Polynoncus pseudogemmifer Costa-Silva et al., 2024

Costa-Silva, Vinícius, Strümpher, Werner P., Thyssen, Patricia J. & Vaz-de-Mello, Fernando Z., 2024, Taxonomic revision of the South American genus Polynoncus Burmeister, 1876 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Trogidae), Journal of Natural History 58 (1 - 4), pp. 14-166 : 136-147

Polynoncus pseudogemmifer Costa-Silva et al. sp. n.

( Figures 4h , 60–61 )

Polynoncus pseudogemmifer sp. n.: Vaurie 1962: 120 (‘redescription’); Scholtz 1982: 16 (catalogue); Scholtz 1986a: 362 (systematics); Scholtz 1990: 1430 (redescription); Gómez 2008: 516 (key to Argentinean species); Zidek 2013: 10 (checklist); Zidek 2017: 101 (checklist); Smith 2017: 92 (nomenclatural comments); Costa-Silva and Diéguez 2020: 271 (records from Argentina). Note: all these authors mentioned the name ‘ gemmifer ’.

Type material. HOLOTYPE. (♂ MNHN – Figure 60 ) First label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘ MUSEUM PARIS / PATAGONIE / PROV. DE MENDOZA / SAN-RAFAEL / A. TOURNOUER 1906’. Second label [white, Riccardo Pittino’s handwriting]: ‘ Trox / gemmifer Blanch. / Det. Pittino 1985’. Third label [red with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus ♂ / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / HOLOTYPE 2022’( Figure 60f ). Type locality: ‘ San-Rafael, Prov. [Province] de Mendoza’ ( Argentina), collected by the French paleontologist André Tournoüer. Even with the date of ‘1906’ on the type label, there is no evidence that A. Tournoüer returned to Argentina after his expedition between 1898 and 1903 (see Buffetaut 2020).

