Costarina plena, : Platnick and Duperre, 2011

Platnick, Norman I., Dupérré, Nadine, Ubick, Darrell & Fannes, Wouter, 2012, The Goblin Spider Genus Costarina (Araneae, Oonopidae), Part 1, American Museum Novitates 2012 (3730), pp. 1-64 : 12-30

Costarina plena (O. P.-Cambridge)

Figures 1–75

Dysderina plena O. P.- Cambridge, 1894: 143, pl. 17, figs. 7, 7a–d (female holotype from Teapa, Tabasco, Mexico, in BMNH; examined), 1896: 192, pl. 24, figs. 4, 4a–e (male). – F.O. P.- Cambridge, 1899: 44, pl. 3, fig. 5, 5a (female). – Chickering, 1968: 23, figs. 46–49 (male, female).

Costarina plena: Platnick and Dupérré, 2011a: 50 .

NOTE: In the original description, which included only the female, the type locality was cited only as Mexico, but it was specified as Teapa when O. P.- Cambridge (1896) described the male as well.

DIAGNOSIS: This species closely resembles C. subplena , but males have the anterior margin of the proximal prong of the embolus convex rather than concave (figs. 14, 15, 68, 69) and females have the anterior genitalic process set on a much longer, transverse, posteriorly W-shaped base, as well as a thicker anterior margin on the genital atrium (figs. 73–75).

MALE (PBI_OON 1419, figs. 1–30, 61–69): Total length 1.78. ALE separated by less than their radius. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral process narrow, sharply pointed, dorsal process wider. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum reaching to nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femur I p0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-1p; II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-2-0. Embolus with distal prong short, tip directed ventrally, proximal prong with convexly curved base and long projection.

FEMALE (PBI_OON 1419, figs. 31–60, 70–75): Total length 2.11. Dorsal scutum covering more than 3/4 of abdomen length, more than 1/2 to most of abdomen width, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 2/3 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora: I p0-1-1, r1-1-1; II p0-0-1, r1-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-2; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2- 1p. Genital atrium oval, with rounded lateral margins, posterior margin with short median sclerotization extending forward less than one-fourth of atrium length.

