Thrinchini

Ünal, Mustafa, 2016, Pamphagidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) from the Palaearctic Region: taxonomy, classification, keys to genera and a review of the tribe Nocarodeini I. Bolívar, Zootaxa 4206 (1), pp. 1-223 : 18-20

Key to genera of Thrinchini

(Modified from Uvarov 1943; Bey-Bienko & Mistshenko 1951; Popov 1997; Xia Kailing et al. 1994)

1 Hind tibia with apical spines in both sides ( Fig. 103 ); if absent on outer side then body clearly stout and tegmina short, not reaching to beyond the half of hind tibia in male; mostly squamipterous to brachypterous in female ( Figs. 246–247 )...... 2

- Hind tibia at least without outer apical spine ( Fig. 102 ); body very slender, fully winged in both sexes, tegmina very narrow and long, almost reaching apex of hind tibia ( Figs. 237–238 )................................................. 21

2 Prosternum not raised on anterior margin ( Fig. 104 ); metazona of pronotum longer than prozona..................... 3

- Prosternum with strongly raised anterior margin, collar-shaped or bilobate ( Fig. 105 ); metazona of pronotum not longer than prozona (except Beybienkia ).......................................................................... 16

3 Pronotum not saddle-shaped with arcuate median carina or almost straight along its length, narrowly sometimes deeply intersected by typical sulcus; metazona raised, clearly convex or almost straight in lateral view ( Figs. 106– 107 )............ 4

- Pronotum saddle-shaped with high median carina in prozona, strongly and sharply lowered on typical sulcus; metazona lower than prozona gradually raised backwards or almost straight ( Fig. 108 )......................................... 10

4 Body and legs without hairs; pronotum intersected twice by transversal sulci; typical sulcus very narrowly cut; arolium in male very large, fully filling between claws, longer than half of claws ( Fig. 109 ); subtympanal lobe very small, hardly reaching to tympanum ( Figs. 111–112 ); apical valves of penis elongated, extending far beyond valves of cingulum ( Fig. 6 )................................................................................................. Prionotropis Fieber

- Body and legs with hairs; pronotum intersected three times by transversal sulci (except some specimens of Iranotmethis ); typical sulcus cut much widely; arolium in male much smaller, very narrow, not longer than half of claws ( Fig. 110 ); subtympanal lobe large, covering almost 1/3 of tympanum ( Figs. 113–114 ); apical valves of penis short, at most slightly extending beyond the valves of cingulum (except Glyphanus ) ( Figs. 7–16 )..................................................... 5

5 Pronotum not straight in lateral view; prozona and metazona raised; prozona as high as or slightly higher than metazona; metazona convex ( Fig. 106 ); hind wings mostly with a distinct apical dark spot or with darkened veins apically (except Eremotmethis ) ( Figs. 156–164 ).................................................................................. 6

- Pronotum almost straight in lateral view ( Fig. 107 ); prozona not raised, as high as metazona or slightly higher (in Eremocharis ) or slightly lower (in Tuarega ); metazona almost flat; hind wings without apical dark spot ( Figs. 205–213 ).............. 8

6 Tegmina short, brachypterous in female, at most slightly extending beyond hind knee in male; hind femur wide in distal half, dorsal carina laminate, preapical narrowing indistinct ( Fig. 115 ); vertex wide, wider than vertical diameter of eye in male, much wider in female ( Fig. 117 )......................................................... Iranotmethis Uvarov

- Tegmina fully developed extending far beyond the hind knee, mostly extending beyond half of hind tibia; hind femur in usual form, not wide in distal half; dorsal carina not laminate, preapical narrowing distinct ( Fig. 116 ); vertex narrower than vertical diameter of eye in male, not wider than eye even in female ( Fig. 118 )............................................7

7 Apical valves of penis stout, tube shaped, not fully covered by valves of cingulum, visible in lateral view; posteromedian projection of epiphallus convex, straight or slightly concave at hind margin ( Figs. 7–11 ); hind wings with a distinct apical spot or at least with darkened veins apically (in E. reducta and E. kashmirensis sp. nov.) ( Figs. 150–164 )...... Eremopeza Saussure