PARATYPES (12 CEMT; 2 CERPE; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ MZSP; 17 JBHC; 3 JZPC; 2 BMNH; 32 MNHN; 1 MCZ; 2 ♂ and 12 unsexed IFML; 5 IADIZA; 33 MLPA; 22 MACN; 2 CJME; 37 CVMD; 2 CJEB; 2 UNALM; 2 MUSM; 2 MNNC; 2 MZUC; 1 CMNC). First label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA: Chubut / Gaiman, Bryn Gwyn Sur, / 43°21 ʹ 04’S, 65°28 ʹ 30”W, / 3. iii.2010, Daniel Rojas / Lanus leg’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ and 1 ♀ MZSP; 6 CEMT; 2 CERPE). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA: San Luís / Belgrano, Fundo El Molle, / pitfall trap with pig dung 20/ 28.i.2013, / G.Arriágada’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des.Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 CEMT). First label [white, aged, with red frame, handwritten]: ‘21.696’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ and 1 unsexed CEMT). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘Catamarca’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ CEMT). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘Chubut’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ CEMT). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINE San Luís / Fundo El Molle / 15– 25.01.2007 / J. Gómez leg’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (15 CJBH). First label [white, typeset]: ‘ ARGENTINA, Pr. SanLuis / 18 km S. Arizona / 18–23.I.1982 250 m / H & A Howden’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (2 CJBH). First label [white, handwritten]: ‘ARG – Chaco / Pozo La Gringa / SG Bolle I-96’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ JZPC). First label [white, handwritten]: ‘ARG – Catamarca / Lafayate / SG Bolle XI-98’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ and 1 JZPC). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA: Tuc., / Tafi d. Valle, 2,500 m. / 6-8. i.1970. At light / Vardy & Arguin- / deguy.B.M. 1970–36’. Second label [white, printed]: Polynoncus gemmifer / (Blanchard) / det. Scholtz 1988”. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (2 ♀ BMNH). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Tr. / gemifer / Blanch’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / E. Harold’. Third label [green, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame,Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white, aged, printed]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / RÉP. ARGENTINE / Chaco de Santiago del Estero / ENV. D’ICANO / E.-R. WAGNER 1902’. Second label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘juillet / n° 246’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘ ♀ ’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex Musaeo / E. Steinheil’. Third label [green, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fourth label [white, Patricia Vaurie’s handwriting]: ‘ Trox / gemmifer / Bl. / Vaurie ‘61’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Mendoza’. Second label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘ Trox Bl. / gemmifer’. Third label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘Ex Musaeo / E. Steinheil’. Fourth label [white with black frame]: ‘EX MUSEO / N. VAN DE POLL’. Fifth label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MUSÉUM PARIS / 1936 / COLL. A. BOUCOMONT’. Sixth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘ ♀ ’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex Musaeo / E. Harold’. Third label [green, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Mendoza’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex Musaeo / E. Harold’. Third label [white with black frame]: ‘EX MUSEO / N. VAN DE POLL’. Fourth label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MUSÉUM PARIS / 1936 / COLL. A. BOUCOMONT’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white with black frame, handwritten]: ‘Japi Valley / Argentina’. Second label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MUSÉUM PARIS / 1936 / COLL. A. BOUCOMONT’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Chili’. Second label [white with black frame]: ‘EX MUSEO / N. VAN DE POLL’. Third label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MUSÉUM PARIS / 1936 / COLL. A. BOUCOMONT’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / PROV. DE SANTIAGO / DEL ESTERO / TRONCAL / 40 KM O. DE SALAVINA / E.-R. WAGNER 1909’. Second label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / PATAGONIE / TERR. DU CHUBUT / H. DE LA VAULX 1897’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / PATAGONIE / (PATAGONES) / D’ORBIGNY 1834’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / Chaco de Santiago del Estero / BORDS DU RIO SALADO / ENV D’ICANO / E.R. WAGNER 1910’. Second label [green aged, handwritten]: ‘mistol Paso’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / CHACO DE SANTIAGO / DEL ESTERO / ENVIRONS D’ICAÑO / GUARDA ESCOLTA / E.-R. WAGNER 1909’. Second label [white, printed]: ‘DÉCEMBRE’. Third label [white, printed]: ‘NOVEMBRE’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘MUSEUM PARIS / PROV. DE SANTIAGO / DEL ESTERO / BORDS DU RIO SALADO / ENV. D’ICAÑO, MISTOL PASO / E. R. WAGNER 1909’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘Dr. Lendl Adolf / NEUQUEN 1907’. Second label [green, typeset]: ‘Museum Paris / ex. Coll. / R. Oberthür’. Third label [white, E. Haaf’s handwriting]: ‘ Trox / gemmifer Blanch. / det. Dr.E.Haaf 1953’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [White, aged, handwritten]: ‘ Tucuman. Dormer [John Dormer]’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / D. Sharp 1890’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Mendoza’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex Musaeo / E. Harold’. Third label [green, typeset]: ‘Museum Paris / ex. Coll. / R. Oberthür’. Fourth label [white, E. Haaf’s handwriting]: ‘ Trox / gemmifer Blanch. / det. Dr.E.Haaf 1953’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Mendoza’. Second label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘gemifer Blanch’. Third label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex Musaeo / E. Harold’. Fourth label [white, E. Haaf’s handwriting]: ‘ Trox / gemmifer Blanch. / det. Dr.E.Haaf 1953’. Fifth label [green, typeset]: ‘Museum Paris / ex. Coll. / R. Oberthür’. Sixth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Chilecito’. Second label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘pilularius / var. / germ’. Third label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex Musaeo / E.Steinheil’. Fourth label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ MNHN). First