VARIATION: As would be expected of such an anomalously widespread and abundant species, there is some variation in genitalic details (see figs. 14, 15, 68, 69). Most obviously, some males have emboli that at first glance look notably simpler. However, scanning electron microscopy suggests that these palps have simply lost the proximal embolar prong, possibly during copulation (fig. 67), and other males have been found which have a normal palp on one side and a damaged one on the other side.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Campeche: Chicanna , 10 km W Xpujil, July 13, 1983, Berlese, mixed tropical forest litter, elev. 300 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_ OON 27510 ), 1♂ . Chiapas: Bazóm , 16°44′19″N, 92°29′18.3″W, July 9, 2003, oak forest litter, elev. 2450 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 695, 46508), 1♂, 3♀ , 16.7443°N, 92.49279°W, May 31, 2008, wet oak-magnolia forest litter, elev. 2460 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80157 , PBI_ OON 38085 ), 1♀ ; Benito Juárez , 15°22′01″N, 92°19′07″W, July 28, 2005, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 2050 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 691), 3♂ ; 5.9 km E Bochil, Sept. 19, 1991, riparian mesophyllic forest litter, elev. 1500 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 711), 1♂, 1♀ , Sept. 15, 1992, riparian mesophyllic forest litter, elev. 1300 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 710), 1♂ ; 15.1 km NW Bochil, Sept. 24, 1992, pine/oak/liquidambar litter, elev. 1930 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 712), 3♂, 1♀ ; 17.3 km NW Bochil, Sept. 24, 1992, rotten treehouse litter, elev. 1800 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 713), 21♂, 4♀ ; Cerro de Tapalapa , 17.18786°N, 93.12308°W, May 28, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 2260 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80145 , PBI_ OON 38105 ), 1♂ , 17.19159°N, 93.11772°W, May 27, 2008, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 2240 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80274 , PBI_ OON 38104 ), 3♂ ; Cerro El Calvario, near Tapalapa , 17°10′28.5″N, 93°07′52.2″W, July 25, 2003, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 2000 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 692), 1♀ ; Cerro El Calvario, near Tapalapa , 17°11′11.9″N, 93°07′21″W, July 23, 2003, wet cloud forest litter, elev. 2200 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 694), 8♂, 8♀ ; Cerro Huitepec , ca. 5 km W San Cristóbal, Sept. 14, 1992, wet oak forest litter, elev. 2700 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 680), 2♂, 3♀ ; Cerro Huitepec ( Pico ), ca. 5 km W San Cristóbal, Sept. 18, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 2750 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 715), 6♂, 4♀ ; Cerros de Chalchihuitán , 16°59′20.8″N, 92°37′13.0″W, July 24, 2003, wet cloud forest litter, elev. 2050 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 688), 1♂, 1♀ ; 5 km NE Coapilla , 17.17565°N, 93.13221°W, May 25, 2008, leaf litter, secondary mesophyll forest, elev. 1990 m ( MCZ PBI_ OON 38097 ), 2♂, 4♀ ; 5 km NNW Coapilla , 17.18273°N, 93.15168°W, May 25, 2008, leaf litter, secondary mesophyll forest, elev. 1915 m ( MCZ 79902 , PBI_ OON 38123 ), 2♂, 5♀ ; Cruz Quemada, near Amatenango , July 24, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_OON 1090), 1♂ (teneral) ; Cueva del Tempisque , 8 mi W Ocozocoautla, Aug. 17, 1967 (J. Reddell, T. Evans, AMNH PBI_ OON 37908 ), 1♂ ; 2 km SE Custepec , 15.72077°N, 92.95081°W, May 17, 2008, mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1520 m ( MCZ PBI_ OON 38099 , 46499), 8♂, 10♀ ; 3 km SE Custepec , 15.71566°N, 92.93817°W, May 17, 2008, secondary mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1700 m ( MCZ 79793 , PBI_ OON 38087 ), 2♂, 2♀ ; 4 km SE Custepec , 15.70673°N, 92.93127°W, May 20, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 2125 m ( MCZ 80392 , PBI_ OON 38084 ), 1♂, 5♀ ; 15.71018°N, 92.92887°W, May 20, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 2140 m ( MCZ 79893 , PBI_ OON 38086 ), 2♂, 1♀ ; 6.6 mi W El Bosque , Aug. 29, 1973, Berlese, litter, cloud forest with pines, elev. 4800 ft (A. Newton, FMNH 44466 , PBI_ OON 10700 , 46498), 2♂ ; 10 km W El Bosque , Sept. 15, 1992, pine cloud forest litter, elev. 1475 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 716, 719), 13♂, 4♀ ; El Real , July 1, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_ OON 37883 ), 1♀ , July 3, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_ OON 37888 ), 1♀ , July 3, 1950, on hill (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_ OON 37890 ), 1♂ , July 6–7, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_ OON 37889 , 37891), 3♀ ; Finca Cuauhtemoc, near Cacahoatán , Aug. 12, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_ OON 37886 ), 1♂ (teneral, possibly misidentified) ; Huitepec , San Cristóbal , 16.75070°N, 92.68270°W, cloud forest leaf litter, elev. 2480 m ( MCZ 79766 , PBI_ OON 38122 ), 5♂ ; Lago Metzabok , 17.12659°N, 91.63035°W, 2007, lowland wet forest litter, elev. 570 m ( MCZ 80393 , PBI_ OON 38082 ), 1♂, 1♀ ; Lagos de Montebello, Cinco Lagos , Sept. 22, 1992, oak pine forest litter, elev. 1500 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 686), 4♂ ; Laguna Montebello , Aug. 14–17, 1969, carrion trap, tropical montane forest, elev. 4500 ft (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 721), 1♀ ; 2.8 km NW Las Piedracitas , Sept. 20, 1991, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 2400 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 722), 1♂ ; 13.7 km NW Metzabok , 17.19051667°N, 91.73748333°W, 2007, Winkler, leaf litter, wet forest fragment, elev. 540 m (J. Longino, MCZ 81373 , PBI_ OON 36967 ), 2♂ ; Monte Libano , 20 km E El Real, July 4–5, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_ OON 37884 ), 1♀ ; 7.4 km SSW Motozintla , Sept. 21, 1992, cut over cloud forest litter, elev. 2000 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 37907 ), 1♀ ; Municipio Coapilla, 1.8 km NE junction roads Tapalapa / Ocotepec , 17.17314°N, 93.14607°W, May 26, 2008, oak forest litter, elev. 1810 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80297 , PBI_ OON 38120 ), 1♀ , 2.0 km NE junction roads Tapalapa / Ocotepec , 17.17536°N, 93.14939°W, May 26, 2008, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 1775 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80179 , PBI_ OON 26340 ), 1♂, 2♀ , 2.5 km NW junction roads Tapalapa / Ocotepec , 17.17602°N, 93.13293°W, May 26, 2008, dry oak forest litter, elev. 1960 m ( MCZ PBI_ OON 38098 ), 1♀ , 4.5 km NW junction roads Tapalapa / Ocotepec , 17.18263°N, 93.11807°W, May 27, 2008, shrubby cloud forest litter, elev. 2180 m ( MCZ 80275 , PBI_ OON 38093 ), 1♂ ; Naja , 16.96291°N, 91.59335°W, June 10, 2008, mesophyll forest litter, elev. 950 m ( MCZ 80132 , PBI_ OON 38118 ), 2♂, 1♀ , 16.96385°N, 91.59313°W, June 8, 2008, mesophyll forest litter, elev. 985 m ( MCZ 79634 , PBI_ OON 38088 ), 2♂ , 16.97416667°N, 91.58991667°W, July 14, 2007, montane wet forest litter, elev. 950 m ( MCZ 79060 , PBI_ OON 38100 ), 1♂ ; 6 km SW Ocosingo , Sept. 16, 1992, wet oak-pine forest litter, elev. 1400 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 717, 718), 5♂, 1♀ ; 6.3 km SW Ocosingo , July 29, 1983, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 1070 m (S., J. Peck, R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 176), 1♀ ; 12.5 km NW Ocosingo , Sept. 16, 1992, oak-pine forest litter (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 720), 1♂ ; Palenque ruins, July 18, 1949 (C. