 m, 13 Jul 1931, C.N.A. de Voogd 591 (BO, L). Jambi: Kerinci, Siolak Deras, 915 m, 18 Mar 1914, H.C. Robinson & C. Boden-Kloss s.n. (BM, K). Lampung: Semaka, Sukaraja, 530 m, 28 Aug 2008, D. Arifiani et al. 922 (BO); Kota Agung, Ulu Belu, 22 Aug 1915, P.J.S. Cramer 90 (BO, L). Mentawai Islands: Siberut, 8 Jul 1953, J. van Borssum-Waalkes 2659 (BO, K, L); Sipora, 9 Oct 1924, C. Boden-Kloss SFN 14661 (BO, K). North Sumatra: Bukit Lawang, 100-150 m, 30 Jan 1980, H. Wiriadinata & Maskuri 538 (BO, K, L); Asahan, Bandar Puluh, H.S. Yates 1599 (BO, P); Ibid., H.S. Yates 1271 (BM, BO, L). South Sumatra: Muara Dua, Tenang, 700 m, 10 Jan 1930, C.N.A. de Voogd 555 (BO); Lake Ranau, G. Raya, 1300 m, 2 Nov 1929, C.G.G.J. van Steenis 3538 (BO, L). West Sumatra: Bukit Tinggi, Mangani, 1100 m, 15 Jun 1918, H.A.B. Bünnemeijer 3015 (BO, L); Agam, Brani, 900 m, 22 Jun 1918, H.A.B. Bünnemeijer 3199 (BO, L, U). Banten: Pandeglang, Menes, 100 m, Mar 1913, C.A. Backer 7032 (BO); Mt. Pulosari, 900 m, Mar 1913, C.A. Backer 7054 (BO); Ujung Kulon, Mt. Payung, 300-400 m, 8 Jan 1964, N. Wirawan 265 (BO, K, L). Central Java: Banyumas, Mt. Slamet, upper Baturaden, 800 m, 12 Apr 1911, C.A. Backer 186 (BO); Pekalongan, Between Doro and Petung Kriono, 600 m, 8 Sep 1914, C.A. Backer 15750 (BO); Semarang, Mt. Ungaran 1200 m, 22 Mar 1913, W.M. Docters van Leeuwen 1264 (BO); Ibid., Mt. Telomoyo, S.H. Koorders 35839β (BO). West Java: Bogor, Mt. Salak, Gunung Bunder, 1000 m, 8 Aug 1909, C.A. Backer 31628 (BO); Leuwiliang, Cianten, 1000 m, 1 Sep 1918, C.A. Backer 25894 (BO); Puraseda, 450 m, 20 Dec 1930, R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink 7641 (BO, K, L, U); Mt.Pangrango, Bodogol, 600 m, 4 Apr 2009, A. Kartonegoro 314 (BO); Mt. Halimun, Nirmala, 1100 m, 27 Dec 1913, C.A. Backer 11160 (BO); Ibid., 1300 m, 10 Jun 1980, M.M.J. van Balgooy & H. Wiriadinata 2921 (BO, K, L); Ibid., 12 Oct 2017, A. Kartonegoro 1113 (BO, L); Sukabumi, Jampang Tengah, 650 m, 27 Sep 1970, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 23846 (BO, K, L); Cianjur, Cibeber, Cidadap, 1000 m, 12 Jun 1917, C.A. Backer 22493 (BO); Ibid., 12 Jun 1916, R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink 3839 (BO, K, L). Central Kalimantan: Bukit Raya, Tumbang Riang, 150 m, 25 Nov 1982, J.P. Mogea & W.J.J.O. de Wilde 3669 (BO, L); Ibid., Tumbang Tapi, 100 m, 20 Jan 1983, J.F. Veldkamp 8326 (BO, L, PNH); Barito Ulu, 25 May 1990, C.E. Ridsdale PBU 187 (BO, K, L). East Kalimantan: West Kutai, Long Liang Beng, 250 m, 31 Aug 1925, F.H. Endert 3015 (BO, K, L); Ibid., Kombeng, 30 m, 23 Nov 1925, F.H. Endert 5174 (BO, K, L, PNH). South Kalimantan: Limowia, Batu Babi, 10 Jul 1908, H.J.P. Winkler 2809 (BM, BO, K, L). West Kalimantan: Long Blu’u, 1896, Jaheri 1297 (BO); Sintang, HPH Km. 87, 100 m, 24 Apr 1994, A.C. Church et al. 1078 (BO, K, L).

Figures

Figure 16. Dissochaeta gracilis. a habit b hypanthium c flower d fruits. Photographs by A. Kartonegoro; vouchers: Kartonegoro 1113 (BO, L).

Map 16. Distribution of D. gracilis (●).