label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / D. Sharp 1890’. Second label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [white]: ‘MUS. LAFERTÉ / 342’. Fourth label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame,Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Mendoza’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / D. Sharp 1890’. Third label label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Fourth label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / E. Harold’. Second label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, with black frame, typeset]: ‘Ex- Musaeo / E. ALLARD / 1899 [vertical]’. Second label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, with black frame, typeset]: ‘Ex- Musaeo / D.Sharp 1890’. Second label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (2 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘leprosus / Dj’ [Dejean]. Second label [white, typeset]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / E. Harold’. Fourth label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Mendoza’. Second label [white, typeset]: ‘EX MUSEO / BONVOULOIR’. Third label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MUSÉUM PARIS / 1936 / COLL. A. BOUCOMONT’. Fourth label [white, Riccardo Pittino’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer (Blanch) / Det. Pittino 1987 ’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / E. Harold’. Second label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (2 MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘Tucuman’. Second label [white, typeset]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / H.W. Bates / 1892’ [vertical]. Fourth label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [green with black frame, typeset]: ‘Muséum Paris / ex Coll. / R. Oberthür / 1952’. Second label [white, handwritten]: ‘ ♀ ’. Third label [white, aged, with black frame]: ‘Ex-Musaeo / A. SALLÉ / 1897’ [vertical]. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘ Mendoza [underlined] / Trox / gemifer / Blanch’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MNHN). First label [white, aged, handwritten]: ‘S. Matías B. [San Matías bay] / Patag Hass [Hassner] Exp’. Second label [white, typeset]: ‘Museum of / Comparative / Zoology’. Third label [white, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus gemmifer / (Blanchard) / det. Scholtz 1988’. Fourth label [white, printed]: ‘MCZ ENT / [QR Code] / 00726554’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 MCZ). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Argentina - / Catamarca / Campos de Pucará / 9/I/1951 ’. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. R. Gómez 2005’. Third label [green, printed]: ‘COLECCION / INST. – FUND. M. LILLI / (4000) – S. M. TUCUMAN / TUCUMAN – ARGENTINA’. Fourth label [yellow, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des.Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 ♂ and 7 unsexed IFML). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Argentina - / Catamarca / Campos de Pucará / 9/I/1951 ’. Second label [green, printed]: ‘COLECCION / INST. – FUND. M. LILLI / (4000) – S. M. TUCUMAN / TUCUMAN – ARGENTINA’. Third label [yellow, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (4 IFML). First label [white, handwritten]: ‘ 13–19/xi/1946 [ventical] / Río Colorado / RIO NEGRO / Hayward-Willink’. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / burmeisteri / Pittino 1987 / Det. R. Gómez 2005’. Third label [white with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / (Blanch.) / Det. V. Costa-Silva, 2019’. Fourth label [green, printed]: ‘COLECCION / INST. – FUND. M. LILLI / (4000) – S. M. TUCUMAN / TUCUMAN – ARGENTINA’. Fifth label [yellow, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 IFML). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Argentina San Luis / Depto. Belgrano, Fdo. [Fundo] El Molle / S33°02 ʹ 22.8” / W66°30 ʹ 47.6” / Febrero 2009, 622 msnm / Leg. José Gómez’. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. V. M. Diéguez 2019 ’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M.DIÉGUEZ M’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des.Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ and 1 ♀ CJME; 1 ♀ and 1 unsexed CJEB; 1 ♀ and 1 unsexed UNALM; 1 MUSM; 2 ♂ and 6 unsexed CVMD). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Argentina San Luis / Depto. Belgrano, Fdo. [Fundo] El Molle / S33°02 ʹ 22.8” / W66°30 ʹ 47.6” / 15 / 25.01.2007, 622 msnm / Leg. José Gómez’. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. V. M. Diéguez 2019 ’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M.DIÉGUEZ M’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 MUSM; 11 CVMD). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA MENDOZA / Santa Rosa / Reserva de Ñacuñan / 11 / 13 Diciembre 2022 / leg. V. Manuel Diéguez’. Second label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. V. Manuel Diéguez, 2003’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M.DIÉGUEZ M’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ and 1 ♀ MNNC; 1 ♂ and 1 ♀ MZUC; 8 ♂ and 5 ♀ CVMD). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA / 25 Km. Oeste Mendoza / 07 Febrero 1998 / Leg. G. Arriagada’. Second label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. V. Manuel Diéguez, 2002’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M.DIÉGUEZ M’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ and 1 unsexed CVMD). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA ENTRE RIOS / Liebig / Febrero de 1996 / Leg. Mateo Zelich’. Second label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. V. Manuel Diéguez, 2002’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M.DIÉGUEZ M’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ CVMD). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘ Argentina / Sn. Clemento / B. Aires – II-52’. Second label [white, aged, R. Gutiérrez’s handwriting]: ‘ Trox / pilularius (L). / R. Gutiérrez-Det 55’. Third label [white with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / (Blanch. 1846) / Det. V. Costa-Silva, 2019’. Fourth label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M.DIÉGUEZ M’. Fifth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 CVMD). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘ Argentina / Sn. Clemento / B. Aires – II-54’. Second label [white with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / (Blanch. 1846) / Det. V. Costa-Silva, 2019’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M.DIÉGUEZ M’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des.Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 CVMD). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA: La Pampa / Lihué Calel Parque Nacional / Lihué Calel 23-III-1994 / Coll, Pessino’. Second label [white with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / ♀ / Det. V. Costa-Silva, 2019’. Third label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ IADIZA). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Argentina San Luis / Depto. Belgrano, Fdo. El Molle / S33°02 ʹ 22.8” / W66°30 ʹ 47.6” / 15 / 25.01.2007, 622 msnm. / Leg. José Gómez’. Second label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M. DIÉGUEZ M’. Third label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ IADIZA). First label [white, printed]: ‘ ARGENTINA MENDOZA / Santa Rosa / Reserva de Ñacuñan / 11 / 13 Diciembre 2002 / leg. V. Manuel Diéguez’. Second label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. V. Manuel Diéguez 2003’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M. DIÉGUEZ M’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♀ IADIZA). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Argentina Prov. Catamarca / 120 km. Al Norte Belén / 3.02.2009, 2233 msm. / 26°59 ʹ 44,4”S- 66°18 ʹ 48.2”W / Leg. Diéguez & Arriagada / En cadaver vacuno’. Second label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M. DIÉGUEZ M’. Third label [white with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s hadwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer / (Blanch. 1846) / Det. V. Costa-Silva, 2019’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ IADIZA). First label [white, printed]: ‘ Argentina San Luis / San Geronimo / Febrero 2008 / Leg. José Gómez’. Second label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘COLECCIÓN / V.M. DIÉGUEZ M’. Third label [white with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus / gemmifer (Blanchard, 1846) / Det. V. Manuel Diéguez 2003’. Fourth label [yellow with black frame, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE 2022’ (1 ♂ IADIZA). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘Patagones, P. de B. A / 10-II-1941 / Biraben col’. Second label [white with black frame, Rodrigo Gomez’s handwriting]: ‘MUSEO DE LA PLATA / Polynoncus / gemmifer (Blanchard) / Det. R. Gómez’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 ♂ and 1 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, with black frame, typeset]: ‘REP. ARGENTINA / Prov. Catamarca / 4.IV.1916 / C. Bruch’. Second label [white with black frame, Rodrigo Gomez’s handwriting] ‘MUSEO DE LA PLATA / Polynoncus / haafi (Vaurie) ♀ / Det. R. Gómez’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘Catamarca’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (4 ♂ and 2 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘Corral Chico [Ministro Ramos Mexía]’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (4 ♂ and 1 ♀ MLPA; 1 ♀ CEMT). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘Corral Chico [Ministro Ramos Mexía] / 6-3-915’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 ♂ and 1 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘S. del Estero / Col. Wagner’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♂ and 1 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘S. del Estero / Col. Wagner’. Second label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘5029 / 35’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘[Cerro] Tapiluque’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♂ and 3 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘Valcheta’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♂ MLPA). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘MENDOZA’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♂ MLPA). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘P. B.Aires’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘Ag. [Aguada] Cecilio’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘R. Argent’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MLPA). First label [white, aged, unknown handwriting]: ‘Girardet / S. del Estero’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 ♂ MLPA). First label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘969–12’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 MACN). First label [green with black frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘Chubut’. Second label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘5139’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 MACN). First label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘21–696’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ and 2 unsexed MACN). First label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘25479’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♂ MACN). First label [green, typeset]: ‘Carm. / Patag’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 MACN). First label [white, aged, typeset]: ‘ ARGENTINA / CORDOBA’. Second label [white, aged, with black frame, typeset]: ‘Col. / A. Breyer’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 MACN). First label [white, aged, with black frame, typeset]: ‘ ARGENTINA / Cuchillo / LA PAMPA’. Second label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘35964’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (2 ♀ MACN). First label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘169–12’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MACN). First label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘10210’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MACN). First label [green with black frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘Catamarca’. Second label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘21696’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MACN). First label [green, typeset]: ‘Cór- / dova’. Second label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MACN). First label [green with black frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘P. de La- / Rioja’. Second label [white, aged, with red frame, unknown handwriting]: ‘4398’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 ♀ MACN). First label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (3 ♂ and 2 unsexed MACN). First label [white, typeset]: ‘ ARGENTINA, Mendoza 40 km. N. [North] San Rafael, / 1100 m., 6. XII.1983 / L.Peña’. Second label [white, printed]: ‘ Polynoncus gemmifer / ( Blanchard 1847) / det. Scholtz 1988’. Third label [yellow with black frame, Vinícius Costa-Silva’s handwriting]: ‘ Polynoncus / pseudogemmifer / des. Costa-Silva et al. / PARATYPE / 2022’ (1 CMNC).