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_ OON 37911 ), 1♀ , Mar. 28, 1974, litter (C. Alteri, AMNH PBI_ OON 37905 ), 2♂ (1 with damaged right palp) , Jan. 1984, dense jungle (B., V. Roth, CAS 26314 , PBI_OON 2746), 1♂ ; Parque Laguna Belgica , 16 km NW Ocozocoautla, June 14, 1990, flight intercept trap (H. Howden, AMNH PBI_ OON 27511 ), 1♂ ; Parque Nacional Lagunas de Montebello, Grutas de San Rafael , 16°07.993′N, 91°43.752′W, July 24, 2005, valley bottom forest litter, elev. 1500 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 689), 2♂, 2♀ ; Pichucalco , July 18, 1947 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_OON 175), 1♀ ; Pico El Triunfo, Reserva El Triunfo, 15°40.16′N, 92°48.70′W, Nov. 16–21, 2001, cloud forest litter, elev. 2300 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 696), 10♂, 1♀ ; Playón de La Gloria , 16.14774°N, 90.89548°W, June 24, 2008, secondary wet forest litter, elev. 170 m ( MCZ 79889 , PBI_ OON 38090 ), 3♂ ; 8.9 km E Rayón , Sept. 19, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 1500 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 723, 46501), 7♂, 2♀ ; Reserva El Triunfo, 15°39.428′N, 92°48.537′W, Nov. 16–21, 2001, oak forest litter, elev. 2050 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 697), 3♂, 2♀ , 15.72141°N, 92.93936°W, May 17, 2008, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 1860 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80277 , PBI_ OON 38110 , 46482), 1♂, 1♀ , May 18, 2008, mixed oak forest litter, elev. 1849 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80271 , PBI_ OON 38112 ), 1♀ , 15.72170°N, 92.94044°W, May 17, 2008, shrubby hardwood forest litter, elev. 1860 m ( MCZ 80272 , PBI_ OON 38091 ), 1♀ , 15.72173°N, 92.94059°W, May 20, 2008, mixed oak forest litter, elev. 1850 m ( MCZ 80276 , PBI_ OON 38113 ), 3♀ , 15.72188°N, 92.93677°W, May 19, 2008, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 1600 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80105 , PBI_ OON 40134 ), 1♂, 1♀ ; 15.72193°N, 92.94122°W, May 20, 2008, oak forest litter, elev. 1850 m ( MCZ 80315 , PBI_ OON 38114 , 46496), 1♂, 1♀ , 15.72216°N, 92.94298°W, 2008, oak forest litter, elev. 1820 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80053 , PBI_ OON 38111 ), 1♀ ; Reserva Huitepec, San Cristóbal de las Casas , July 11, 2003, cloud forest litter, elev. 2450 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 46510 ), 1♂ , 16°45′N, 92°41′W, July 9, 2007, elev. 2600 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 79197 , PBI_ OON 38095 ), 2♂ , 16°45.09′N, 92°40.96′W, Nov. 13, 2001, lower cloud forest litter, elev. 250 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 682, 46509), 4♂, 8♀ , Nov. 22, 2001, cloud forest floor, elev. 2800 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 679), 2♂, 2♀ , 16°45.84′N, 92°40.70′W, Nov. 13, 2001, oak forest litter, elev. 2220 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 684), 1♀ , July 7, 2003, oak forest litter, elev. 2200 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 690), 2♂ , July 11, 2003, cloud forest litter, elev. 2450 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 687), 4♂, 7♀ , July 15, 2005, mixed oak forest litter, elev. 2300 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 693), 1♀ , 16.74476667°N, 92.68853333°W, July 11, 2007, Winkler, leaf litter under pines, cloud forest edge, elev. 2600 m (J. Longino, MCZ 79055 , 79058 , PBI_ OON 38096 , 38121, 1♂, 1♀ ; 8 km SE Salto de Agua , 17.51592°N, 92.30231°W, June 14, 2008, leaf litter, secondary wet forest, elev. 100 m ( MCZ 82070 , PBI_ OON 36964 ), 1♂ ; San Cristóbal , July 11, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_ OON 37885 ), 1♂ , July 12, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_ OON 37881 ), 1♀ , July 14, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_ OON 37882 , 37887), 2♂ , July 21, 1950 (C., M. Goodnight, L. Stannard, AMNH PBI_ OON 37910 ), 1♀ ; 4 mi SE San Cristóbal , 16°42′N, 92°36′W, Aug. 23, 1966 (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_OON 1362, 37906, 46507), 3♂, 5♀ , same, Aug. 25, 1966 (PBI_ OON 37903 ), 2♂, 2♀ ; 5 km W San Cristóbal, Aug. 13–16, 1969, carrion traps, pine-oak forest, elev. 8000 ft (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_ OON 37898 ), 2♀ ; 5 mi W San Cristóbal , 16°45′N, 92°41′W, Aug. 24, 1966, pine-oak forest (J., W. Ivie, AMNH PBI_ OON 37897 ), 1♀ ; 7 km WSW San Cristóbal , 16°43′N, 92°42′W, July 9, 2007, elev. 2550 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 79196 , PBI_ OON 38094 ), 2♂, 1♀ ; 15 km E San Cristóbal , 16.74683°N, 92.49008°W, May 29, 2008 ( MCZ 79690 , PBI_ OON 38115 , 1♀ , 16.74689°N, 92.48985°W, May 29, 2008 ( MCZ 80050 , PBI_ OON 38116 ), 1♀ ; San Cristóbal de las Casas , July 22, 1947 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_ OON 37900 ), 1♂ ; Sierra Morena , 16.15342°N, 93.60078°W, May 12, 2008, secondary mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1330 m ( MCZ 80376 , PBI_ OON 38092 ), 1♂, 2♀ ; Tenejapa , July 22, 1950 (C. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_ OON 37878 ), 1♂, 1♀ ; Volcán Tacaná, lower slopes, ca. 4 km N Unión Juárez, Sept. 18, 1992, cloud forest litter, elev. 1800 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 724), 1♂ , same, elev. 1950 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 683), 2♂ , Sept. 20, 1992, cloud forest litter, elev. 2000 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 681, 725), 8♂ ; Yerbabuena Reserve , 2.1 km NW Pueblo Nuevo Solistahuacan, Sept. 19, 1991, oak-pine forest litter, elev. 1750 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 726), 1♂, 2♀ , Sept. 23, 1992, cloud forest litter, elev. 2100 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 685, 46506), 3♂, 3♀ , same, liquidambar forest litter, elev. 2070 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 727), 1♂ . Oaxaca: Mirador Grande , 17.89844°N, 96.36253°W, Aug. 14, 2009, Winkler, leaf litter, montane tropical rainforest, elev. 990 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ PBI_OON 704), 1♂, 2♀ ; 6 mi S Valle Nacional , May 19, 1971, Berlese, leaf litter, elev. 2000 ft (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_ OON 37909 ), 6♂ ; 10.8 SW Valle Nacional , 17.68102°N, 96.33026°W, Aug. 13, 2009, Winkler, leaf litter, disturbed mesophyll forest, elev. 1120 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 95150 , PBI_OON 701), 4♂, 3♀ , same, nest under rock (L. Sáenz, MCZ 94020 , PBI_ OON 702), 2♂ ; 13.2 km SW Valle Nacional , 17.65934°N, 96.33426°W, Aug. 11, 2009, Winkler, leaf litter, tropical wet forest, elev. 1360 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 95180 , PBI_OON 700), 1♂ ; 14.8 km SSW Valle Nacional , 17.64483°N, 96.33637°W, Aug. 13, 2009, leaf litter, disturbed mesophyll forest, elev. 1370 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 94652 , PBI_OON 703), 2♂ ; 15 m S Valle Nacional , May 21, 1971, Berlese, leaf litter, elev. 4000 ft (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_ OON 37899 ), 1♀ ; 32 m S Valle Nacional , May 22, 1971, Berlese, leaf litter, elev. 7000 ft (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_ OON 37912 ), 1♂ . Tabasco: Teapa (H. Smith, BMNH) PBI_OON 698), 1♂, 2♀ (including holotype) , July 16, 1947 (C., M. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_OON 1419), 2♂, 1♀ ; Villa Hermosa , Aug. 14, 1945 (F. Bonet, AMNH PBI_ OON 37902 ), 2♀ . Veracruz: 3.6 mi E Catemaco , Aug. 23, 1967, elev. 1000 ft (R. Leech, REL PBI_OON 699), 1♂ ; 1.2 mi S Huatusco , July 2, 1969, Berlese, cloud forest soil, litter, elev. 1344 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_ OON 37913 ), 1♂ ; Los Tuxtlas Biological Station , 33 km NE Catemaco, Aug. 1, 1993, Berlese, ravine litter, fungi, elev. 160 m (S., J. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 1390, 5♂, 4♀ , same, tree base litter ( AMNH PBI_ OON 37901 ), 5♂, 2♀ ; Volcán San Martín , July 14, 1953 (C. Goodnight, AMNH PBI_ OON 37879 ), 2♂ . Guatemala: Alta Verapaz: Cacao , Mar. 26, 1906 ( USNM PBI_ OON 27884 ), 1♀ ; Gruta de Lanquín , Feb. 5, 1980 (B., V. Roth, AMNH PBI_ OON 38052 ), 1♀ . Baja Verapaz: Biotopo Quetzal , 15.21241135°N, 90.214580799°W, May 7, 2009, Winkler, oak/tree fern cloud forest litter, elev. 1750 m ( MCZ 89571 , PBI_ OON 37490 ), 2♂, 2♀ ; 8.6 km W Chilascó , May 24, 1991, oak/pine/liquidambar litter, elev. 1560 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 38057 ), 1♀ ; 4.5 km S Purulhá , May 21, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 1630 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 765), 3♂ , May 24, 1991, same ( AMNH PBI_OON 766), 3♂ ; 7 km E Purulhá , May 23, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 1660 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 760, 46497), 1♂, 6♀ , May 25, 1981, cloud forest litter, elev. 1600 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 767), 3♂, 1♀ , pine/cloud forest litter, elev. 1600 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 768), 2♂ ; 7.3 km E Purulhá , May 19, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 1700 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 758), 2♂, 1♀ ; 7.5 km S Purulhá , May 26, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 1630 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 38058 , 46502), 5♂, 1♀ ; 8 km S Purulhá , May 19, 1991, pine/cloud forest litter, elev. 1600 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 759), 1♀ , May 23–25, 1991, flight intercept, wet montane forest (H. Howden, AMNH PBI_ OON 38054 ), 3♂ , May 27–29, 1991, same ( AMNH PBI_ OON 38051 , 38053), 2♂ ; 14.5 km S Purulhá , May 26, 1991, riparian bottomland oak forest litter, elev. 1600 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 27507 ), 1♂ ; Ranchitos del Quetzal , 15.21443°N, 90.22123°W, Sept. 20, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 1750 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 83303 , PBI_ OON 37471 ), 2♂ , same ( INBIO PBI-OON 761), 2♂ , 15.21508°N, 90.22003°W, Sept. 20, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 1700 m (R. Anderson, INBIO PBI_OON 762), 3♂, 1♀ . El Progresso: Cerro Pinalón , 15.0849726°N, 89.94547974°W, Apr. 30, 2009, oak/pine/tree fern litter, elev. 2560 m ( MCZ 89518 , PBI_ OON 26351 ), 5♂, 6♀ , 15.0873113°N, 89.94404961°W, Apr. 30, 2009, oak/pine/tree fern litter, elev. 2550 m ( MCZ 89490 , PBI_OON 319), 8♂, 3♀ ; Cerro Pinalón , peak, 15.08122°N, 89.92080°W, May 1–5, 2009, mixed hardwood litter, elev. 2900 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 99249 , PBI_OON 751), 1♂, 1♀ , May 2, 2009, litter under shrubs, elev. 2900 (R. Anderson, MCZ 99290 , PBI_OON 755), 3♂ , near peak, 15.08217°N, 89.92184°W, May 1–5, 2009, mixed cloud/pine litter, elev. 2850 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 99240 , PBI_OON 752), 1♂ , near peak, 15.08280°N, 89.92320°W, May 1–5, 2009, cloud/oak litter, elev. 2820 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 99270 , PBI_OON 753), 1♂, 2♀ , trail to peak, 15.08467°N, 89.93492°W, May 1–5, 2009, cloud forest litter, elev. 2680 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 99478 , PBI_OON 754), 1♂ ; Cerro Pinalón, Finca Las Nubes, 15.08385°N, 89.94258°W, Sept. 20, 2008, oak cloud forest litter, elev. 2500 m (R. Anderson, INBIO PBI_OON 750), 2♂, 2♀ , Sept. 21, 2008, same ( MCZ 83169 , PBI_ OON 36965 ), 1♂ ; Cerro Pinalón, trail to Peña del Ángel , 15.08405°N, 89.94991°W, May 3, 2009, mixed oak litter, elev. 2520 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 99231 , PBI_OON 756), 1♂, 1♀ ; 2 km N Estancia de la Virgen , June 8, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 1800–1900 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 757), 1♀ . Guatemala: near Las Nubes, 14.53975°N, 90.44983°W, Sept. 18, 2008, cloud forest, elev. 2950 m (R. Anderson, INBIO PBI_OON 741), 2♀ ; Univ. del Valle , June 10, 1991, oak/ pine/mimosa forest litter, elev. 1400 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 742), 1♂, 3♀ . Huehuetenango: Huehuetenango, 15.50673°N, 91.64473°W, Sept. 14, 2008, oak cloud forest, elev. 2750 m (R. Anderson, INBIO PBI_OON 730), 5♂, 2♀ ; San Miguel Chicharro , 15.57988°N, 91.96905°W, Sept. 16, 2008, oak cloud forest, elev. 2100 m (R. Anderson, INBIO PBI_OON 731), 5♂, 1♀ . Izabal: Firmeza , 15.40708°N, 88.69612°W, Sept. 19, 2008, montane rainforest litter, elev. 590 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 