Siphamiini Smith 1955

Mabuchi, Kohji, Fraser, Thomas H., Song, Hayeun, Azuma, Yoichiro & Nishida, Mutsumi, 2014, Revision of the systematics of the cardinalfishes (Percomorpha: Apogonidae) based on molecular analyses and comparative reevaluation of morphological characters, Zootaxa 3846 (2), pp. 151-203 : 185-186

Tribe Siphamiini Smith 1955

Type genus Siphamia Weber 1909

Diagnosis. Members of the Apogoninae : dorsal fin VI–VII + I,7–11; anal fin II,7–11; pored lateral-line scales 0–24; preopercular ridge smooth, edges smooth to serrate; supraneurals 1–2; supramaxilla absent; basisphenoid absent; uroneurals absent; two epurals; hypurals 1+2 and 3+4 fused into two plates, upper plate fused to terminal centrum; parhypural separate; one or two supernumerary dorsal spines; caudal fin emarginate or forked; bacteria bioluminescent system from hyal region to along body above or past anal-fin base.

Other characteristics. first segmented fin-ray in second dorsal-fin branched, first anal-fin ray branched and segmented; ctenoid, cycloid or spinoid scales; median predorsal scales 0–6; pectoral rays 11–16; segmented principal caudal rays 9+8, 15 branched, upper and lower unbranched; unbranched procurrent rays, longest segmented; villiform teeth in one or multiple rows on premaxilla, dentary, vomer, palatine, or absent on palatine; developed gill rakers 6–18; lateral-line scales usually with a vertical row of free neuromasts; six infraorbitals, bony shelf on third infraorbital; anterior ceratohyal smooth or notched; developed gill rakers 10–26; 10+14 vertebrae; 8 ribs; 8 epipleurals; stomach, intestine and peritoneum generally pale with variously sized melanophores; low crest on PU2.

Distribution. Representatives of the tribe are found from East Africa, Red Sea, islands in the Indian Ocean, throughout the West Pacific to Japan, onto the Pacific Plate to French Polynesia and Australia ( Gon & Allen 2012).

Remarks. This tribe contains one genus Siphamia , corresponding to the clade VII in the molecular trees ( Figs. 2–6 , Table 4 ). All species of Siphamia have bioluminescent bacteria in a specialized organ (a synapomorphy for the species) unique among apogonines. Smith (1955) proposed placing species of Siphamia in its own subfamily Siphamiinae . Our results based on analysis of five of the twenty-three species suggest that Siphamia roseigaster Ramsay & Ogilby 1887 could be recognized in its own genus Adenapogon McCulloch 1921 , because it was placed relatively far from the remaining species. Gon & Allen's (2012) results based on morphology suggest that two other Australian species belong in Adenapogon and that Fodifoa Whitley 1936 is available for another group of species. We defer to Ofer Gon who is continuing to work on relationships within this tribe ( Gon & Allen 2012).

Figures

FIGURE 2. Phylogenetic tree from the partitioned maximum-likelihood (ML) analysis. Numbers besides internal branches indicate bootstrap probabilities (BPs) from 1000 replicates (only those of> 50% shown). Species names of recent Ostorhinchus [we included here Apogonichthyoides melas as a possible Ostorhinchus, following Mabuchi et al. (2006)] were blue, those of Apogon sensu lato [genus Apogon in Fraser (1972)] excepting the Ostorhinchus red, and those of genus Rhabdamia in Fraser (1972) green. The names of the twelve major clades (clades I to XII) within the Apogoninae were indicated on the left of the corresponding clades. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML, Bayesian (BA: Fig. 3), and most parsimonious (MP: Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks.

FIGURE 3. Phylogenetic tree (50% majority-rule consensus tree) from the partitioned Bayesian (BA) analysis. Numbers besides internal branches indicate Bayesian posterior probabilities (PPs: shown as percentages, only those of> 50% shown). Species names were colored as in Figure 2. The names of the twelve major clades were indicated as in Figure 2. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and most parsimonious (MP: Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks.

FIGURE 4. Strict consensus tree of two of the five most parsimonious (MP) trees (MP tree-A). Numbers besides internal branches indicate bootstrap probabilities (BPs) from 1000 replicates (only those of> 50% shown). Topological incongruity between the two MP trees denoted by an arrowhead. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and MP (Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks. Species names were colored as in Figure 2. The names of the twelve clades were indicated as in Figure 2.

FIGURE 5. Strict consensus tree of the remaining three of the five most parsimonious (MP) trees (MP tree-B). Topological incongruities between the three MP trees denoted by arrowheads. Four species, which phylogenetic positions were largely different among the ML (Fig. 2), BA (Fig. 3), and MP (Figs. 4 and 5) tress, were indicated by arrows with asterisks. This tree was largely different from the MP tree-A (Fig. 4) in the positions of Pterapogon kauderni and Vincentia novaehollandiae.

FIGURE 6. Strict consensus tree of the ML, BA and MP trees shown in Figures 2-5. Species names were colored as in Figures 2–5. The names of the twelve major clades (clades I to XII) within the Apogoninae were indicated besides the corresponding clades, while the names of the thirteen tribes (defined based on morphological characters) on the right of corresponding major and minor clades. The tribe Lepidamiini is not in the tree. Tribes with solid bars include species of Apogon sensu lato, and those with open bars do not include it. Geographic ranges were indicated on the right of the clades only for the species of clade II (Apogonini), all the other apogonids occurring on Indo-Pacific Basin. For the revised genus names of some species, see Appendix A.