Note. In the first comprehensive revision of South American trogids, Vaurie (1962) mentioned that the type specimen of Trox gemmifer Blanchard, 1847 , presumably deposited in MNHN, was ‘not located’ ( Vaurie 1962, p. 120). During the examination of trogid material housed in MNHN by the first author (VCS), the type specimen of T. gemmifer was found based on the typical green label with Blanchard’s handwriting ‘ gemmiferus ’ and d’Orbigny’s labels indicating where the material was collected. Curiously, this type specimen was found as a paratype of Trox haafi , described by Vaurie (1962).

Considering that the description of T. gemmifer by Blanchard (1847) is vague, and its diagnosis could potentially apply to several species,such Trox argentinus , Polynoncus burmeisteri , and P. pittinoi, Vaurie (1962) noticed numerous morphological features that led her to describe Trox haafi as a new species. The presence of hypemeron covered by black setae ( Figure 31c ), for example, is one of the diagnostic characteristics for T. haafi presented by Vaurie (1962), but earlier omitted by Blanchard (1847) when T. gemmifer was described.

Here, after 60 years, we document this mistake carried out by Vaurie (1962), proposing Trox haafi as a junior synonym of T. gemmifer . Also, we here describe Polynoncus pseudogemmifer sp. n. to accommodate the species historically identified as ‘ Polynoncus gemmifer ’ by several authors (ie Scholtz 1982, 1990; Diéguez and Gómez 2004; Diéguez 2008; Gómez 2008; Zidek 2013, 2017; Smith 2017; Costa-Silva and Diéguez 2020).

Differential diagnosis. Polynoncus pseudogemmifer is morphologically similar to P. argentinus . However, the two species can be separated considering the shape of medial ridges of pronotum: the pronotal ridges in P. pseudogemmifer do not form a remarkable triangle in the middle ( Figure 4h ), while in P. argentinus , the shape of pronotal ridges form a well-defined triangle with a shallow fovea in the middle ( Figure 4g ).

Polynoncus pseudogemmifer can be easily separated from P. argentinus by the male genitalia, where the former species has the lateral margins of median lobe symmetrical in dorsal view (asymmetrical in P. argentinus ) and notably constricted near the apex in lateral view (vs no such constriction in P. argentinus ). Drawings and photographs of the male genitalia of P. pseudogemmifer can be found in Pittino (1987, p. 381, figs. 12–13 and 20–21; referred to as P. haafi ) and Costa-Silva and Diéguez (2020, p. 269, figs. 10–11; referred to as P. gemmifer ), respectively.For details of species description, see Vaurie (1962, p. 120) and Scholtz (1990, p. 1430).