83291 , PBI_ OON 37469 ), 2♂, 1♀ , same ( INBIO PBI_OON 763), 1♀ ; Izabal, Dec. 14, 1986, malaise trap, elev. 350 m (M. Sharkey, CNC PBI_ OON 38124 ), 1♀ . Jalapa: 4 km E Mataquescuintla , 14.52986618°N, 90.14908234°W, June 1, 2009, oak cloud forest, elev. 2600 m ( MCZ 89382 , PBI_ OON 40800 ), 2♂, 1♀ , 14.53256659°N, 90.15252622°W, June 1, 2009, oak cloud forest, elev. 2400 m ( MCZ 89467 , PBI_ OON 37491 ), 6♂, 3♀ ; Miramundo, Pino Dulce , 14.53388°N, 90.15236°W, Sept. 18, 2008, cloud forest, elev. 2300 m ( INBIO PBI_OON 743), 1♂, 1♀ . Quetzaltenango: 12 km SW Zunil, NE face, Cerro Zunil , May 28, 1991, hardwood forest litter, elev. 2700–2760 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 38056 ), 1♂, 1♀ , same, Fuentes Georginas , May 27, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 2460 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 732), 2♂ ; Volcán Chicabal, Las Nubes, 14°48.1′N, 91°40.1′W, Sept. 12, 2008, oak forest litter, elev. 2280 m (L. Sáenz, MCZ 82921 , PBI_ OON 37473 ), 1♂ . Quiché: 1.5 km S Chichicastenango , 14.91852°N, 91.10458°W, Sept. 17, 2008, oak/ostrya/pine forest litter, elev. 2000 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 83277 , PBI_ OON 37470 ), 1♀ ; 3 km S Joya Larga , 15.40538°N, 90.83805°W, Sept. 15, 2008, oak cloud forest litter, elev. 2350 m (R. Anderson, INBIO PBI_OON 734), 3♂ . Sacatepéquez: 5 km SE Antigua , 14.52779181°N, 90.68970603°W, June 10, 2009, old secondary oak forest litter, elev. 2350 m ( MCZ 89455 , PBI_ OON 40803 ), 6♂, 4♀ , 14.5357724°N, 90.69427782°W, June 6, 2009, old secondary hardwood forest, litter from clearing near road with occasional pine, cypress, elev. 2150 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 89414 , PBI_ OON 40802 ), 3♂, 6♀ , 14.53862°N, 90.70488°W, June 9, 2009, hardwood forest litter, elev. 1875 m ( MCZ 99191 , PBI_OON 735), 1♀ ; Cerro Alux , June 9, 1991, wet oak forest litter, elev. 2260 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 38055 ), 1♂, 1♀ , 14.61033°N, 90.64191°W, Sept. 9, 2008, oak forest, elev. 2170 m (R. Anderson, INBIO PBI_OON 737), 1♂, 1♀ ; Cerro Carmona , 6 km SE Antigua, 14°32.1′N, 90°41.7′W, Sept. 9, 2008, mesic oak forest litter, elev. 2180 m (L. Sáenz, MCZ 82951 , PBI_ OON 36966 ), 1♂ ; Cerro Carmona, Finca El Pilar, 14.53452°N, 90.69446°W, Sept. 9, 2008, oak/ostrya forest litter, elev. 2160 m ( MCZ 83159 , PBI_ OON 26343 ), 5♂ , same ( INBIO PBI_OON 739), 2♂, 1♀ , 14.54115°N, 90.70483°W, Sept. 9, 2008, oak forest, elev. 1980 m ( INBIO PBI_OON 738), 4♂, 2♀ ; Parque Senderos de Alux , 15–20 km W Guatemala City, 14°36′39.2″N, 90°38′21.1″W, June 30, 2006, Berlese, pine forest litter, elev. 2256 m (J. Huff, C. Víquez, E. Agrada, D. Ortiz, AMNH PBI_OON 740), 1♂ ; 4.5 km SW San Miguel Dueñas , June 12, 1991, mesic hardwood forest litter, elev. 1760 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 27508 ), 1♂ . San Marcos : road Bojonal-Fraternidad , 14.94533°N, 91.88038°W, Sept. 11, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 1580 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 83221 , PBI_ OON 37468 ), 1♂ ; 9.8 km WSW San Marcos , 14°56.7′N, 91°52.8′W, Sept. 11, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 1600 m (L. Sáenz, MCZ 82928 , PBI_ OON 37467 ), 1♀ . Suchitepéquez: Volcán Atitlán , 9.5 km SE Santiago Atitlán, 14°33.5′N, 91°11.4′W, Sept. 10, 2008, cloud forest litter, elev. 2060 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 83242 , PBI_ OON 37472 ), 1♂ ; 4 km S Volcán Atitlán , 14.5491476°N, 91.19054782°W, June 15, 2009, Winkler, cloud forest litter, elev. 1625 m ( MCZ 89429 , PBI_OON 733), 3♂, 2♀ . Zacapa: 2 km SE La Unión , 14.9470362°N, 89.27627275°W, June 12, 2009, Winkler, oak cloud forest litter, elev. 1550 m ( MCZ 89348 , PBI_OON 745, 46504), 3♂, 2♀ , same, 14.95389983°N, 89.27638319°W, June 12, 2009, Winkler, oak cloud forest litter, elev. 1430 m ( MCZ 89502 , PBI_OON 744), 2♀ ; 3.5 km SE La Unión , June 4, 1991, cloud forest litter, elev. 1500 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 748, 749), 13♂, 8♀ , June 6, 1991, same ( AMNH PBI_OON 746, 747), 24♂, 3♀ , Sierra de Los Minas , 10 km N San Lorenzo , Nov. 7–9, 1986, wet moss by creek in cloud forest, elev. 2200 m (E. Lindquist, CNC PBI_ OON 38131 ), 1♂ ; 5 mi N San Lorenzo , July 13, 1986, cloud forest litter (J. Campbell, CNC PBI_ OON 38126 ), 1♀ . Honduras: Atlántida: La Ceiba, Pico Bonito Lodge , 15.69040°N, 86.90272°W, Oct. 2, 2008, litter from property with cacao, elev. 150 m (C. Víquez. M. Branstetter, AMNH PBI_ OON 38438 ), 1♂ . Cortés: Parque Nacional Cusuco , July–Sept. 2007, elev. 1535 m (J. Nunez-Mino, MRAC PBI_ OON 40136 ), 1♂ , same, elev. 1600 m ( MRAC PBI_ OON 40135 ), 1♂ , 15.48683°N, 88.23425°W, May 30, 2010, mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1330 m ( MCZ 99071 , PBI_OON 774), 2♂, 3♀ ; 15.48940°N, 88.23681°W, May 30, 2010, mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1290 m ( MCZ 99120 , PBI_OON 773), 5♂, 3♀ . Francisco Morazán: Tegucigalpa, Parque Nacional La Tigre , trail to view point, 14.20721°N, 87.09428°W, Sept. 25, 2008, Winkler, cloud forest litter, elev. 1830 m (M. Branstetter, AMNH PBI_ OON 38440 ), 1♂ , 14.21778°N, 87.09101°W, Sept. 25, 2008, Winkler, secondary mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1870 m (M. Branstetter, AMNH PBI_ OON 38349 ), 1♂ . Gracias a Dios: Las Marías, 15.70861°N, 84.86211°W, June 8, 2010, tropical rainforest litter, elev. 80 m ( MCZ 98870 , PBI_OON 769), 1♀ . Lempira: Gracias, Parque Nacional Montaña de Celaque. Trail to Quebrada , 14.55619°N, 88.65799°W, Sept. 30, 2008, Winkler, litter, elev. 1925 m (M. Branstetter, AMNH PBI_ OON 38442 ), 1♂ . Ocotepeque: 13 km E Nuevo Ocotepeque, 14.45748°N, 89.06819°W, May 25, 2010, cloud forest litter, elev. 150 m ( MCZ 98076 , PBI_ OON 764), 3♀ . Olancho : 11 km N Catacamas , 14.95003°N, 85.91609°W, May 8, 2010, cloud forest litter, elev. 2080 m ( MCZ 98092 , PBI_OON 772), 2♂ ; 14 km N La Unión, Parque Nacional La Muralla, Sept. 1, 1994, montane forest litter (S., J. Peck, FMNH 56880 , PBI_ OON 10823 ), 1♂, 1♀ . Santa Bárbara: 15 km SE Santa Bárbara , Aug. 24, 1994, montane wet forest litter (S., J. Peck, FMNH 56882 , PBI_ OON 10825 ), 3♂ . Nicaragua: Matagalpa: Aranjunes, Cerro Arenas , road to Jinotega, 13.03361°N, 85.897°W, Winkler, elev. 1310 m (C. Víquez. J. Mata, AMNH PBI_ OON 29346 ), 1♂ ; Reserva Natural El Musún, 3 km NNW Río Blanco, 12°57.5′N, 85°13.8′W, Oct. 12, 2008, mesic forest litter, elev. 600 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 83253 , PBI_ OON 37476 ), 1♂ ; Reserva Natural El Musún, 3.2 km NNW Río Blanco, 12°57.6′N, 85°13.9′W, Oct. 12, 2008, mesic forest litter, elev. 700 m (M. Branstetter, MCZ 83269 , PBI_OON 775), 2♂ .

