Societe imperiale

Herman, Lee H., 2001, Catalog of the Staphylinidae (Insecta: Coleoptera). 1758 to the End of the Second Millennium. I. Introduction, History, Biographical Sketches, and Omaliine Group, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2001 (265), pp. 1-650 : 1-650

Société imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou 46 (3), Séances

(1872): 17 [by T. A. Passengouth]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 24 (1887): 192 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 559 [by

W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Index

Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965): 331 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Gölner, partial bibliography only].

Hoebeke, E. Richard (Rick). Hoebeke, of the USA, was born on April 6, 1949. His work on staphylinids began in graduate school with a revision of the myrmecophilous aleocharine genus

Xenodusa . He later revised the Falagriini of North America north of Mexico. He has published taxonomic articles on Aleodorus ,

Autalia , Lypoglossa , and Thamiaraea . The main focus of his research is the Aleocharinae , but he has also published taxonomic work on Rugilus . One of his special interests is the detec-

tion and documentation of adventive Staphylinidae in North

America . This attention has led to articles documenting the intro- E. Richard (Rick) Hoebeke duction of species of Oxypoda , Coprophilus , Rugilus , and Sunius into North America , and will doubtless lead to discovery and verification of others. His long-range goals include taxonomic study of genera of the Athetini , continuation of his revision of the New World Falagriini , and a revision of the New World species of Rugilus . He has described 11 species.

Horion, Adolf. Horion was born in Hochneukirch (county Grevenbroich), Germany, on July 12, 1888, the second of seven children born to Jakob Horion and his wife Maria Cäcilia (born Pesch). He died on May 28, 1977, in Überlingen am Bodensee, Germany.

After graduating from the gymnasium in Rheydt, Horion studied at the universities in Bonn and Freiburg i.Br. On August 11, 1911, he was ordained a minister. He performed church services at several locations in Germany until 1938, when he retired to be able to devote all his energy to the study of the faunistics of European beetles. He was an active collector, keen observer, and an excellent organizer of data on beetles obtained by his own Adolf Horion activities, as well as by studying the collections of other European coleopterists. His serious coleopterological work started in 1927 under the direction of Professor Carl Bosch (Heidelberg), who supported Horion’s faunistic studies until his death in 1940.

After his retirement, Horion lived in Düsseldorf (1938–1942), where, due to the war, he lost his first Coleoptera collection; fortunately his extensive library and other material survived. By the end of 1942 he had moved to Überlingen-Bodensee to live with his sister Cäcilia Arnold. At about the same time Horion published, with Bosch’s support, the first volume of his Faunistik der deutschen Käfer (Vienna, 1941). It eventually became the famous, classical series (the title was changed, starting with volume two, to Faunistik der mitteleuropäischen Käfer) that contributed immensely to the knowledge of the faunistics and systematics of central European Coleoptera . The Second World War interrupted the publication of this series, but it was resumed in 1949 with the second volume, which was published in Frankfurt a.M. by Vittorio Klostermann. Further volumes followed,

(Tutzing b. München), of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and others. Horion died before he was able to complete the series. I treasure the last published volume (12) dealing with the Cerambycidae , with Horion’s dedication written in 1976 in his 88th year! The Staphylinidae (including Aleocharinae ) are treated in volumes 9–12, and along with many other families, the current excellent knowledge of the faunistics and systematics of the middle European Staphylinidae is based on this treatment. In addition to his Faunistik, Horion also published numerous papers in various journals. He was at one time the editor of the journal Entomologische Blätter, and after the Second World War he briefly published his own journal Koleopterologische Zeitschrift.

Horion’s enormous contribution to coleopterology and his encyclopedic knowledge of the European beetles were widely recognized by all active coleopterists of that time; he was often called the nestor of the central European coleopterology, and George Henry Horn was referred to as the “Altmeister Horion”. His achievements were recognized officially. He was a honorary member of many societies, in 1941 he was awarded the Fabricius-Medal, and in 1954 he received the degree doctor honoris causa from the university in Tübingen, Germany. Horion described three species and one genus in the Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Naturwissenschaftliche Rundschau 7 (1954): 524 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum Georg Frey 5 (1954): 746 [by E. Haaf]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 54 (1958): 1–3 [by E. Jünger, with portrait]. • Mitteilungen der deutschen entomologischen Gesellschaft 17 (1958): 37–38 [by G. Schmidt, with portrait]. • Opuscula Entomologica 24 (1959): 150 [by C. H. Lindroth]. • Mitteilungen der deutschen entomologischen Gesellschaft 22 (1963): 43–44 [by K. Delkeskamp]. • Nachrichtenblatt der bayerischen Entomologen 12 (1963): 105–106 [by H. Freude, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 59 (1963): 69–71 [by V. Richter, with portrait]. • Zeitschrift für andewandte Entomologie 52 (1963): 101–102 [by V. Richter, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 74 (1978): 129–131 [by J. Illies and W. Lucht, with portrait]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 99 (1978): 69–70 [by C. H. Lindroth, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 75 (1979): 1–4 [by E. Jünger]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 74 (1979): 134–139 [by W. Lucht, bibliography only]. • Mitteilungen der deutschen Gesellschaft für allgemeine und angewandte Entomologie 2 (1980): 63–64 [by J. Illies].

Horn, George Henry. Horn was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, on April 7, 1840, to parents of German origin ; his father was a drugstore proprietor. He died on November 24, 1897, in Beesley’s Point, New Jersey, USA .

Horn graduated from high school in 1858, already interested in natural sciences, particularly entomology. He entered the University of Pennsylvania and received his medical degree in 1861. He served as a surgeon with the California Volunteers in the infantry from 1862 to 1866. This job gave him an opportunity to collect insects throughout California and also in Arizona and New Mexico. He returned to Philadelphia in 1866 to resume a December 1866 he was elected President of the American Entomological Society and on December 26 presented to the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences the first results of his natural history work during his four years in California. Being a bachelor, he was able to devote all his spare time to the study of the beetles. His talent, sharp eye for recognizing subtle characters, and perseverance made him more successful in entomology than in his professional career. When he died in 1897 he had published 265 papers and described 154 new genera and 1,682 species. Almost all his work was devoted to the North American fauna. In Staphylinidae , he described 125 species and 6 genera.

Horn published his first article on Coleoptera in 1860 while still a student in medical school. The paper attracted the attention of LeConte and was actually the start of a collaboration and close friendship between these two outstanding North American coleopterists. Horn brought the knowledge of North American Coleoptera , established previously by Say and particularly LeConte, one step higher. He took the route of publishing revi- Lubomír Hromádka sionary papers (obviously influenced by LeConte), mostly entitled “Synopsis....” As with many other beetle families, Horn’s papers on some staphylinid groups, such as Quediini (1878), Staphylinus and related genera (1879), or Philonthi (1884) became indispensable to anybody working on these groups; they are still consulted.

Horn was an honorary member of numerous entomological societies, both in Europe and North America ; he was associated as Professor of Entomology with the University of Pennsylvania (but he never taught the subject); and, at the time of his death, he was the librarian and one of the secretaries of the American Philosophical Society. On December 26, 1896, Horn suffered a serious stroke, which prevented him from further work. After his death, Horn’s collection and library were bequeathed to the American Entomological Society and later transferred to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, where they are still housed, together with the LeConte collection. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Many biographies and obituaries were published; therefore only some are given here. Extensive listings may be found in Gilbert (1977). • Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences Philadelphia 49 (1897): 505–510, 515–518 [by E. J. Noland]. • Transactions of the American Entomological Society 25 (1898): I–XXXVII [by P. P. Calvert, with bibliography by S. Henshaw and photograph]. • Science 7 (1989): 73–77 [by J. B. Smith]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 577 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965) : 354–358 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography from 1866 only].

Hromádka, Lubomír. Hromádka, of the Czech Republic and born in 1931, has been interested in nature from his youth. His interest in and work on the Staphylinidae has focused on Stenus and Philonthus , with most of his work concentrated on the former. He also has an affinity for Gabrius , Cafius , Remus and

Quedius ; he plans studies of Palaearctic species of the latter Irmler, Ulrich. Irmler, of Germany, was born on December 21, 1946. His interest in staphylinids was stimulated by collecting beetles as a youth, and his attraction to Neotropical staphylinids commenced after doing research in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Most of his published work is on soil ecology and conservation; one of his ecological articles discusses the habitat changes and fluctuation in abundance of soil beetles living in inundation forests of the central Amazonian region. The time available for his taxonomic studies of the Staphylinidae is confined to the weekends. Nevertheless, he has produced a significant number of taxonomic articles on Neotropical staphylinids, the first of which, on Platyprosopus , appeared in 1977. Since then he has published taxonomic articles on Bledius , Xenopygus , Neolindus , Holotrochus , Mimogonia , Aneucamptus , Thoracophorus , Lispinus , and Neolosus . One of his long-range goals is to publish a checklist and generic key for the Neotropical Osoriinae . He has named 86 species and 1 genus.