- Apical valves of penis slender, sharp, flattened antero-posteriorly, almost fully covered by valves of cingulum, not visible in lateral view; posteromedian projection of epiphallus with a small but distinct median incision at hind margin ( Fig. 13 ); apical part of hind wings fully transparent, without darkened veins ( Fig. 177 ).......................... Eremotmethis Uvarov

8 Pronotum ( Fig. 119 ) with wide prozona; anterior part of metazona narrow slightly wider than prozona; shoulder not distinct and not enlarged outwards; metazona very thick, flat, mostly concave in preapical part with very dense and large tubercles; apical valves of penis very short, tube-shaped basally, apex strongly flattened antero-posteriorly, typically heart-shaped in posterior view ( Figs. 14–15 ); median carina of pronotum typically sulcate in prozona and anterior part of metazona.............................................................................................. Eremocharis Saussure

- Pronotum ( Fig. 120 ) with very narrow prozona; anterior part of metazona much wider than prozona; shoulder very distinct, enlarged outwards; metazona like a thin plate, almost flat with very sparse tubercles; apical valves of penis longer, tubeshaped, apex not flattened antero-posteriorly in Tuarega , bilobate in Dhofaria ( Fig. 16 ); if present median carina of pronotum not sulcate.......................................................................................... 9

9 Prozona of pronotum cylindrical, strongly depressed dorso-ventrally; median carina of pronotum mostly absent or very faintly visible ( Fig. 120 ); hind wings yellow, with a transverse dark band near to posterior margin ( Fig. 213 ). Female tegmina very long, extending beyond half of hind tibia; apical valves of penis tube-shaped, not separated at apex; posteromedian projection of epiphallus almost straight at hind margin ( Fig. 16 ); hind tibia red................................ Tuarega Uvarov

- Prozona of pronotum roof-shaped, slightly raised; median carina of pronotum distinct along its length; hind wings blue, without dark band, but with slightly darkened veins at distal end of second anal area ( Fig. 211 ); female tegmina short, not reaching to hind knee ( Fig. 212 ); apical valves of penis separated at apex, bilobate; posteromedian projection of epiphallus with a small but distinct median incision at hind margin; hind tibia blue....................................... Dhofaria Popov

10 Vertex narrow, strongly sloping, clearly depressed with distinctly raised lateral margins, similar to a gutter ( Figs. 121–122 ); subtympanal lobe large covering half of tympanum; metazona of pronotum clearly narrowed in distal half, elongated, hind margin acutangular; median carina always raised in this part of metazona; lateral margins of metazona usually concave; lateral projection of mesozona absent or indistinct ( Figs. 214–216 ); apical valves of penis fully surrounded by valves of cingulum; posteromedian projection of epiphallus with a very deep median incision at hind margin, dividing hind margin into two separate lobes ( Fig. 17 )......................................................................... Tmethis Fieber

- Vertex wide, slightly sloping, slightly depressed with less raised lateral margins; not gutter shaped ( Figs. 123–124 ); subtympanal lobe covering 1/3 of tympanum or smaller; metazona of pronotum wider, if elongated and hind margin acutangular then lateral margins not concave, at most straight or convex; lateral projection of mesozona always distinct even in the laeviuscula forms ( Figs. 217–232 ); apical valves of penis surrounded by valves of cingulum laterally and anteriorly but never posteriorly; posteromedian projection of epiphallus convex, straight or at most with a very small incision, never dividing hind margin into two separate lobes ( Figs. 18–23 )........................................................................ 11

11 Tumida of zygoma wide and low with scattered denticles, not strongly projected; tumida of cingulum elongated vertically, ridge-like; apical valves of penis truncate at apex ( Figs. 18–19 ); hind wings darkened except apex (in Melanotmethis ) or with a whole and broad median dark band from anterior margin; fully winged or wings reaching genicular lobe of hind femur (only female of Melanotmethis ) ( Figs. 217–220 )................................................................12