DISTRIBUTION: Southern Mexico (Veracruz, Tabasco, Campeche, Oaxaca, and Chiapas) south to northern Costa Rica.

Costarina iviei , new species

Figures 76–84

TYPE: Male holotype taken 10 mi SE of Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico (Aug. 14, 1966; J., W. Ivie), deposited in AMNH (PBI_ OON 37904 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a patronym in honor of one of the collectors, the late Wilton Ivie.

DIAGNOSIS: Males can easily be recognized by the shape of the embolus; both the proximal and distal prongs are sinuous (figs. 80–84).

MALE (PBI_ OON 37904 , figs. 76–84): Total length 1.61. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral process short, wide, dorsal process longer. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum reaching to nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p; II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-2-0. Embolus with sinuous proximal and distal prongs.

FEMALE: Unknown.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: None.

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Veracruz).

Costarina llama , new species

Figures 85–99

TYPE: Male holotype from Winkler sample of leaf litter taken in a montane tropical rainforest at an elevation of 990 m at Mirador Grande, 17.89844°N, 96.36253°W, Oaxaca, Mexico (Aug. 14, 2009, M. Branstetter), deposited in MCZ (93984, PBI_OON 705) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the LLAMA (Leaf Litter Arthropods of Middle America) project that produced numerous specimens for this study.

DIAGNOSIS: Males can be recognized by the shape of the embolus, which has a long, narrow proximal prong and a shorter, wider, sinuous distal prong (figs. 89–93). The single female here tentatively matched with the male has a W-shaped posterior atrial margin and a sinuous anterior genitalic process (figs. 97–99); like the male, it was taken together with specimens of C. plena .