Ulrich Irmler

Israelson, Gunnar. Israelson was born on August 4, 1910, in Hedemora, Sweden, and died on February 19, 1999, in Oskarstroem, Sweden.

As a schoolboy and through “gymnasium” he was interested in flowering plants. During his university studies, under the influence of limnologists, he turned his attention to algae, particularly to those in lotic environments of fast-flowing streams. He published several articles on algae and his Ph.D. thesis on “The freshwater Florideae of Sweden ” was published in 1942. After his doctoral studies, he moved with his family to Hässleholm, a small town in southern Sweden, where he was a teacher at the local gymnasium. He became interested in beetles by accident. One early summer evening as he crossed the town square, he almost stepped on a large beetle. He picked it up but didn’t know what it was, then realized that he just did not know much about beetles, and decided to change that, since he was the head biology teacher at the gymnasium. Thereupon he met Sven Palmqvist, a printer by profession, and a skillful,

Gunnar Israelson self-taught coleopterist who spent his vacations in Hässleholm. Palmqvist had been working on an inventory of the beetle fauna of the region, and by the time he and Israelson met, the list had reached about 500 species. When, because of infirmities, Palmqvist was forced to reorganized his vacations, it fell upon Israelson to continue the inventory. Israelson selected a small plot of suitable land with a radius of about 10 km near the town of Hässleholm. Many novelties were successively recorded in Natur i Göinge. By 1986 the number of species had reached 2,250. He collected indiscriminately, not especially favoring staphylinids. In numerous trips to various parts of Denmark, Sweden, and Norway and into the Arctic archipelago from 1946 to 1980 he accumulated about 4,000 species of beetles. From 1964 to 1991 he made numerous excursions to the Canaries, Madeiras, and Azores, where he collected thousands of beetles, which are now deposited in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet. Israelson published a number of articles on the beetle fauna of Macaronesia. In the Staphylinidae he named 10 species and 1 genus.

Ito, Tateo. Ito, of Japan, was born on May 26, 1943. During childhood, he and his brothers collected beetles, including staphylinids, in and near Osaka. As his knowledge of beetles increased, he realized that little was known about staphylinids despite their abundance in large towns such as Osaka City. This dearth of information led to his study of the family. Within the family he concentrates on the Asian Oxytelinae , Staphylininae ,

and Paederinae , particularly those that live in or near Japan. An important on-going investigation is his work on the genus Nazeris . He has described nearly half of the species in the genus

(plus six subspecies) and has studied most of the others. He plans to study all the species of Nazeris and to present phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses of it. He has also published taxonomic work on Stilicoderus , Lobrathium , Ochthephilum ,

Astenus , Platydracus , Othius , Oxytelopsis , Anotylus , and Oxytelus . He has described 79 species.

Janák, Jiří. Janák, of the Czech Republic, was born on June 2, Tateo Ito 1958. His interest in the Staphylinidae was stimulated by his collaboration with J. Boháč and inspired by the works of A. Smetana. His main interests are the Xantholinini , Diochini , and

Platyprosopini of the world, and the Staphylinidae of the Mala-

gasy subregion. He is currently studying the Madagascar species of Oedichirus and Typhloleleupius , and the staphylinid fauna of

Réunion. The genera on which he has published taxonomic works include Oedichirus , Xantholinus , Octavius , and Stenaesthetus and the anophthalmic species of Lathrobium from a region of Romania. He has named 23 species.

Jansson, Anton. Jansson was born in Örebro, Sweden, on December 3, 1880, and died there on July 11, 1963.

After receiving his high school diploma in 1902, Jansson worked from 1917 until 1933 as a journalist and secretary of the redaction of the paper Nerikes Allehanda. Later he was affiliated with two other newspapers in his home town, Örebro Dagblad and Örebro-Kuriren.

Jansson was an entomological polyhistor and, in addition, Jiří Janák had a wide range of humanistic and cultural interests. In 1944, in recognition of his achievements in entomology, he received the degree doctor honoris causa from the University in Uppsala. The brunt of his entomological work is in Scandinavian Microhymenoptera, particularly in the families Proctotrupidae and Chalcididae . However, during the earlier part of his career, Jansson also published on Hemiptera and aculeate Hymenoptera , as well as on Coleoptera . In 1921 he published a broad paper “Die Insekten-, Myriapoden- und Isopodenfauna der Gotska Sandön”. His interest in Coleoptera persisted, and between 1921 and 1952, he published 43 contributions with the running title “Coleopterologiska Bidrag”. These contributions are of a faunistictaxonomic nature, and many of them deal with members of Staphylinidae . He also published some joint papers with O. Sjöberg dealing with staphylinids, one of them containing the description of Proteinus apicidens . Jansson described 13 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Opuscula Entomologica 20 (1955): 99–100 [by

(1955): 73–77 [by T. Nyholm, with portrait]. • Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 10 (1956): 63 [by A. Strand]. • Notulae Entomologicae 43 (1963): 154 [anonymous]. • Opuscula Entomologica 28 (1963): 162 [by C. H. Lindroth]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 84 (1963): 297–306 [by T. Nyholm, with bibliography].

Jarrige, Jean. Jarrige was born in Bezons near Paris, France, on October 21, 1904. He died in Paris on June 8, 1975.

Jarrige worked as an inspector for the company Eclairage, Chauffage et Force Motrice (from 1946 le Gaz de France). He was devoted to entomology from his early years and eventually became a remarkable amateur staphylinidologist who made substantial contributions to knowledge of the family. He was also an exceptional collector, always actively collecting in the surroundings of Paris and presenting his results and observations at the meetings of the Société des Sciences naturelles de Seine- Jean Jarrige et Oise, and later at the Groupe de Coléoptéristes Parisiens. At age 20 he joined the Société entomologique de France, where he met Sainte-Claire Deville, de Peyerimhoff, and Méquignon, who certainly influenced him to undertake the study of staphylinids. His need to study the collections at the Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle led him to Professor Jeannel, who opened the doors of the Muséum’s Laboratoire d’Entomologie to him. Jarrige was very active in this laboratory and named innumerable species from various parts of the world. After the Second World War he started, following Paulian, to study the fauna of Madagascar and its neighboring islands, and published numerous papers on various groups. Along with his research, he always tried to keep the important Catalogue raisonné des Coléoptères de France by Sainte-Claire Deville up to date.

Jarrige was the Officier des Palmes académiques and Attaché au Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle. In the latter function, he helped many staphylinidologists to locate the types of the species described by older, mainly French authors, and made them available for study. Jarrige also served as one of the presidents of the Société Entomologique de France, and was replaced in this function by Villiers in 1969.

Jarrige published about 95 notes and papers on beetles between 1924 and 1978, almost all on the Staphylinidae . Some of them, such as the joint paper with Jeannel (Biospeleologica, 1947) are substantial. His last paper (1978), dealing with the Staphylinidae of the Andringitra Range in central Madagascar, was published posthumously. Jarrige’s collection of Staphylinidae , declared a “monument historique”, was acquired in 1977 by the Muséum d’histoire naturelle in Paris and is housed there. His general collection of Coleoptera , as well as his library, went to Jacques Chassain.

Jarrige described 276 species and 13 genera in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Bulletin de la Société entomologique du France 80 (1975): 295 [anonymous]. • L’Entomologiste 31 (1975): 230–232 [by G. Ruter]. • L’Entomologiste 43 (1987): 129–138 [by J.-C. Lecoq and J. Orousset, with bibliography and photograph]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 205

Kashcheev, Vitaly Alexandrovich. Kashcheev, of Kazakhstan,

has published several articles on staphylinids of Central Asia, particularly of Kazakhstan and Mongolia. Most of his work has been directed toward the Oxytelinae , particularly the genus Bledius . Among the genera in which he has described new species are Bledius , Coprophilus , Deleaster , Eugenius [= Eppelsheimius ],

Ochthephilus , Oxytelus , Platystethus , Medon , Ochthephilum ,

Falagria , Sepedophilus , and others. He has described 31 species and 2 genera.