- Tumida of zygoma small and high with denser denticles, strongly projected outward; tumida of cingulum short, small rounded, tubercle-shaped; apical valves of penis pointed at apex ( Figs. 20–23 ); hind wings with sectional dark band, basal half of 2nd and 3rd anal areas always transparent, not darkened ( Figs. 221–232 ); female tegmina not reaching to genicular lobe of hind femur (except Asiotmethis zachargini and A. heptapotamicus ), mostly shorter; male tegmina squamipterous to macropterous ( Figs. 221–232 ).......................................................................................... 13

12 Pseudolophi of epiphallus very wide with scattered spines ( Fig. 18 c); metazona of pronotum thin and distinctly laminate edge ( Fig. 125 ), hind margin narrowly rounded; basal part of hind wing not darkened ( Figs. 217–218 ); subtympanal lobe rounded; hind tibia bright red.................................................................. Atrichotmethis Uvarov

- Pseudolophi of epiphallus distinctly smaller ( Fig. 19 c); metazona of pronotum thickened, without laminate edge ( Fig. 126 ), hind margin sharply angular; hind wing with fully darkened basal part ( Figs. 219–220 ); subtympanal lobe quadrangle; hind tibia dark blue except basal and apical fifth............................................... Melanotmethis Uvarov

13 Metazona of pronotum thickened, without laminate edge ( Fig. 128 ); posteromedian projection of epiphallus elongated with narrowly rounded hind margin ( Fig. 20 c).................................................. Pezotmethis Uvarov

- Metazona of pronotum thinner, with laminate edge ( Fig. 127 ); posteromedian projection of epiphallus slightly elongated with broad hind margin ( Figs. 22 c, 23c)..................................................................... 14

14 Squamipterous, tegmina reduced like a narrow and elongated lateral scale in both sexes, not wider than vertex ( Figs. 227–228 ); pronotum with small tubercles; prozona quite low with rounded lobes ( Fig. 127 ); found only in Greece.... Glyphanus Fieber

- Brachypterous to macropterous in male and squamipterous, with broad and short tegmina in female ( Figs. 221–226 ), if strongly reduced (only in Glyphotmethis ovipennis ), always wider than vertex; pronotum mostly with sharp tubercles; prozona higher with sharp lobes.............................................................................. 15

15 Tegmina always fully developed in male and mostly in female; if short in female reaching to genicular lobe of hind femur, never squamipterous ( Figs. 221–222 ); first abdominal tergite with raised median carina, like a plate or strong projection ( Fig. 129 ); middle part of metazona of pronotum always swollen, with distinct median carina, this part clearly convex in lateral view..................................................................................... Asiotmethis Uvarov

- Tegmina brachypterous to macropterous in male, always squamipterous in female ( Figs. 223–226 ); if fully developed in male, then first abdominal tergite with just slightly raised median carina, not like a strong projection or not a plate-shaped ( Fig. 130 ); metazona of pronotum flat; middle part of metazona not swollen, with a weak median carina, this part straight or slightly convex in lateral view............................................................... Glyphotmethis Bey-Bienko

16 Frontal ridge slightly projecting forward, with a weak depression below the median ocellus ( Fig. 131 ); ocellus not fully turned downward, situated on frontal surface................................................................... 17

- Frontal ridge strongly projecting forward, with a strong, right angled depression below the median ocellus ( Fig. 132 ); ocellus fully turned downward, situated on ventral surface of this projection........................................... 19

17 Pronotum ( Fig. 133 ) saddle-shaped, with high median carina in prozona, then strongly and sharply lowered on typical sulcus; metazona not raised, distinctly lower than prozona with linear median carina; prozona shorter than metazona; hind tibia without outer apical spine dorsally.......................................................... Beybienkia Tsyplenkov

- Pronotum ( Fig. 134 ) not saddle-shaped, with arcuate median carina, narrowly and deeply intersected by the typical sulcus; metazona strongly convex in lateral view, raised up to prozona level; prozona longer or at most as long as metazona; hind tibia with outer apical spine dorsally (except Mongolotmethis ).................................................... 18

