Rapis, Zhang & Cong & Shen & Song & Grishin, 2023

Zhang, Jing, Cong, Qian, Shen, Jinhui, Song, Leina & Grishin, Nick V., 2023, Genomic analysis reveals new species and subspecies of butterflies, The Taxonomic Report of the International Lepidoptera Survey 11 (6), pp. 1-63 : 7

Rapis Grishin , new subgenus

http://zoobank.org/ CDE5789D-03D6-4AEF-8974-8F1C57995DD5

Type species. Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758 .

Definition. Genomic phylogeny of the genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 ( type species Papilio brassicae Linnaeus, 1758 ) reveals several prominent clades that could be regarded as subgenera, including the nominotypical ( Fig. 3 violet) and Artogeia Verity, 1947 ( type species Papilio napi Linnaeus, 1758 ) ( Fig. 3 blue). Although Sinopieris H. Huang, 1995 ( type species Sinopieris gongaensis H. Huang, 1995 ) ( Fig. 3 red) is not supported by a very prominent branch, this group of species is confidently monophyletic, originates around the same time as other subgenera and is phenotypically distinct. The remaining fourth clade ( Fig. 3 green) is prominent and cannot be confidently included in other subgenera: it is sister to the subgenus Pieris in the genomic tree, but only with 88% support (not above 95%). Therefore, this green clade represents the fourth subgenus, and it does not have a name. This new subgenus constitutes the P. rapae group of Robbins and Henson (1986), who described and illustrated diagnostic characters for it. In brief, species in the new subgenus are distinguished from the nominotypical subgenus by shorter (less than half the size) and onion-shaped, rather than elongated, androconia and from Artogeia and Sinopieris by the lack of posterior process on signum (Robbins and Henson 1986) and, additionally, by the lack of overscaling along ventral hindwing veins. In DNA, a combination of the following characters is diagnostic in the nuclear genome: pra6360.8.e1:T87A, pra590.15.e1:A181C, pra82.57.e2:G168T, pra82.57. e2:T177C, pra283.114.e1:A531T and in COI barcode: T163A, A205T, T421T, G512G, C533C, T535T, T589C, C641C.

Etymology. The name is a fusion of the type species name with its genus name: Rap [ae] + [Pier] is. The name is a feminine noun in the nominative singular.

Species included. The type species (i.e., Papilio rapae Linnaeus, 1758 ), Papilio canidia Linnaeus, 1768 , Pieris krueperi Staudinger, 1860 , Pontia mannii J. Mayer, 1851 , and Pieris tadjika Grum-Grshimaïlo, 1888 (Robbins and Henson 1986), including their closest relatives sometimes regarded as distinct species.

Parent taxon. Genus Pieris Schrank, 1801 .