Kiesenwetter, Ernst August Hellmuth. Kiesenwetter was born in Dresden, Germany, on November 5, 1820, and died there on March 18, 1880.

Kiesenwetter graduated from the gymnasium in Bautzen and went on to study law at the university in Leipzig until 1843. He pursued law as a career and eventually became the Geheimer Regierungsrat at the Ministry of the Interior in Dresden in 1871. Ernst August Hellmuth

Kiesenwetter became interested in entomology during his Kiesenwetter high school years and during his university years in Leipzig and, influenced by professor Kunze and Dr. R. Sachse, his interest turned to beetles. He was also supported and directed by Dr. Schaum, who eventually became the professor of entomology at the University of Berlin. Other eminent entomologists of that time, such as Dohrn and Maerkel, also played an important role in Kiesenwetter’s entomological life. The first of Kiesenwetter’s papers were published in the early 1840s, most of them in Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung. He also started to take collecting trips to various parts of Europe (e.g., Greece and Spain) and worked up the collected material in follow-up papers that covered a wide range of coleopteran families, including the Staphylinidae . Three of his early papers, published in 1843, 1844, and 1846, dealt with this family. The first one treated the myrmecophilous staphylinids Kiesenwetter collected in the nests of two Formica species. The second one presented the staphylinid fauna of the surroundings of Leipzig, and the third paper was a treatment of the species of the genus Anthophagus . Most of the new species described in these works are still valid. In addition to about 80 papers published in various journals, Kiesenwetter was involved in publishing the series Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands, started by Dr. W. Erichson and continued by H. Schaum, G. Kraatz, and himself. Kiesenwetter contributed several large sections to this series, some in coauthorship with other workers, such as Schaum. Kiesenwetter described 91 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Entomologische Nachrichten 6 (1880): 150–151 [anonymous]. • Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 16 (1880): 280 [anonymous]. • Naturae Novitates 7 (1880): 62 [anonymous]. • Naturalist, London 2 (1880): 208 [anonymous]. • Nature 21 (1880): 538 [anonymous]. • Entomologist 13 (1880): 120 [by E. A. Fitch]. • Leopoldina 16 (1880): 67–70 [by H. T. Kirsch, with bibliography]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 24 (1880): 323–336 [by G. Kraatz, with bibliography and photograph]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 18 (1880):

150 [by C. V. Riley]. • Zoologischer Anzeiger 3 (1880): 126 [by G. F. Westermann] • L’Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 21 (1883): 63–71 [by S. A. Marseul, bibliography only]. • Kunst, Wissenschaft, Technik: Beilage zu Bautzener Nachrichten (1927): nr. 22 [by K. Jordan]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 628–630 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift Iris 57 (1943): 1–27 [by E. Möbius]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965) : 474–476 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

Kirby, William. Kirby was born in Witnesham Hall, Suffolk, England, in September 1759. He died on July 4, 1850 in Barham near Ipswich, England.

Kirby was educated for the clergy. After graduating from the Caius College, Cambridge, in 1781, he acquired the rectory of Barham in 1796, and efficiently conducted his ministry for 68 William Kirby years. At the same time he was deeply involved in the study of insects, and eventually became known as the father of entomology in England.

Kirby wrote many entomological papers, including some encyclopedic works that made him famous. After Kirby met Spencer, fairly late in his life (he was already 48 years old), the two started to work on An Introduction to Entomology... that appeared in four volumes between 1816 and 1826. The work became so popular that there were seven editions, and it was translated into German and Dutch. Of particular importance for North American entomologists is Kirby’s treatment of insects for Richardson’s Fauna Boreali-Americana, or the Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America (volume 4, published in 1837). In this volume, Kirby divided the Coleoptera into 13 primary groups and described or redescribed 343 taxa of Coleoptera (in addition to taxa of other orders). Staphylinidae (as Brachyptera) are treated on pages 82–95, and included 9 genera and 15 species.

Kirby’ s library was unfortunately sold in an auction in 1850, Jakov Davydovich Kirshenblat but his collection, including his handwritten notebooks, are in the Entomological library at the Natural History Museum (London). Both are essential for correct recognition of the syntypes of many Stephen’s species (see Hammond, Entomologist’s Gazette 23 [1972]: 129–135).

Kirby described 11 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: Many biographies and obituaries for Kirby were published, therefore only selected ones are given here. Extensive listing may be found in Gilbert (1977) and in Evenhuis (1997). • Geschichte, Systematik und Literatur der Insektenkunde (1836): 101–105 [by J. N. Eiselt]. • Zoologist 8 (1850): 2886–2889 [by E. Newman, with bibliography]. • Life of W. Kirby, rector of Barnham (1852) [by J. Freeman, with bibliography and photograph]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 26 (1888): 247–251 [anonymous, bibliography only]. • Canadian Entomologist 47 (1915): 384–386 [by F.J.A. Morris]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 631–634 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 670–672 [by E. O. Essig, with partial bibliog- Kirshenblat, Jakov Davydovich. The date of birth of Kirshenblat is not known. He was born in Tbilisi, Georgia, the son of a physician. He died on October 20, 1980 in Chernovtsy, Ukraine.

Kirshenblat graduated from the biological faculty of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) State University and from the therapeutic faculty of the First Medical Institute in Leningrad. After graduate studies he worked at the hospitals and medical scientific institutions of Leningrad. During the Second World War he served in the army and survived the blockade of Leningrad. After the war Kirshenblat got a position as the chief of the department of endocrinology at the Otto’s Institute for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Leningrad. There he combined scientific research with medical practice. From 1954 to 1980 he was working at the Medical Institute in Chernovtsy ( Ukraine) as a chief of the department of normal physiology.

Kirshenblat started to do scientific work as a graduate student. He already had wide biological and medical interests: zoology, physiology of reproduction, neural regulation of the endocrine Toshio Kishimoto glands, diagnostics, and therapy of endocrine diseases. He published more than 140 papers and 3 monographs. In 1938 he got the Candidate of Biology degree (equivalent to Ph.D. degree in biology), and in 1952 the degree of Doctor of Science. He invested a lot of time in teaching and advising medical students, published two textbooks for medical institutes, and advised 16 postgraduates in medical sciences.

In addition to medical interests, Kirshenblat was also interested in taxonomy of Staphylinidae . He published 12 papers on Staphylinidae , containing descriptions of new taxa (he described 29 species), faunal records and surveys, and regional taxonomic reviews ( Paederus of the fauna of the former USSR, and Ontholestes of the Palaearctic region). He had special interest in nidicolous staphylinids (two papers). Kirshenblat is the author of the identification keys to the Staphylinidae of the European part of the former USSR, published in 1965 by the Zoological Institute in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) within the series Keys of Insects of European Russia.

Kirshenblat’s collection of Staphylinidae , including the types David Harold Kistner of the taxa he described, is housed in the collection of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. [A.S.]

SOURCE: • Problemy endokrinologii 27 (1981): 88 (author?).

Kishimoto, Toshio. Kishimoto, of Japan, was born on December 1, 1971. He has been interested in beetles from childhood.

On entering university he began studies in entomology and soon became fascinated by staphylinids. His main interest is in the Aleocharinae , particularly those of east Asia; he is currently working on the Gyrophaenina and Falagriini of the region. His longrange goals include establishing a framework of classification for the Aleocharinae and clarification of the east Asian staphylinid fauna. He has described one species and coauthored another.

Kistner, David Harold. Kistner , of the USA, was born on July

30, 1931. His interest in the Staphylinidae began when he was about 16 and collecting insects in the Great Smoky Mountains many staphylinids flying about. That embryonic interest grew when the Field Museum in Chicago acquired the Bernhauer staphylinid collection at a time when he was in almost daily contact with C. Seevers. When Kistner began searching for a doctoral research project Seevers suggested a revision of the Pygostenini . Since the group included both myrmecophiles and termitophiles, it appealed to the eminent termite specialist, A. E. Emerson, with whom Kistner was studying. Most of his research career has been devoted to elucidating the taxonomy, phylogeny, evolution, and behavior of staphylinid inquilines associated with ants, particularly army ants, and termites. With regard to behavior, he is particularly interested in the mechanisms for integrating staphylinids into ant and termite colonies. These mechanisms are based on morphological, behavioral, and chemical mimicry, and he is currently publishing extensive data on the topic. His interest in the coevolution of social insects and their inquilines has resulted in numerous articles. Kistner’s

Jan Klimaszewski curiosity has always kept him in the forefront of new techniques for understanding the groups and phenomena that interest him. Long ago he investigated the histology of glandular systems of the inquilines and the importance of the systems to their survival, tried numerical and phylogenetic techniques to elucidate relationships, and is currently exploring the use of DNA sequence data to test relationships. Kistner has traveled widely, particularly in tropical regions, and amassed an enormous collection of myrmecophilous and termitophilous staphylinids. He believes his Old World collections (of inquiline staphylinids) is 10 times greater, both in number of species and specimens, than the total of all other such collections combined. He has published extensively on the myrmecophilous and termitophilous taxa of the Old and New World tropics. He has published nearly 200 articles on staphylinids and has described (or codescribed) about 530 species and 97 genera.