Description of holotype. Size: Length: 12.6 mm, width: 7.0 mm ( Figure 60 ). Colour: dark brown. Body covered by velutinous surface and shiny elytral tubercles. Head: apex of clypeus bent down, forming right angle with the disc; posterior margin of clypeus slightly emarginate in dorsal view ( Figure 60a ). Antennae and mouthparts with black setae. Pronotum: transversal, about 1.72 times wider than long; pronotal surface sparsely but distinctly punctate. Pronotal ridge incomplete, not forming a well-defined triangle at the middle ( Figure 4h ); basal and lateral-basal tubercles obsolete; antero-lateral tubercles visible, distinct. Lateral margin smooth. Hypomeron glabrous. Scutellum: elongate, almost twice as long as wide, margins recurvate. Elytra: Length almost 3 times longer than pronotum; humeral calli proeminent. Tubercles of the 3°, 5°, 7° and 9° (odd-numbered) elytral costae bigger than others. Second elytral costae also tuberculate; fourth elytral costae tuberculate near the base and granulate in rest; sixth and eighth elytral costae all granulate. Legs: Protibia with apex bidentate. Outer margin with one median tooth and poorly crenulated until base. Right protarsus missing. Apex of mesotibia with pointed apical tooth on outer ventral margin (as in Figure 4c ); outer margin of mesotibia and metatibia slightly arched; serrate. Male genitalia: Symmetrical. Median lobe flattened laterally and constricted near to the apex in lateral view. Pars basalis widely membranous dorsally. For a comprehensive and complementary description, see Vaurie (1962, p. 120) and Scholtz (1990, p. 1430) plus the genitalia drawings and high-quality images by Pittino (1987, p. 381) and Costa-Silva and Diéguez (2020, p. 269), respectively.

Geographic distribution. Polynoncus pseudogemmifer seems to be widely distributed in Argentina between Salta and the Patagonian Steppes of Chubut ( Figure 61 ). Vaurie (1962) mentioned records from Brazil and Chile, without further information about the specific locality. Diéguez (2008) refutes the occurrence of this species in Chile, noticing that this report was based on a misidentified specimen. We studied one specimen with an old label from Chile housed in MNHN that corresponds to P. pseudogemmifer sp. n., probably the same one earlier studied by Vaurie (1962). Even though it became a paratype of P. pseudogemmifer sp. n., this specimen was probably mislabelled and the record from Chile should be treated with caution until new data is acquired for the country.

The specimen examined by Vaurie (1962) from Brazil (Santa Catarina) was not found, nor was any specimen from Brazil examined during this study.

Scholtz (1990) included Uruguay in the geographical distribution of ‘ P. gemmifer ’ (now P. pseudogemmifer ) based on two specimens studied. After examining the same specimens earlier studied by Scholtz (1990) housed in MCZ, we confirm that both specimens are P. argentinus .

Etymology. The specific name is a combination of the Greek ‘ pseudo ’ (false) and ‘ gemmifer ’, the epithet of Polynoncus gemmifer . The name is referring to the species having been historically misidentified as Polynoncus gemmifer .