MALE (PBI_OON 705, figs. 85–93): Total length 1.69. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral process short, wide, tip almost reaching tip of dorsal process. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum reaching to nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-1p; II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-1p-2. Embolus with proximal prong long, narrow, distal prong shorter, wider, sinuous.

FEMALE (PBI_OON 1103, figs. 94–99): Total length 1.87. Dorsal scutum covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, more than 1/2 to most of abdomen width, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 3/4 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r1-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2- 1p. Posterior margin of genital atrium W-shaped, anterior genitalic process distinctly bent at about one-third its length.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Oaxaca : 6 mi S Valle Nacional , May 19, 1971, Berlese, leaf litter, elev. 2000 ft (S. Peck, AMNH PBI_OON 1103), 1♀ .

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Oaxaca).

Costarina oaxaca , new species

Figures 100–114

TYPES: Male holotype, female allotype, and male paratype from Winkler sample of leaf litter taken in a tropical wet forest at an elevation of 680 m at a site 7.5 km S of Valle Nacional, 17.70752°N, 96.30516°W, Oaxaca, Mexico (Aug. 12, 2009, M. Branstetter), deposited in MCZ (94631, PBI_OON 706) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

DIAGNOSIS: Males resemble those of C. llama but both the proximal and distal prongs of the embolus are narrower (figs. 104–108); females have the median three-fifths of the posterior atrial border thickened (figs. 112–114).

MALE (PBI_OON 706, figs. 100–108): Total length 1.78. ALE separated by less than their radius. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral process short, wide, not reaching to tip of dorsal process. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum reaching to nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-1-1; II p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-2; II v4-4-0; metatarsi I, II v2-1p-2. Embolus with proximal prong very long, narrow, separated from slightly longer, slightly wider, sinuous distal prong by U-shaped space.

FEMALE (PBI_OON 706, figs. 109–114): Total length 2.20. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Dorsal scutum covering more than 3/4 of abdomen, more than 1/2 to most of abdomen width, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 2/3 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r1-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2- 1p. Genital atrium relatively wide, broadly triangular, median three-fifths of posterior margin thickened.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: None.

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Oaxaca).

Costarina mixtepec , new species

Figures 115–129

TYPES: Male holotype, female allotype, and two female paratypes from Berlese sample taken in cloud forest 23.4 km N of San Gabriel Mixtepec , Oaxaca, Mexico (July 11, 1987, R. Anderson), deposited in FMNH (61605, PBI_ OON 10891 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

DIAGNOSIS: Males resemble those of C. plena but have a much narrower, sharply bent proximal prong on the embolus (figs. 119–123); females have a short, wide genital atrium, with a wide transverse bar visible through the cuticle anterior of the anterior atrial margin (figs. 127–129).

MALE (PBI_ OON 10891 , figs. 115–123): Total length 2.05. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral prong short, wide, dorsal prong greatly elongated, narrow, protruding anteriorly. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum reaching to nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-0; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-2-0. Embolus with proximal prong relatively narrow, abruptly bent at about half its length, distal prong with two parallel ledges (in ventral view).

FEMALE (PBI_ OON 10891 , figs. 124–129): Total length 2.35. Dorsal scutum with no soft tissue visible from above, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 2/3 of abdominal length. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r1-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2- 1p. Genital atrium short, wide, wide transverse bar visible through cuticle anterior of anterior atrial margin.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Oaxaca : 30.6 km S Suchixtepec, July 12, 1987. Berlese , wet oak-pine forest, elev. 3400 ft (R. Anderson, FMNH 61609 , PBI_ OON 10895 ), 3♂ ; 40.5 km S Suchixtepec , July 25, 1992. Berlese, cloud forest leaf litter, elev. 1300 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_OON 708), 3♂, 2♀ .

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Oaxaca).

Costarina subplena , new species

Figures 130–144

TYPES: Female holotype taken in oak-pine forest litter at an elevation of 1600 m in the Reserva El Triunfo, 15.72188°N, 92.93677°W, Chiapas, Mexico (May 19, 2008; R. Anderson), deposited in MCZ (80105, PBI_ OON 38109 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name refers to the similarities to C. plena .

DIAGNOSIS: This species closely resembles C. plena but males have the anterior margin of the proximal prong of the embolus concave rather than convex (figs. 134–138), and females have the anterior genitalic process set on a much shorter, evenly curved transverse base, along with a thinner anterior margin on the genital atrium (figs. 142–144).

MALE (PBI_ OON 46495 , figs. 130–138): Total length 1.81. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral prong long, narrow, spiniform, dorsal prong with short extension. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum reaching to nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2, r0-1-0; tibiae: I v4-4-1p; II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-2-0. Embolus proximal prong with concave anterior margin, distal prong relatively short, with rounded tip.

FEMALE (PBI_ OON 46481 , figs. 139–144): Total length 1.92. Dorsal scutum covering more than 3/4 of abdomen length, more than half to most of abdomen width, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 3/4 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r1-1-1; II p0-0-2, r1-1-0; tibiae I, II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2- 1p. Anterior genitalic process relatively short, transverse bar at base short, evenly curved, genital atrium with thin anterior margins.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: 3 km SE Custepec , 15.71566°N, 92.93817°W, May 17, 2008, secondary mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1700 m ( MCZ PBI_ OON 46505 ), 1♀ ; 10 km W El Bosque , Sept. 15, 1992, pine cloud forest litter, elev. 1475 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 46483 ), 1♀ . Guatemala: Baja Verapaz: 4.5 km S Purulhá , May 24, 1991, same ( AMNH PBI_ OON 46481 ), 1♀ ; 7 km E Purulhá , May 25, 1981, cloud forest litter, elev. 1600 m (R. Anderson, AMNH PBI_ OON 46484 ), 2♂ ; Biotopo Quetzal , 15.21241135°N, 90.214580799°W, May 7, 2009, Winkler, oak/tree fern cloud forest litter, elev. 1750 m (ex MCZ 89571 , PBI_ OON 46495 ), 1♂ .