Klimaszewski, Jan. Klimaszewski, of Canada, was born in Poland on August 23, 1950. He was motivated to study the

Carl (Carlo) Koch Staphylinidae by Smetana during his first visit to Canada in 1973. He is interested in the Aleocharinae , and his work has resulted in revisions of the Gymnusini and Deinopsini and revisionary studies of many species of Aleochara from many parts of the world. He has also published an article on the cave-dwelling aleocharines of eastern North America , and was a coauthor of a revision of the Aleocharinae of the Arctic region of North America . He has also published taxonomic articles on the Myllaenini , Platandria , Polylobus , Haploglossa , Autalia , and Pseudomniophilia. He has published 121 species and 4 genera.

Koch, Carl (Carlo). Koch was born in Vienna, Austria, on January 5, 1904, and died on February 23, 1970, in Windhoek, Namibia.

Koch studied at the universities in Vienna, Paris, Pavia and Monaco; in 1960 he received his Ph.D. from the Ludwig- Maximilians-Universität in München, Germany. He was the conservator at the Museo Entomologico P. Rossi di Duino in Trieste, Italy (1929–1937), and from 1937 to 1948 he was associhe accepted a position as curator of Coleoptera in the Transvaal Museum in Pretoria, and later was the founder and director of the Namib Desert Research Station in Gobabed near Swakopmund, Namibia.

During the earlier part of his career, Koch studied Staphylinidae and Anthicidae , but later turned his attention exclusively to the Tenebrionidae and to ecological aspects of the desert fauna. He was a fellow of the Royal Entomological Society and Royal Geographical Society in London, and the Royal South African Society. He was also a standing member of the International Congresses of Entomology.

Between 1932 and 1941 Koch published almost 30 papers on Staphylinidae , the major ones dealing with the genus Anthophagus (1934), Achenium (1937), Bledius (1938), and some Paederinae (1938–1939). Another set of his papers dealt with scientific results of various expeditions, one of them (1936) included a key to the world species of the Cafius . The total number of his publications, many of them monographic, reaches about 175. Matúš Kocian

Koch described 16 species and 13 genera in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • New Scientist 43 (1969): 150–151 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Arbeiten aus dem Museum G. Frey 21 (1970): 1–2 [by G. Frey, with portrait]. • Memorie della Società entomologica italiana 49 (1970): 153–155 [by G. Marcuzzi]. • Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society London (C) 35 (1971): 53 [by J. E. Hinton]. • Miscellanea Zoologica 3 (1972): 107–108 [by F. Español].

Kocian, Matúš . Kocian, of the Czech Republic, was born in

1969. He has had an interest in the Staphylinidae since childhood.

He is engaged in studies of the Tachyporinae of central Europe,

the Bolitobini of Europe, and Ischnosoma , Mycetoporus , and

Bryophacis of the world. He has published revisionary studies on Ischnosoma of the western Palaearctic, illustrations and descriptions of the aedeagus of the central European species of

Lordithon , and larval descriptions of Sepedophilus bipustulatus and Habrocerus capillaricornis . Long range, he wants to write Friedrich Anton Kolenati a monograph for Ischnosoma of the world and a revision of the

European Mycetoporus . He has described seven species.

Kolenati, Friedrich Anton. Kolenati was born in Prague, now Czech Republic, on April 12, 1812. He died on June 17, 1864 in Ovčárna pod Pradědem, now Czech Republic.

As a young boy Kolenati was already interested in natural sciences. He studied medicine at the university in Prague; he obtained his diploma in 1836 and practiced medicine for a short time, but privately studied bats and insects.

Kolenati spent several years (1842–1846) in Russia, first in St. Petersburg, where he became the assistant of zoology at the Academy of Sciences. From St. Petersburg he took long trips to southern Russia, including the Caucasus ; it is not without interest that he reached the summit of Kazbek (5,047 m) in August 1844. During these explorations he accumulated over 30,000 insect specimens in addition to other rich natural history material. He worked up most of the entomological material while

In 1848 he became a private docent of special and medicopharmaceutical zoology, botany and crystalography at the University in Prague. He also founded the natural history club Lotos, which existed until 1945.

Kolenati published many papers covering a wide range of natural sciences, his travels, etc. Results of his entomological explorations of the Caucasus were summarized in the series Meletemata entomologica , of which eight issues were published in St. Petersburg and in Moscow from 1845–1858. The third fascicle (with three color plates), published in 1846 in St. Petersburg, contained the Staphylinidae (as Brachelytra). In this paper, Kolenati described 33 new species and varieties, some still valid. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Zoologické Listy 13 (1964): 284–285 [by J. Geisler]. • Vesmír 43 (1964): 347 [by J. Němec]. • Lidé a země 14 (1965): 51–55 [by F. M. Žampach]. • Práce odboru přírodních věd Vlastivědného Ústavu v Olomouci 5 (1965): 1–27 [by Horst Korge I. Flasar, with bibliography, portraits].

Korge, Horst. Korge, of Germany, was born on July 15, 1930. His interest in zoology began in childhood with observations made in his family’s garden. Later he concentrated on faunistic surveys of the beetles of the “Mark Brandenburg ” ( Germany), and still later became interested in the beetle fauna of Asiatic Turkey. His interest in Turkey resulted in a substantial paper on species of the region. Many of his taxonomic articles have been on Quedius , but he also published on Stenus , Bryoporus , Ochthephilum , Scopaeus , and Xantholinus . He has described 60 species and 3 genera.

Kraatz, Ernst Gustav. Kraatz was born in Berlin, Germany, on March 13, 1831. He died there on November 2, 1909.

Kraatz obtained his basic education in Berlin. He became interested in insects early and, luckily, his father was quite supportive of his son’s interests. The young Kraatz started with butterflies, but soon turned his attention to beetles, an affection that lasted his entire life. He started to build his beetle collection by active collecting, by making exchanges with several eminent entomologists, such as Dohrn, Kiesenwetter, etc., and by buying specimens from insect dealers. In this way, he managed to expand his collection to 3,000 species by the end of 1848, when he was only 17! This was certainly a convincing confirmation of his excellent organizational talents, dedication, and perseverance, qualities that were so important to his career. In 1849, when only 18 years old, he also published his first paper “Bemerkungen über Myrmekophilen” in Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung; the paper contains data about several species of Staphylinidae .

From 1850 to 1853 Kraatz studied law at the universities in Heidelberg and Bonn, but without real commitment. Eventually, in October 1853, after Dohrn’s intervention, his father allowed him to terminate his law studies and to take zoology at the university in Berlin. While at the university, staphylinids were Kraatz’s prime interest and he made considerable progress in treating the Staphylinidae for the series Naturgeschichte der ers (medical zoology and entomology) insisted that Kraatz gets his doctoral degree before the publication of the book, so that his name on the title page would be preceded by “doctor”! Kraatz eventually gave in, submitted his doctoral thesis “Genera Aleocharinorum”, and obtained his degree on May 25, 1856 (the thesis was published in 1857 in Linnaea Entomologica 11: 1–43).

Kraatz became a member of many learned societies, the first one being the Entomologischer Verein zu Stettin. As it sometimes happens, a problem with Kraatz’s membership diploma eventually led to a complete breakdown of the relationship between Dohrn (who introduced him) and Kraatz. In October 1856 Kraatz was one of the founding members of the Entomologischer Verein in Berlin, and a year later became its president and editor of the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift; he continued to serve in these capacities until 1880. In 1875, he managed to push through his suggestion to rename the journal Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. In 1881 Kraatz terminated Ernst Gustav Kraatz his involvement with the Entomologischer Verein in Berlin. Typ- as a young man ical for him, he immediately founded the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft, and served for 25 years as president, and as editor of the Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift.