18 Hind tibia without outer apical spine dorsally ( Fig. 136 ); frontal groove shallow ( Fig. 137 ); supraocellar foveola absent ( Fig. 137 ); vertex smoother; pronotum with small tubercles along the posterior part of metazona ( Figs. 246–247 )............................................................................................ Mongolotmethis Bey-Bienko

- Hind tibia with outer apical spine dorsally ( Fig. 135 ); frontal groove deep ( Fig. 138 ); supraocellar foveola present ( Fig. 13 8 ); vertex distinctly rugose; pronotum with large, sharper spine-like tubercles along the posterior part of metazona ( Figs. 239–242 )..................................................................................... Filchnerella Karny

19 Frontal ridge very strongly projecting forward in both sexes, but in male much more like a rostrum, always longer than diameter of eye, with a weak ridge between eye and antennae in lateral view ( Fig. 139 ); ocellus placed in the ventral surface of projection and not visible in frontal view in male.............................................. Rhinotmethis Sjöstedt

- Frontal ridge less projecting forward in both sexes, not a rostrum like in male and not longer than diameter of eye, with a dis-

tinct ridge between eye and antennae in lateral view ( Fig. 140 ); ocellus placed in the ventral surface of projection, but visible in frontal view in both sexes............................................................................. 20 20 Tegmina of male short, not reaching the base of supra-anal plate; male subgenital plate pointed at apex; hind tibia with red basal and apical parts................................................................ Eotmethis Bey-Bienko

- Tegmina of male long, reaching half of hind tibia; male subgenital plate bidentate at apex; hind tibia with yellowish-brown basal and apical parts.............................................................. Eoeotmethis Zheng, 1985

21 Prosternum without projection; frontal ridge not depressed below the median ocellus ( Fig. 141 ); male subgenital plate in usual form, not bidentate apically; apical valves of penis small, slender, reaching the end of valves of cingulum and almost fully surrounded by them ( Fig. 24 a, b, d); posteromedian projection of epiphallus with a narrow and deep median incision at hind margin, that divides hind margin into two lobes ( Fig. 24 c)............................................ Utubius Uvarov

- Prosternum with raised collar like projection; frontal ridge distinctly depressed below the median ocellus ( Fig. 142 ); male subgenital plate bidentate apically; apical valves of penis long, stout, extending clearly beyond the valves of cingulum; posterior part not surrounded by them ( Figs. 25 a, b, d, 26a, b,d); posteromedian projection of epiphallus with straight or convex hind margin, without median incision ( Fig. 25 c, 26c)............................................................22

22 Anterior margin of pronotum strongly and sharply prolonged dorsally; anteroventral corner of paranota acutely prolonged ( Fig. 143 ); prosternum with strongly raised anterior margin, covering the mouth parts from below ( Fig. 145 ) Strumiger Zubovski

- Anterior margin of pronotum without strong and sharp projection; anteroventral corner of paranota not prolonged, in a usual form ( Fig. 144 ); prosternum with slightly raised anterior margin, not covering the mouth parts from below ( Fig. 146 )................................................................................. Thrinchus Fischer von Waldheim

Figures

FIGURES 93 – 105. Body parts. 93 – 94 mid tibia in male, 93 Glyphotmethis dimorphus dimorphus; 94 Pamphagus caprai; 95 male hind wing of Prionotropis maculinervis. 96 – 97 female head antero-lateral view 96 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus; 97 Paranocarodes turkmen. 98 – 99 male vertex, 98 Haplotropis brunneriana; 99 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus. 100 – 101 female pronotum, 100 Thrinchus turcmenus; 101 Haplotropis brunneriana. 102 – 103 apical part of left hind tibia in female, 102 Thrinchus turcmenus; 103 Tmethis pulchripennis (asiaticus). 104 – 105 female prosternum, 104 Glyphotmethis escherichi inermis; 105 Rhinotmethis beybienkoi. Abbreviations: a: preocellar foveola, b: supraocellar foveola, c: supraocular foveola.