Examined non-type material (321 specimens). ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires, Baía Blanca , no date or collector (2 MACN) ; Burzaco, 1939, A.I. Grasso leg. (1 CVMD) ; Carmen de Patagones, no date or collector (2 MACN) ; Gorchs , December 1916, A. Pellerano leg. (1 MACN). Catamarca, Belén, Las Mansas, March 1932, no collector (1 IFML) ; Belén , Las Mansas , March 1935, no collector (1 IFML) ; Campo Posuelo, 60 km S Punta de Balasto, 8 February 1997, G. Arriadaga leg. (3♂, 3♀ and 6 unsexed CVMD) ; Hualfin , January 1953, Villalau leg. (1♂ and 1♀ IFML) ; Punta Balasto, 15–30 January 1997, G. Arriagada leg. (1♀ CVMD) ; Punta de Balasto , 18 January 1997, G. Arriagada leg. (1♀ CVMD) ; Santa María , 10–17 December 1995, under horse carcass, G. Arriagada leg. (1♂ CVMD) ; without specific locality, date or collector (1♀ MACN; 1 MLPA). Chubut, Biedma, Puerto Madryn , 20 m, 11 October 1974, M. Gentili leg. (1 IADIZA) ; Biedma, Puerto Madryn , 47 m, 42.785°S, 65.048°W, 18 January 2008, G. Chelii y L. Flores leg. (1 IADIZA) ; Gainan, Bryn Gwyn , 3 February 2010, D. Rojas Lanus leg. (1♂ and 5 unsexed CVMD) ; Gainan, Bryn Gwyn , April–May 2011, pitfall trap with chicken as bait, D. Rojas Lanus leg. (1 CVMD) ; Península Valdés, Estancia La Irma , 42.269°S, 63.759°W, 18 April 2007, G. Cheli leg. (2 IADIZA) ; Península Valdés , February–March 1998, D. Rojas Lanus leg. (1♂ CVMD) ; Península Valdés, Punta Delgada, 1 March 1998, D. Rojas Lanus leg. (1 CVMD) ; Península Valdés, San José Gulf , 70 m, 42.500°S, 64.083°W, 8 November 1990, Endrödy-Younga leg. (6 TMSA) ; Villa Dique Florentino Ameghino , 20 February 2010, D. Rojas Lanus leg. (1♂ and 1♀ CVMD) ; without specific locality, date or collector (2 MACN; 2♂ and 4♀ MLPA; 1♂ and 1 unsexed MACN). Córdoba, Alta Gracia , La Granja, December 1916, C. Bruch leg. (1 MACN) ; Pocho, Chancaní , 15 April–15 May 1994, A. Costa leg. (2 CVMD) ; Pocho, Chancaní , 19 September–23 October 1993, pitfall trap, L. Acosta leg. (2 IADIZA) ; Pocho, Chancaní , 23 October–22 November 1993, A. Costa leg. (1 CVMD) ; without specific locality, date or collector (1 MACN; 1 MACN). Entre Rios, Pueblo Liebig , February 1996, Mateo Zelich leg. (2♂, 1♀ and 6 unsexed CVMD). La Pampa, Argentina, La Pampa, Ultracan , Cerro Patagua , 31 August 1994, Púgener Cardonato Montalvo leg. (2♂ and 2 unsexed IADIZA) ; Cuchillo-có, 1913, A. Copello leg. (4 MACN) ; Guatraché, Coto Los Molles, Estancia La Unión , September 1995, Pessino leg. (6 IADIZA) ; Lihué Calel, Lihué Calel National Park , 23 March 1994, Pessino leg. (2♂ and 12 unsexed IADIZA) ; Macachín, Salinas Grandes , 5 October 1994, Bárbara Corró Molas leg. (3 IADIZA) ; Santa Rosa, Bajo Giuliani , 20 June 1999, Gouts Rastelli leg. (3♂ IADIZA) ; Toay, Parque Luro Provincial Reserve , 21 February 1993, Pessino leg. (2 IADIZA) ; Toay, Parque Luro Provincial Reserve , 21 February 2003, Pessino leg. (4♂ and 5 unsexed IADIZA) ; Toay, Parque Luro Provincial Reserve , 4 March 1997, Maceda leg. (1♂ and 1♀ IADIZA) ; Toay, Parque Luro Provincial Reserve , 7 February 2003, Pessino leg. (1♂ and 6 unsexed IADIZA) ; without specific locality, date or collector (1 MACN). La Rioja, Chilecito, Pueblo Guanchín , 1800 m, 4 March–27 April 2008,squid bait,G. Arriagada leg. (1♂ and 1♀ CVMD) ; without specific locality or date, A. Breyer leg. (3 MACN) ; without specific locality, date or collector (1 MACN). Mendoza, 25 km W Mendoza , 7 February 1998, G. Arriagada leg. (4♂, 1♀ and 6 unsexed CVMD) ; Desaguadero , 28–29 February 2005, R. Barrera leg. (1♀ CVMD) ; Las Heras, Reserva Natural Villavicencio , 1400 m, 31 January 2016, F. Aballay and F. Jofré leg. (5 IADIZA) ; Mendoza, Malargüe, Laguna de Llancanelo Nature Reserve , 1338 m, 35.721°S, 69.251°W, 9 February 2007, G. Flores