One of Kraatz’s dreams was the establishment of the Deutsches Entomologisches Nationalmuseum; he worked on this for many years starting in 1871. He finally succeeded in 1904, when the Museum was established in Berlin, in a house that Kraatz bought for this purpose. Shortly before Kraatz’s death, approval was granted to build a museum building, and this establishment later became the well-known Deutsches Entomologisches Institut. Following Kraatz’s wish, expressed shortly before his death, the urn containing his ashes was placed on the cabinet containing Staphylinidae , his favorite group. In 1905 the Prussian government honored Kraatz by bestowing on him the title Professor, in recognition of his services to entomology.

Kraatz was one of the eminent entomologists of his era, a man of strong personality and determination, who had many followers, but also quite a few enemies. His harsh criticism of the works of Motschulsky and Walker (see, e.g., in Berliner Ernst Gustav Kraatz Entomologische Zeitschrift, 7: 215–220) and his ongoing feud later in life with the former author are well known. During his lifetime, Kraatz published an incredible 1,393 papers covering a wide range of beetle families; even considering the fact that many of them are short notes of one page, this is quite impressive. Kraatz’s works on Staphylinidae , one of his preferred families, reflect his exact, meticulous taxonomic approach. Many of them (e.g., his treatment of the family in the series Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands [see above], or his paper “Staphylinen-Fauna von Ostindien, insbesondere der Insel Ceylan ” [1859]) belong to the classical works on the family and are still regularly consulted.

It was really unfortunate that a man like Kraatz was hit toward the end of his life by the gradual loss of eyesight that developed into virtual blindness–-the worst possible fate for any practicing entomologist!

Anybody interested in learning more about Kraatz should by A. W. Schade and distributed free to members of the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft. It also contains a list of Coleoptera described by Kraatz; in Staphylinidae it includes 554 species and 69 new genera. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Prof. Dr. Gustav Kraatz... (1906): 1–120 [by W. Horn, with bibliography by R. Zang and several portraits]. • Entomologische Rundschau 26 (1909): 132–133 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 5 (1909): 237–239 [by W. Hubenthal]. • Revue Russe d’Entomologie 9 (1909): 341–342 [by Semenov Tian-Shansky]. • Jahresberichte des Vereins für schlesische Insektenkunde 3 (1910): XXIII–XXV [by R. Dittrich]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1910): 109–112 [by W. Horn]. • Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 46 (1910): 21–11 [by “K. J.”]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 660–663 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775– 1930 (1932): 181 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Ento- Theodor (Bohdan) Krása mologicae Serie II (1965): 518–535 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, partial bibliography only]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 17 (1967): 375–387 [by A. Köppen].

Krása, Theodor (Bohdan). Krása was born in Dobříš near Prague, Czech Republic, on January 14, 1875. He died on March 10, 1961, in Vrané n.Vlt. near Prague.

Krása graduated from the gymnasium in Příbram and studied law at the university in Vienna and at Charles University in Prague. He moved with his family to Vrané n.Vlt. and worked as a postal accountant. His keen interest in nature, fully supported by his father, soon turned mainly to entomology, particularly to various aspects of coleopterology. In 1899 he joined the Physiocratic Society in Prague, where he became acquainted with and influenced by the eminent Czech entomologists of that time, Dr. O. Nickerle, Dr. K. Skalitzky, Dr. K. Rodt, and F. Hennevogl. After the Czech Entomological Society was founded in 1904, he immediately joined the Society.

Krása lived almost his entire life in Vrané n.Vlt. This area was, at that time, one of the prime areas for collecting insects, especially rare myrmecophilous species, in the surroundings of Prague. Krása was known for his outstanding success as a collector, based on his ability to observe and recognize the often minute bionomical details that are essential for discovering rare species. Krása became particularly famous for his collecting abilities and knowledge of myrmecophilous beetles, mainly of the families Staphylinidae and Pselaphidae . As a young student, Krása led the famous Erich Wasmann to a site near his home to collect rare species of Myrmoecia . This apparently brought Wasmann to his knees in prayer to God for the privilege! In addition to Staphylinidae , Pselaphidae , and Scydmaenidae, Krása also knew some other beetle families well.

Krása published only 20 papers on Coleoptera , and those on Staphylinidae dealt mostly with Aleocharinae and with the genus Stenus . After Krása’s death, his collection (containing the types of most species he described) remained in the hands of his oldest son, who, during his father’s life, was interested in coleopterology. Unfortunately, Krása’s collection (still in Vrané poor condition. Recently, after the death of Krása’s oldest son,

some specimens from his collection including the types, were offered for sale, purchased, and placed in the hands of various specialists (e.g., Stenus ). Krása described 10 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae

42 (1945): 19–21 [by L. Heyrovsky´, with bibliography, portrait]. • Živa (Prague) 9 (1961): 146 [by L. Heyrovsky´]. • Bohemia centralis 7 (1978): 90–91 [by Z. Koleška]. • Zprávy

Československé Společnosti Entomologické při ČSAV 21 (1985):

216–217 [by Z. Koleška].

Lacordaire, Jean Théodore. Lacordaire was born as a son of a medical doctor, in Recey sur Durce (Côte d’Or), France, on February 1, 1801; he died there on July 18, 1870.

Lacordaire originally studied law, but he never pursued a law career. As a young man he traveled several times to South America (1824–1832), and explored Argentina, Uruguay, some Jean Théodore Lacordaire provinces of Brazil, Chile, and eventually Cayenne, where he stayed for two years. He brought back to France a large collection of insects and began to work it up with encouragement from such eminent French naturalists as Cuvier, Latreille, Dejean, and Boisduval. When the post of professor of zoology at the University of Liège became vacant, Lacordaire accepted it, extended it later to include comparative anatomy, and eventually became the rector of the university.

Lacordaire became famous mainly due to his Introduction à l’entomologie,... (1834–1838), and his monumental series Histoire naturelle des Insectes. Genera des Coléoptères (1854– 1863). His contribution to the study of Staphylinidae came through his joint work with Boisduval (Lacordaire was the author of the Coleoptera ), Faune entomologique des environs de Paris (1835). In this book Lacordaire described a number of species and a few genera. In the Staphylinidae, Lacordaire described 73 species and 3 genera. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 7 (1870): 89–90 [anonymous]. • Petites Nouvelles Entomologiques 2 (1870): 107 [anonymous]. • Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 14 (1870): VIII–IX [by G. Kraatz]. • Éloge de Jean-Théodore Lacordaire (1870): 275 pp. [by E. Morren, with bibliography, portrait]. • American Entomologist 2 (1870): 270 [by C. V. Riley]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1870): XLIV–XLVII [by A. R. Wallace]. • Annales de l’Academie Royale de Belgique 38 (1872): 139–160 [by E.C.A. Candèze, with bibliography, portrait]. • Mémoires de la Société Royale des sciences de Liège 3 (1873): XXI–XL [by E. Morren, with bibliography, portrait]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 20 (1882): 11–14 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 678–679 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography up to 1863 only]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 184 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965) : 565 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 1 (1971): 133–134 [by N. Papavero]. • Les entomologistes

Last, Horace Rupert. Last was born in Walthamstow, Essex, United Kingdom, on August 15, 1908, the elder of two sons of Emily and Rupert Last, a signalman on the London and North Eastern Railway. He died on April 4, 1995, in London.

Last worked in the tea industry, and referred to himself as a “buyer of second-hand teas”. His interest in natural history developed very early, but his involvement in Coleoptera , and particularly in the family Staphylinidae , developed with the encouragement of Dr. Malcolm Cameron and William O. Steel. Last’s main contributions to the study of Staphylinidae are his papers dealing with the African species of the genus Zyras and allied genera (mostly published from the late 1950s to the late 1970s), and, from the late 1960s, his papers on various staphylinid groups of New Guinea ( Steninae , Paederinae , Staphylininae [ Hesperus , Philonthus , etc.], Tachyporinae and Aleocharinae ). He also made a lasting contribution to the knowledge of British Staphylinidae through many taxonomic and faunistic Horace Rupert Last papers. He published 154 papers and short notes and in Staphylinidae he described 586 species and 4 genera and 4 subgenera (all of Zyras ). His first two published papers (1933 and 1938) dealt with Lepidoptera . Last’s collection, including the types, is housed in the Manchester Museum, United Kingdom. Holotypes of many species were placed in the British Museum (Natural History), London. [A.S.]