FIGURES 237 – 258. Habitus and body parts. 237 – 238 Thrinchus arenosus arenosus, 237 male; 238 female. 239 – 240 Filchnerella beicki, 239 male, 240 female. 241 – 242 Filchnerella alashanicus, 241 male holotype, 242 female paratype. 243 – 245 female facial carina, 243 Filchnerella kukunoris; 244 and 245 Filchnerella alashanicus, paratypes. 246 – 247 Mongolotmethis gobiensis gobiensis, 246 male holotype, 247 female paratype. 248 – 249 Beybienkia songorica, 248 male holotype, 249 female paratype. 250 Beybienkia amica, female holotype. 251 – 252 female pronotum, 251 Beybienkia lithophila, paratype; 252 Beybienkia amica, holotype. 253 – 255 Eotmethis nasutus, 253 male paratype; 254 male holotype; 255 female paratype. 256 – 257 Rhinotmethis hummeli, 256 male lateral; 257 ditto dorsal. 258 Rhinotmethis beybienkoi, male.

FIGURES 106 – 128. Body parts. 106 – 108 male pronotum, 106 Eremopeza gibbera gibbera; 107 Eremocharis bampura bampura; 108 Asiotmethis limbatus. 109 – 110 male arolium, 109 Prionotropis hystrix; 110 Tuarega insignis. 111 – 114 subtympanal lobe in female, 111 Prionotropis maculinervis; 112 Prionotropis hystrix; 113 Iranotmethis cyanipennis iranicus; 114 Eremocharis subsulcata beccalonii. 115 – 116 female hind femur, 115 Iranotmethis cyanipennis iranicus; 116 Eremotmethis carinatus. 117 – 118 female vertex, 117 Iranotmethis persa zagrosi; 118 Eremopeza reducta. 119 – 120 male pronotum, 119 Eremocharis granulosa brachycera; 120 Tuarega insignis. 121 – 124 male vertex, 121 and 122 Tmethis pulchripennis (asiaticus); 123 and 124 Atrichotmethis semenovi. 125 – 126 female pronotum, 125 Atrichotmethis semenovi; 126 Melanotmethis fuscipennis fuscipennis. 127 – 128 metazona of pronotum in female, 127 Glyphanus obtusus; 128 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus.

FIGURES 6 – 16. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 6 Prionotropis maculinervis; 7 Eremopeza gibbera gibbera; 8 Eremopeza festiva; 9 Eremopeza saussurei saussurei; 10 Eremopeza kashmirensis; 11 Eremopeza soltanii; 12 Iranotmethis persa zagrosi; 13 Eremotmethis carinatus; 14 Eremocharis subsulcata beccalonii; 15 Eremocharis granulosa granulosa; 16 Tuarega insignis. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d).

FIGURES 156 – 167. Male habitus and body parts. 156 Eremopeza saussurei violacea, syntype; 157 Eremopeza gigas; 158 Eremopeza cinerascens cinerascens; 159 Eremopeza cinerascens virescens; 160 Eremopeza cinerascens aurantipes; 161 Eremopeza cinerascens afghana, holotype; 162 Eremopeza bicoloripes, paratype; 163 Eremopeza reducta; 164 – 167 Eremopeza soltanii, holotype, 164 habitus dorsal; 165 habitus dorso-lateral; 166 head and pronotum dorsal; 167 head frontal view.

FIGURES 205 – 220. Habitus. 205 – 206 Eremocharis ancestralis, 205 male holotype; 206 female paratype. 207 – 208 Eremocharis bampura bampura, 207 male paratype; 208 female paratype. 209 – 210 Eremocharis bampura khorasana, 209 male paratype; 210 female paratype. 211 – 212 Dhofaria splendens, 211 male paratype; 212 female paratype. 213 Tuarega insignis, male. 214 – 215 Tmethis pulchripennis (asiaticus), 214 male; 215 female. 216 Tmethis cisti (gracilis). 217 – 218 Atrichotmethis semenovi, 217 male; 218 female. 219 – 220 Melanotmethis fuscipennis fuscipennis, 219 male; 220 female.