DISTRIBUTION: Chiapas, Mexico, to Baja Verapaz, Guatemala.

Costarina naja , new species

Figures 145–159

TYPES: Male holotype and female allotype taken at an elevation of 950 m at Naja , 16°58′N, 91°35′W, Chiapas, Mexico (July 14, 2007, M. Branstetter), deposited in MCZ (79063, PBI_ OON 38117 ) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

DIAGNOSIS: Males resemble those of C. oaxaca but have a much more protuberant base on the proximal prong of the embolus as well as an extremely narrow projection originating from the base of the embolus (figs. 149–153); females have a distinct, anteriorly directed, broadly triangular extension of the posterior atrial margin (figs. 157–159).

MALE (PBI_ OON 38117 , figs. 145–153): Total length 2.02. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral, dorsal processes long, narrow. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum reaching to nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p; II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-2-0. Embolus proximal prong with protuberant base accompanied by long, extremely narrow projection from embolar base, distal prong long, tapering gradually to tip.

FEMALE (PBI_ OON 38117 , figs. 154–159): Total length 2.12. Dorsal scutum covering more than 3/4 of abdomen length, more than half to most of abdomen width, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 2/3 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora: I p0-1-2, r1-1-1; II p0-0-2, r1-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2- 1p. Genital atrium short, wide, posterior margin W-shaped, transverse bar visible through cuticle anterior of anterior atrial margin.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: Naja , 16.96291°N, 91.59335°W, June 10, 2008, mesophyll forest litter, elev. 950 m ( MCZ PBI_OON 707), 2♂, 2♀ , 16.96385°N, 91.59313°W, June 8, 2008, mesophyll forest litter, elev. 985 m ( MCZ PBI_OON 728), 1♀ .

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Chiapas).

Costarina sepultura , new species

Figures 160–174

TYPES: Male holotype and female allotype from secondary mesophyll forest litter taken at an elevation of 1330 m at Sierra Morena , 16.15342°N, 93.60078°W, Chiapas, Mexico (May 12, 2008), deposited in MCZ (PBI_OON 729) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from one of the localities at which the species occurs.

DIAGNOSIS: Males resemble those of C. plena but have the distal prong of the embolus broadly folded at its base (figs. 164–168); females have distinctive anterolateral darkenings in the genital atrium (figs. 172–174).

MALE (PBI_OON 729, figs. 160–168): Total length 1.80. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral process short, wide, dorsal process with heavily sclerotized distal extension. Dorsal scutum covering full length of abdomen, postepigastric scutum covering nearly full length of abdomen. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p; II v4-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-2-0. Embolus with proximal prong long, gradually narrowing toward tip, distal prong broadly folded near base.

FEMALE (PBI_OON 729, figs. 169–174): Total length 2.07. Dorsal scutum with no soft tissue visible from above, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 3/4 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r1-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi I, II v2-2- 1p. Genital atrium ovoid, anterolateral corners darkened, transverse bar visible through cuticle just anterior of anterior atrial margin.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: Mexico: Chiapas: Municipio Villa Corso: Ejido Sierra Moreno, Reserva Biosfera La Sepultura , 16°09.61′N, 93°36.343′W, May 12, 2008 , liquidambar forest litter, elev. 1322 m (R. Anderson , MCZ 80234 , PBI_ OON 38107 ), 2♀, 16°09.773′N, 93°36.211′W, May 13, 2008 , oak forest litter, elev. 1487 m ( MCZ 80221 , PBI_ OON 38083 ), 1♂, 16°09.856′N, 93°36.291′W, May 13, 2008 , mixed oak/hardwood forest litter, elev. 1497 m ( MCZ 80259 , PBI_ OON 38108 ), 1♂, 16.16121°N, 93.60024°W, May 15, 2008 , liquidambar forest litter, elev. 1367 m (R. Anderson, MCZ 80019 , PBI) OON 38106 ), 1♂; Sierra Morena, 16.16001°N ,

93.60519°W, May 12, 2008, secondary mesophyll forest litter, elev. 1360 m ( MCZ 79704 , PBI_ OON 38089 ), 1♂, 1♀ .

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Chiapas).

Costarina bochil , new species

Figures 175–189

TYPES: Male holotype, female allotype, six male paratypes, and five female paratypes from rotten treehouse litter taken at an elevation of 1800 m at a site 17.3 km NW of Bochil , Chiapas, Mexico (Sept. 24, 1992, R. Anderson), deposited in AMNH (PBI_OON 714) .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality.

DIAGNOSIS: Males have both the proximal and distal embolar prongs long and sinuous, with the distal prong abruptly narrowed near its tip (figs. 179–183); females have an extremely short genital atrium (figs. 187–189).

MALE (PBI_OON 714, figs. 175–183): Total length 2.05. ALE separated by their radius to diameter. Sternum anterior margin with continuous transverse groove. Endites with ventral process long, narrow, dorsal process with long distal extension. Dorsal scutum covering more than 3/4 of abdomen length, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 3/4 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femur I p0-0-2; tibiae: I v4-4-1p; II v3-4-0; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-2-0. Embolus with both proximal and distal embolar prongs long, sinuous, distal prong abruptly narrowed near its tip.

FEMALE (PBI_OON 714, figs. 184–189): Total length 2.73. Dorsal scutum more than half to most of abdomen width, postepigastric scutum reaching to about 2/3 of abdomen length. Leg spination: femora I, II p0-0-2, r1-1-1; tibiae: I v4-4-2; II v4-4-1p; metatarsi: I v2-2-1p; II v2-1p-2. Genital atrium extremely short, recurved ridge visible through cuticle just anterior of anterior atrial margin.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: None.

DISTRIBUTION: Mexico (Chiapas).