SOURCE: Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 132 (1996): 77–86 [by J. Cooter, with bibliography by C. Johnson and photograph].

Latreille, Pierre André. Latreille was born on November 29, 1762, in Brive (Corréze), France, as an illegitimate child of the general Jean Joseph Sahuguet d’Amarzit, baron d’Espargnac. He died on February 6, 1833, in Paris, France.

Latreille’s life was eventful and turbulent. His mother, without any resources, left the baby boy at the entrance of the church La Gaillarde in Brive. He was found by peasants and baptized as Pierre-André, and it was not until 1813 that his name Latreille was officially approved by the tribunal of Brive. Latreille’s biological father died in 1783, but before his death he made all the necessary financial arrangements to provide his son with a proper education. The family d’Espargnac followed the wishes of the father, and so the young Latreille entered the seminar in Limoges, was ordained as a priest in 1786, and returned to Brive. Even then he was deeply interested in natural sciences, and in entomology in particular. Three years later, after refusing to accept the ideals of the revolution, he was sentenced with 78 other priests by the tribunal in Bordeaux to deportation, or possibly to drowning in the river Gironde, and went to prison to await the sentence. Lhoste (1987, see below) tells an interesting story about how a specimen of Necrobia ruficollis , and a lucky chance during Latreille’s stay in the prison, apparently saved his life. As the story goes, one day the prison doctor entered Latreille’s cell and found him observing intently a small insect, an occupation he found quite unreasonable. He approached Latreille and asked him for an explanation. Latreille answered: “C’est un insecte rare. Je regrette de ne pouvoir le again, why he is so much interested in this little insect. Latreille answered: “Je suis Latreille , condamné à mourir en Guyane, avant de terminer mes études sur le genera des insectes créé par Fabricius ”. By lucky chance, the doctor told the story to Baron Bory Saint-Vincent who, while momentarily supporting the revolution, was interested in natural sciences and published later several works of his own. Using his influence, he stopped the fulfillment of Latreille’s sentence.

It was not until 1794 that Latreille was freed. Two years later he published his Précis des caractères génériques des Insectes, disposés dans un ordre naturel, the authorship of which, in keeping with the tenor or the times, was cited as “le Citoyen Latreille”. This publication earned Latreille the support of Lamarck, who arranged a contract for him to work at the Muséum de Paris for 4. 20 francs a day as an aide-naturaliste. This contract was regularly renewed, again thanks to his protector Lamarck. It was not until 1805 that Latreille’s position was made permanent. Latreille remained in his aide- Pierre André Latreille naturaliste position until 1820, through some very turbulent times, with vital support from Olivier. During this period Latreille published his monumental works Histoire naturelle, générale at Particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes (1802– 1805), Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimis explicata (1806–1809), Considérations générales sur l’ordre naturel des animaux composant les classes des Crustacés, des Arachnides et des Insectes avec un tableau méthodique de leurs genres disposés en familles (1810), the chapter on insects in Cuvier’s Régne Animal (1817), and others. In 1820 Latreille replaced the ailing and almost blind Lamarck at the Muséum. After Lamarck’s death in 1829, a separate chair (apparently for the first time in the world) was created for entomology by splitting the original chair of zoology of insects, worms and microscopic animals. The chair was given to Latreille in 1830, and he stayed in this position until his death in 1833. He succeeded Olivier into the Académie des Sciences de Paris, became the professor at the Muséum d’histoire naturelle in Paris, and the professor of zoology at the veterinary school in Alfort. In 1832 he founded the Société Entomologique de France.

Latreille became one of the most celebrated entomologists of his time. Much has been published about his importance, which is discussed in the references mentioned below. As far as the Staphylinidae are concerned, Latreille created the name of the family in his Histoire Naturelle... (as “Staphylines; staphyliniae” (Vol. 3 [1802])). Later (Vols. 9 and 10 [1804]) he divided the family into 14 genera identical to those presented by Gravenhorst in his Coleoptera Microptera Brunsvicensia (1802) , and even followed Gravenhorst in dividing the genus Staphylinus into four “families”. In his treatment of the Staphylinidae (as “ Les Brachélytres , Cuv.”) in Cuvier’s Régne Animal (1817), Latreille deviates from Gravenhorst’s treatment in Monographia Coleopterorum Micropterorum (1806) by recognizing some genera Gravenhorst dropped (e.g., Astrapaeus ), and by adding some genera (e.g., Coprophilus ). Latreille described 17 species and

SOURCES: There is a long list of Latreille’s biographies and obituaries, therefore only some selected ones are given here. Detailed listings may be found in Gilbert (1977) and particularly in Evenhuis (1997). • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 2 (1833): XVIII–XXXI [by E. Geoffroy-St.-Hilaire]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 4 (1835): XXIII–XXIX [by C. A. Walckenaer]. • Bibliographie entomologique... 1 (1836): 225–235 [by A. Percheron, with bibliography, portrait]. • Bibliotheca Entomologica 1 (1862): 451–456 [by H. A. Hagen, bibliography only]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France (1907): 230–232 [by P. Lesne]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 690–695 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Boletin de la Sociedad Brasileira de Entomologia 1 (1958): 7–18 [by M. Carrera, with portrait]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 1 (1971): 43–45 [by N. Papavero]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 48–51 [by J. Lhost].

Arthur Mills Lea

Lea, Arthur Mills. Lea was born in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, on August 10, 1868. He died on February 29, 1932, in Adelaide, Australia.

Lea commenced his professional career in 1891, when he joined the Department of Agriculture in New South Wales, working as an assistant entomologist to A. S. Olliff (then Government Entomologist of the state). In 1895 he was appointed Government Entomologist of Western Australia, and worked mainly with plant pests. In 1911 he became Entomologist in the South Australian Museum and stayed in this position until he died. He was a lecturer in forest entomology at the University of Adelaide (1912–1924), and in 1924–1925 he functioned as the economic entomologist for the government of Fiji. He collected extensively in Australia, Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Fiji, the Malayan Peninsula, Java, Borneo, Celebes, and New Caledonia.

Lea became one of the most celebrated Australian entomologists, not only because of his outstanding work in the field of economic entomology and pest control, but also due to his contribution to the systematics of Australian Coleoptera , contained in numerous papers published in various Australian journals. In Staphylinidae , he described 264 species and 5 genera. [A.S.] SOURCES: • The Sydney Morning Herald, April 2, 1932 [by H. J. Carter]. • Records of South Australian Museum 4 (1932): 411–432 [by H. M. Hale, with bibliography, portrait]. • Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of South Australia 56 (1932): 1–2 [by H. M. Hale, with portrait]. • Biography of Australian Entomology, 1775–1930 (1932): 188–196 [by A. Musgrave, with bibliography]. • Australian Museum Magazine 4 (1932): 342 [by A. Musgrave]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57 (1932): III [by T.G.B. Osborn]. • Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 68 (1932): 119 [by J. J. Walker]. • Victorian Naturalist 49 (1932): 15–18 [by F. E. Wilson, with portrait]. • Arbeiten über physiologische und angewandte Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 1 (1934): 305 [by W. Horn]. • Records of South Australian Museum 12 (1956): 92–94 [by H. M. Hale, with portrait].

LeConte, John Lawrence. LeConte was born in New York City, USA, on May 13, 1825, to a Hugenot family of French descent. His father, Major John Eatton LeConte , was a naturalist and published papers on botany and zoology, including Coleoptera . LeConte died on November 15, 1883, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

After graduating from Mt. St. Mary’s College in Emmetsburg, Maryland, LeConte entered the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New York City and obtained his diploma in 1846, but he never really practiced medicine. He traveled extensively, visiting many areas of North America , partly while still a student, collecting large numbers of beetles. He was a lieutenantcolonel and medical inspector in the United States Army during the Civil War, and from 1878 until his death, Assistant Director of the United States Mint in Philadelphia. However, since he was financially independent, he actually devoted most of his time to coleopterology. He was the first president of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia and served in this capac- John Lawrence LeConte ity for the duration of this society; he was also the president of the American Entomological Society for a period of sixteen years (1859–1860, 1870–1883). Shortly after his father’s death in 1860, LeConte married Helen C. Grier, and they had one son, Robert. From 1869 to 1872 LeConte lived with his family in Europe, where he studied important insect collections.