FIGURES 147 – 155. Habitus. 147 – 149 Prionotropis maculinervis, 147 male syntype dorsal; 148 ditto lateral; 149 female lateral. 150 Eremopeza gibbera gibbera, male; 151 Eremopeza gibbera lata, male holotype; 152 Eremopeza angusta, male holotype; 153 Eremopeza festiva, male; 154 Eremopeza saussurei saussurei, male; 155 Eromepeza saussurei cyanea, male paratype.

FIGURES 168 – 183. Habitus and body parts. 168 – 171 Eremopeza kashmirensis, male holotype, 168 habitus dorsal; 169 head and pronotum; 170 ditto lateral; 171 head frontal view. 172 – 173 Iranotmethis cyanipennis iranicus (holo- and paratype of the syn. I. cyanipennis cyanipes), 172 male; 173 female. 174 Iranotmethis cyanipennis kurdus, female holotype; 175 – 176 Iranotmethis persa zagrosi, 175 male; 176 female; 177 Eremotmethis carinatus; 178 – 179 Eremocharis subsulcata subsulcata habitus, 178 male; 179 female; 180 – 183 Eremocharis subsulcata beccalonii, 180 male holotype; 181 female paratype; 182 head and pronotum in male; 183 basal part of hind tibia in male.

FIGURES 17 – 31. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 17 Tmethis pulchripennis (asiaticus); 18 Atrichtmethis semenovi; 19 Melanotmethis fuscipennis fuscipennis; 20 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus; 21 Glyphanus obtusus; 22 Asiotmethis limbatus; 23 Glyphotmethis escherichi escherichi; 24 Utubius syriacus; 25 Strumiger desertorum desertorum; 26 Thrinchus campanulatus campanulatus; 27 Filchnerella beicki; 28 Mongolotmethis gobiensis gobiensis; 29 Beybienkia lithophila; 30 Eotmethis nasutus; 31 Haplotropis brunneriana. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d).

FIGURES 221 – 236. Habitus. 221 – 222 Asiotmethis turritus, 221 male; 222 female. 223 – 224 Glyphotmethis adaliae, 223 male; 224 female. 225 – 226 Glyphotmethis efe, 225 male; 226 female. 227 – 228 Glyphanus obtusus, 227 male; 228 female. 229 – 230 Pezotmethis tartarus tartarus, 229 male; 230 female. 231 – 232 Pezotmethis karatavicus karatavicus, 231 male; 232 female. 233 – 234 Utubius syriacus, 233 male (holotype of U. syriacus zahre); 234 female. 235 – 236 Strumiger desertorum desertorum, 235 male; 236 female paralectotype.

FIGURES 129 – 146. Body parts. 129 – 130 male first abdominal tergite, 129 Asiotmethis turritus; 130 Glyphotmethis dimorphus dimorphus. 131 – 132 female head lateral view, 131 Filchnerella beicki; 132 Rhinotmethis beybienkoi. 133 – 134 male pronotum, 133 Beybienkia songorica, holotype; 134 Filchnerella alashanicus, holotype. 135 – 136 apical part of hind tibia in female, 135 Filchnerella beicki, left tibia; 136 Mongolotmethis gobiensis gobiensis, right tibia. 137 – 138 female frontal groove, 137 Mongolotmethis gobiensis gobiensis, paratype; 138 Filchnerella alashanicus, paratype. 139 – 140 male frontal ridge, 139 Rhinotmethis hummeli; 140 Eotmethis nasutus, paratype. 141 – 142 female frontal ridge, 141 Utubius syriacus; 142 Thrinchus campanulatus campanulatus. 143 – 144 male pronotum, 143 Strumiger desertorum desertorum; 144 Thrinchus arenosus arenosus. 145 – 146 male prosternum, 145 Strumiger desertorum desertorum; 146 Thrinchus campanulatus campanulatus.