Silene exsudans Boiss. & Heldr., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 8: 76. 1849.

Eggens, Frida, Jafari, Farzaneh, Thollesson, Mikael, Crameri, Simon, Zarre, Shahin & Oxelman, Bengt, 2020, Phylogeny and species delimitation in Silene sect. Arenosae (Caryophyllaceae): a new section, PhytoKeys 159, pp. 1-34 : 1

9. Silene exsudans Boiss. & Heldr., Diagn. Pl. Orient. 8: 76. 1849.

Type.

[Turkey, Antalya] in arenosis maritimis portûs Tchinova Lyciae, [12.5.1845], T.H.H. v. Heldreich s.n. (lectotype, designated here: G-BOIS! [G00544614]; isolectotypes: G! [G00226916], BM! [BM000990900], E! [E00286972], LE! [LE01051364], WAG! [WAG0191880]).

Description.

5.0-20.0 cm tall, spreading. Stem pubescent in lower part, scabrous, pubescent with sessile glands in upper part; with 4-7 distinct internodes, the uppermost internode obviously longer than the next upper internode. Basal leaves oblanceolate or spathulate, pubescent. Cauline leaves oblanceolate 10.0-25.0 × 1.0-5.0 mm, pubescent, scabrous. Calyx 7.5-8.5 mm long, campanulate at anthesis and clavate in fruit, pubescent, scabrous; teeth unequal; shorter ones 2.0-3.0 mm, deltoid, acuminate; longer ones 2.0-4.0 mm, deltoid, mucronate; marginal hairs long (longer than 0.5 mm). Inflorescence non-divaricate, branch axile (much) less than 90°. Petal claws 5.0-6.0 mm long, ciliate; limbs 3.0-4.5 mm long, bifid, upper-surface pink, lobes ovate, petal limbs cleft to less than middle, lower-surface pink; coronal scales ca 0.5 mm long, ovate, apex dentate or erose. Anthophore 3.0-5.0 mm long, densely puberulent. Anthers included; filaments 5.0-6.0 mm long, glabrous or pubescent. Styles exserted. First pedicel 1.0-2.0 cm in flower, 1.0-3.0 cm in fruit,erect, glabrous, apex antrorse. Capsule 5.0-7.0 mm, ellipsoid, fragile, opaque. Seeds 0.7-0.8 mm wide, 0.8-1.0 mm high, testa smooth.

Distribution and habitat.

S Mediterranean, Turkey (Lycia) (Fig. 7 ). On sandy beaches near the sea.

Notes.

Readily distinguished by its short calyx and short, deltoid (or broadly ovate) calyx teeth from S. microsperma subsp. maritima (see also notes about that taxon), its oblanceolate leaves, ascending habit and short size of the plant. Coode and Cullen (1967) considered " S. exsudans " as a synonym of S. kotschyi var. maritima . Our phylogenies (Figs 1 , 3 , 5 ) verify it as belonging to the S. microsperma -group but as a distinct species.

We generated two ITS sequences for S. exsudans , which form a strongly supported clade (PP = 1.00 MPB = 90% MLB = 95%, Fig. 3 ) in the phylogeny. This species is nested within the unresolved S. microsperma clade in the ITS tree and the RPB2 phylogeny (PP = 0.98 MPB = 86% MLB = 97%, Fig. 3 , PP = 0.96 MPB = 83%, Fig. 5 ). The significant morphological differences lead us to treat S. exsudans as a distinct species instead of merging it as subspecies of S. microsperma .

Figures

Figure 1. Species tree from two STACEY runs and three unlinked regions (ITS, RPB 2, rps 16). Posterior probabilities> 0.75 are shown above branches. The number following the taxonomic name is the specimen ID (Suppl. material 1). Scale bar reflects the number of substitutions per site.

Figure 3. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the ITS sequences including 76 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50 % majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (> 75 %) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively.

Figure 5. Phylogenetic tree resulting from Bayesian analysis of the RPB 2 sequences including 76 taxa. The trees were summarized in a 50 % majority-rule consensus tree with the posterior probabilities (PP) indicated above branches. Bootstrap support values (> 75 %) based on MP and ML are noted below branches, respectively. The numbers following the taxonomic name indicate the specimen ID and Genbank numbers (Suppl. material 1), respectively.

Figure 7. Distribution map of S. sect. Arenosae. Each color code corresponds to one taxon: A S. arenosa B S. austroiranica C S. chaetodonta D S. exsudans E S. georgievskyi F S. leyseroides G S. linearis H S. microsperma subsp. cypria I S. microsperma subsp. maritima J S. microsperma subsp. microsperma K S. microsperma subsp. modesta L S. striata.