LeConte entered the coleopterological scene in North America when, unlike in Europe, very little was known about the insects of the entire North American continent. There was hardly anything more than scattered descriptions of species by some European authors (in Staphylinidae , e.g., Gravenhorst, Erichson), and by North Americans like Melsheimer, Say, Harris, Ziegler, LeConte Senior, etc. LeConte published his first paper on Coleoptera (“Descriptions of Some New and interesting Insects Inhabiting the United States ”) in the Boston Journal of Natural History in 1844, when he was only 18 years old and still a medical student. From that moment he never stopped and eventually published over 180 papers, describing thousands of species (the figures vary from 4,739 to almost 6,000) and hundreds of higher taxa. At the time of his death, LeConte was the author of almost half of the species known from North America . His writings include scores of synoptic tables for many groups and many monographic works, such as Classification of the Coleoptera of North America, Part I (1861) and Part II (in collaboration with G. H. Horn, 1883), and many others. He also published in two volumes the collected writings of Thomas Say as American Entomology by Thomas Say. The enormous contribution of LeConte to North American coleopterology was not only the vast number of taxa he described but, perhaps even more important, his effort to present synoptic treatments of higher taxa, and thereby introduce system and order into what was previously mostly disorder. He provided a solid base for future coleopterological studies in North America and is justly considered by many as the most important of the classical North American coleopterists.

In Staphylinidae , as in most other beetle families in North America , LeConte’s work facilitated progress by subsequent authors and raised the level of knowledge to a state that allowed comparison to the fauna in Europe.

LeConte described 294 species and 14 genera in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: Many biographies and obituaries of LeConte have been published. Only some are given here. A detailed listing may be found in Gilbert (1977). • Science 2 (1883): 783–786 [by G. H. Horn, with portrait]. • Psyche 4 (1883): 107–110 [by C. V. Riley]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 6 (1883): III–IX [by F. G. Shaupp, bibliography only]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (1884): 228–240 [by G. Kraatz]. • Transactions of the American Entomological Society 11 (1884): I–XXVIII [by S. H. Scudder, with portrait]. • Journal of New York Entomological Society 22 (1914): 185–191 [by R. P. Dow]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 701–705 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only, to 1863]. • History of Entomology (1931): 680–685 [by E. O. Essig, with portrait]. Jean-Claude Lecoq • Pioneer Century of American Entomology (1936): 155–163 [by H. B. Weiss]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965) : 591–594 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • American Entomologists (1971): 242–248 [by A. Mallis].

Lecoq, Jean-Claude. Lecoq, of France, was born in 1937. When he was about 12 or 13 he met Jean Jarrige, who gave him a taste for entomology and beetles. Some years later he caught and retained the “bug” for staphylinids. The groups of principal interest to him are the Paederinae , Staphylininae , Steninae , and Osoriinae . Madagascar is his region of particular focus, but he is also involved with study of taxa of France and other parts of the Palaearctic region. He teaches chemistry at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris and works part time on his staphylinid investigations. Many of his publications have dealt with the Paederinae of Madagascar; eventually he wrote a series of three major articles on the Paederinae of Madagascar. He has published on the Staphylininae and Paederinae of the Mascarene

Louis Levasseur Islands, and the Staphylinidae of the Comoro Islands. More recently he described species of the Osoriinae , and Philonthus . He plans to continue his studies of the Staphylinidae of Madagascar. As of this writing he has described 240 species and 6 genera.

Levasseur, Louis. Levasseur was born on May 25, 1919. He died on May 31, 1981, in Paris, France.

Levasseur was from his early years interested in natural sciences, but chose a career in municipal administration in various parts of Paris. At the same time he studied beetles, concentrating on the family Staphylinidae , and managed to build a substantial Palaearctic collection. After 1960, he regularly received staphylinid specimens from tropical Africa; therefore he devoted all his time to the study of this material and eventually became an expert on this area. His work was interrupted by serious illness for almost 10 years, and then in 1981 forever.

Levasseur published 20 papers on Staphylinidae , in which he described 175 species and 22 genera. His collection is deposited

SOURCES: • Annales de la Société Entomologique de France

(N.S.) 18 (1982): 428–431 [by C. Girard and J. F. Menier, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 81 (1985): 111 [by

W. Lucht].

Li, Li-Zhen. Li, of China, born on October 26, 1956, began studying staphylinids because the family is large and poorly known, and there are so many undescribed species. He is primarily interested in the Tachyporinae and other small subfamilies, particularly those of the Palaearctic and Oriental regions.

He hopes to study the Staphylinidae of China in detail, and author or coauthor articles on the staphylinid fauna of the country. Among his publications are a revision of the Japanese species of Tachinus along with articles on some species of Ischnosoma ,

Lordithon , Bolitobius , Bryophacis , and Carphacis from Japan,

and Tachinus from the Himalaya. He has described 31 species.

Linné ( Linnaeus ), Carl. Linné was born in Raashult (province Li-Zhen Li of Smaaland), Sweden, on May 23, 1707. He died on January 10, 1778, in Hammarby near Uppsala, Sweden.

There is a tremendous amount of literature describing, discussing, and evaluating Linné’s life, his publications, and his importance to the development of natural sciences. There is no need to go into all these details here; a copious listing of references may be found in Evenhuis (1997: 471–473).

The Latinized form Linnaeus is often used in the literature. However, his true and correct name, Carl Linné, should be used. It was customary to Latinize the names of the authors of scientific papers at those times, but that does not mean that the name has to be used in the Latinized form. We do not do it for other authors, e.g., for Nordmann, who used the name “Nordmannus” when publishing his Symbolae ad monographiam Staphylinorum in 1837.

Linné obtained his basic education in Växiö, and in 1727 he went to the University in Lund, where he found a great resource for learning in the library of Professor Kilian Stobaeus. Soon he moved to the university in Uppsala and, under the protection of Carl Linné ( Linnaeus ) two famous scientists, Olof Rudbeck and Aulus Celsius, began to publish his revolutionary botanical papers that made him famous. He lived in Rudbeck’s house, and worked as a teacher of Rudbeck’s sons. Not yet having his degree and being half teacher and half student, he decided to go to a foreign university. In 1735 he left for Holland, heading for the small town of Hardewijk (Gelderland) and its university favored by medical students. He passed the examinations on the day of his arrival, and on June 24 of the same year, he received the degree Doctor Medicinae, after he defended his thesis “De hypothesis nova de febrium intermittentium causa”. After that, Linné decided to stay in Holland for some time and entered the university in Leyden where he again found the protection of two influential scientists, J. F. Gronovius and I. Lowson. In addition, he became a private doctor to G. Clifford, who owned a botanical and zoological garden between Leyden and Haarlem. Here Linné published (in 1735) a small manuscript in Hortus Cliffortianus that presented a new system of classification that was destined to

By the end of 1737, Linné decided to return to Sweden via Paris, where he met numerous naturalists, such as Réamur and others. He arrived in Sweden in 1738, and decided to work as a practicing doctor in Stockholm, since he could not get a teaching job at any university. He soon became known as a specialist and finally started to have a good income, which enabled him to marry (in 1739) Sarah Elisabeth Moraeus, who had patiently waited for him while he was abroad. In the same year Linné founded the Svenska Vetenskap Akademien and was its first president. When Rudbeck died in 1740, Linné applied for the vacant chair of botany and anatomy at the University of Uppsala. His rival Nils Rosen won ; therefore Linné applied and won the chair of practical medicine that became vacant due to the retirement of Roberg. Eventually the two swapped chairs with the approval of the authorities of the University of Uppsala. This finally gave Linné the opportunity to fully apply and develop his abilities as a scientist and a teacher. Thanks to his Ivan Löbl fame, he was able to assemble a group of bright students who traveled to many distant areas of the world, bringing back collections of plants and animals to enrich subsequent editions of Systema Naturae.

Linné made the University of Uppsala the most famous center of natural history in Europe at that time. However, he was getting older and was troubled by several health problems. Therefore, his son, C. Linné Jr. (born on January 20, 1741), substituted for him in the botany chair and three years later he permanently replaced his father. After Linné’s death, Linné Jr. decided to sell his father’s collections. Several offers were made, including one by the Empress Catherina of Russia, who was willing to purchase the collections for an unlimited price. Despite this offer, the collections went to a rich British gentleman, James Edward Smith, for 900 guineas (Linné Jr.’s herbarium was excluded). After Smith’s death, the collections were purchased by the Linnean Society of London.

Linné became the father of biological systematics and nomenclature. His contribution to staphylinidology was the erection of the genus Staphylinus with 19 species in 1758. It was this generic name on which the family name was based. The genus was split into several genera by Fabricius and others. [A.S.]