leg. (4 IADIZA) ; San Rafael , 31 January 1979, S. Roig leg. (1 CVMD) ; San Rafael, Pumas de Nihul , 1422 m, 35.069°S, 68.606°W, 4 January 2016, F. Aballay leg. (1 IADIZA) ; Santa Rosa, Biosphere Reserve of Ñacuñan , 11 December 2002 – 26 January 2013, V. M. Diéguez leg. (1♂ and 8 unsexed CVMD) ; Santa Rosa, Biosphere Reserve of Ñacuñan , 11–13 December 2002, V.M. Diéguez leg. (2♂ and 1♀ IADIZA) ; Santa Rosa, Biosphere Reserve of Ñacuñan , 7 December 2001, G. Debandi leg. (1 IADIZA) ; Tunuyán, Reserva Manzano Histórico , 1400 m, 31 January 2016, F. Aballay and F. Jofré leg. (4 IADIZA) ; Tunuyán, Reserva Manzano Histórico , 1800 m, 31 December 2015,F. Aballay and F. Jofré leg. (2 IADIZA) ; Tunuyán, Reserva Manzano Histórico , 2200 m, 31 January 2016, F. Aballay and F. Jofré leg. (1 IADIZA) ; without specific locality, November 1946, Moyano leg. (24 IFML) ; without specific locality, November 1946, Moyano leg. (3 IFML) ; without specific locality, November 1965, Willink y A. Garcia leg. (1 IFML). Missiones, without specific locality or date, A. Breyer leg. (1 MACN). Neuquén, Reserva Provincial Auca Mahuida, El Cruce , 9 October 1982, M. Gentili leg. (1 IADIZA). Río Negro, Las Grutas , 19 February 2001, D. Rojas Lanus leg. (1♂ CVMD) ; Río Colorado, no date or collector (1 MLPA) ; Río Negro, Río Colorado , 13–19 November 1946, Willink leg. (1♂ and 1♀ IFML) ; San Antonio , 3 km S Sierra Grande, 13 November 2016, S. Roig y G. Flores leg. (8 IADIZA) ; without specific locality or date, A. Breyer leg. (1 MACN). Salta, 1 km N de Cafayate , 26.064°S, 65.938°W, 24 November 2006, light trap with UV + Hg, F. Ocampo, E. Ruiz, G. Sanblas y G. Zalazar leg. (18 IADIZA) ; Cachipampa , February 1989, M. Viana leg. (1 CVMD) ; General Güemes, Ruiz de los Llanos , February 1947, G. Golbach leg. (1♀ IFML). San Juan, Jachal , 7 February 1976, no collector (3 IADIZA). San Luis, Belgrano, Fundo El Molle, 622 m, 33.039°S, 66.513°W, 15–25 January 2007, José Gomez leg. (1♂ CJEB) ; Belgrano , Fundo El Molle, 622m, 33.039°S, 66.513°W, 15–25 January 2007, José Gomez leg. (3♂, 1♀ and 27 unsexed CVMD) ; San Geronimo , 15–25 February 2007, José Gomez leg. (1♀ CVMD) ; without specific locality, 21 December 1925, no collector (1 MACN). Santiago del Estero, Icaño, Lago Muyo, 29 February –12i May 1948, R. Golbach leg. (1 IFML) ; Río Salado , December 1980, Wagner leg. (1♀ MLPA). Tucumán, Tafi del Valle, 28 November 1945, no collector (1♂ and 2 unsexed IFML) ; Tafi del Valle , December 1945, no collector (1♂ and 2 unsexed IFML). Without specific locality, no date, or collector (2 CVMD).

Figures

Figure 4. Differential morphology in Polynoncus spp.: a, without humeral callus [P. hemisphaericus]; b, with humeral callus [P. longitarsis]. Apex of mesotibia c, with tooth [P. peruanus] and d, without tooth (white arrow) [P. crypticus]. Posterior margin of clypeus e, emarginate [P. bullatus] and f, truncate (white arrow) [P. hemisphaericus]; pronotal ridges of pronotum in g, Polynoncus argentinus and h, Polynoncus pseudogemmifer sp. n. (paratype). Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 31. Lectotype of Trox gemmifer Blanchard, 1847 (now Polynoncus gemmifer) here designated: habitus in a, dorsal, b, lateral and c, ventral view (white arrow showing the setose surface of hypomeron); d, labels. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 60. Holotype of Polynoncus pseudogemmifer sp. n.: habitus in a, dorsal, b, ventral and c, lateral view; male genitalia in d, dorsal and e, lateral view; f, labels. Scale bar: 1 mm.

Figure 61. Distribution map of Polynoncus pseudogemmiger sp. n. (red circles) and P. vazdemelloi (green triangles) in South America. The records with a black dot in the centre indicate the type locality of the respective species.