Sources (selected): • Mémoirs de la Société des sciences de l’Agriciculture et des Arts de Lille 1 (1831): LXI, 1–37 [by A.L.A. Fée, with bibliography, portrait]. • Eminent Naturalists (1886): 1–33 [by T. Greenwood, with portrait]. • Linnaeus, Story of His Life (1923) [by B. D. Jackson , with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 735–740 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Biology (1935): 203–218 [by E. Nordenskiöld]. • Linnaeus (1957) [by A. H. Uggla]. • Compleat Naturalist (1971), 256 pp. [by W. Blunt]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology (1971): 1–13 [by N. Papavero]. • Litteratura Taxonomica Dipterorum 1758–1930 (1997): 471–483 [by N. L. Evenhuis, with partial bibliography, portrait].

Löbl, Ivan. Löbl, of Switzerland, was born in Czechoslovakia on May 20, 1937. He collected beetles and butterflies from age of his friend, Aleš Smetana. His attention is now centered on the

Scaphidiinae and Dasycerinae of the world and the Pselaphinae of Eurasia. He has published 173 articles, most of them on the

Staphylinidae , including over 100 on the Scaphidiinae . He has published on many genera of scaphidiines and has revised or written major articles on the species of Nepalese Himalaya,

Thailand, Northeastern India and Bhutan, northwestern India and Pakistan, China, New Guinea, and Australia, and on the genera Scaphisoma and Caryoscapha among many other scaphi-

diine genera. He revised the Dasycerinae of the world and wrote a much-needed catalog of the Scaphidiinae . He plans to publish a phylogeny of the genera of the Scaphisomatiini, and revise the genera Baeocera and Scaphidium . As a result of his many collecting trips and his contacts with other collectors, he has built a large and important collection of Staphylinoidea at the Muséum d’histoire naturelle, Geneva. He has described more than

850 species and 23 genera, of which 639 species and 13 genera are scaphidiines and 166 species and 9 genera are pselaphines; Gustav Adolf Lohse the remainder are in other groups of the family.

Lohse, Gustav Adolf. Lohse was born in Hamburg-Uhlenhorst, Germany, on December 27, 1910, as the son of Elfriede and Gustav Lohse, a Hamburg art dealer. He died on April 30, 1994, in Hamburg.

Lohse was a dentist by profession. He developed a keen interest in beetles early in his life and coleopterology ultimately became an essential part of his life. After publishing short faunistic notes starting in 1938 mostly in Hamburg’s journal Bombus , he developed into an accomplished taxonomist and published dozens of important papers on many beetle groups. He became a widely recognized, outstanding expert on all central European beetle groups and the driving force behind the series Die Käfer Mitteleuropas, a modern replacement of the famous Fauna Germanica by Reitter. Without him, the series would never have been successfully concluded. In 1977 he was awarded the degree doctor honoris causa by the University of Hamburg for his outstanding accomplishments in the field of systematic entomology, and in 1980 the Deutsche Entomologische Gesellschaft honored him, for the same reasons, with the precious Fabricius-Medal. From 1954 until 1991, Lohse was editor of the coleopterological journal Entomologische Blätter, published in Krefeld, Germany.

Lohse’s enormous contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae is in general threefold. 1) His numerous papers on central European staphylinids, particularly on Aleocharinae , together with his personal influence, helped to build a distinctive central European group of staphylinidologists that exists today. 2) His papers on world species of Lesteva provided a solid base for further study of this difficult genus of Omaliinae . 3) In the latter part of his career, after several working trips to Ottawa, Canada, he published several important papers dealing with North American Aleocharinae , particularly those of arctic and Holarctic distributions.

Lohse published 282 coleopterological papers and notes, and in Staphylinidae he described 119 species, 6 subspecies and 5

is housed in the Muséum d’histoire naturelle, in Geneva, Switzerland. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Entomologische Nachrichten und Berichte 38 (1994): 213–214 [by B. Klausnitzer, with portraits]. • Mitteilungen des Internationalen entomologischen Vereines E. V. Frankfurt a.M. 19 (1994): 214 [by B. Klausnitzer]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 90 (1994): 153–166 [by F. Kohler]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 90 (1994): 129–152 [by M. Uhlig and L. Zerche, with bibliography by U. Lohse and L. Zerche]. • Entomologische Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum Hamburg 11 (1995): 149–150 [by R. Abraham ]. • Bulletin et Annales de la Société royale Belge d’entomologie 130 (1995): 310 [by H. Bruge]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 65 (1995): 237–250 [by G. Vukovits]. • Wiadomosci Entomologiczne 15 (1997): 117–118 [by A. Mazur].

Lokay, Emanuel, Jr. Lokay was born in 1853. He died on Emanuel Lokay, Jr. October 6, 1928, in Prague, Czech Republic.

Lokay was the son of Emanuel Lokay, Sr., who was a technician and assistant to Professor J. E. Purkyně and an active coleopterist. It is not surprising that Lokay Jr. inherited an interest in beetles from his father and remained faithful to this interest his entire life. Lokay studied medicine and received his M.D. degree from the university in Prague, and served for a long time as a senior health officer of Prague. Although coleopterology was his hobby, he was soon recognized as one of the prominent coleopterists, notable for his talent as a collector and observer in the field. Staphylinidae and Pselaphidae were in the foreground of his interests, and in the early 1900s he belonged to the staphylinidological school that then existed in Bohemia (see more under Roubal).

Lokay published 18 papers on beetles; he described 17 species in Staphylinidae . His collection, including Staphylinidae , is housed in the Entomology Department, National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Časopis Československé společnosti entomolog- Gottfried Luze ické 25 (1928): 127–130 [by J. Obenberger, with bibliography, portrait]. • Zprávy Československé společnosti entomologické při ČSAV 22 (1986): 260–262 [by Z. Koleška]. [NOTE: In Gilbert (1977: 231) under the entry “Lokay, Emanuel” both Lokay Sr. and Jr. are mixed together. Only the obituary by Obenberger refers to Lokay Jr.]

Luze, Gottfried. No biographical data on Luze, except for the year of his birth (1857), seem to be available.

Luze apparently lived most of his life in Vienna, Austria. He started to publish papers on Staphylinidae in 1900, the first one being a revision of the European and Siberian species of the genus Tachinus . Similar monographic, as well as numerous smaller papers, on various groups and genera followed in a rapid succession, e.g., Tachyporus (1901), on Bolitobiini (1901), Omaliinae , e.g., Anthophagus and Hygrogeus (1902), Geodromicus and Lesteva (1903), Olophrum (1905), and several other genera (1906). Almost all his papers were published in the Verhandlungen der zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in paper with the description of Philonthus (Rabigus) auropilosus was published. His only non-staphylinid paper dealt with the immature stages of Cantharis abdominalis and was published in the Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift (1902).

In some of his papers, Luze thanked many of the contemporary Viennese and Austrian coleopterists, including Bernhauer (“meinem lieben Freunde Dr. Bernhauer”), so it seems unusual that not even a short note about Luze’s death appeared.

Luze published a total of 34 papers, in which he described 169 species and 10 genera in Staphylinidae . His collection went via Moczarski-Breit-Winkler to Scheerpeltz and was incorporated in his collection. [A.S.]

Arribálzaga, Félix Lynch. Lynch Arribálzaga was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, on April 3, 1854. He died there, by suicide, on April 10, 1894.

Lynch Arribálzaga, together with his brother Enrique, received his elementary education from his parents at his father’s Félix Lynch Arribálzaga estate in Baradero, Province of Buenos Aires. Further education was provided by a German teacher, L. Rasp. Later, he entered an English School in Buenos Aires and the Colégio Nacional. After his father’s death in 1872, he worked in a bank while taking lessons in mathematics and in drawing. Eventually he entered the University and took engineering courses. The civil war in 1874 forced him to emigrate temporarily to Paraguay. He had already started to study the entomological writings of Latreille, Lacordaire, Blanchard, and others, and, together with his brother Enrique, started to study entomology and to build an insect collection. He met two outstanding naturalists, E. L. Holmberg and H. Burmeister, who helped him by giving him access to the collections and the library of the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Buenos Aires. He also had excellent relations with the director of the La Plata Museum, F. P. Moreno, as well as with C. Bruch. Lynch Arribálzaga married in 1877 and moved back to Baradero to run his mother’s estate. Later he established his own farm, and in his spare time he continued his entomological work. During the political crisis in 1889–1890 he sold his properties and, disappointed, he traveled through Argentina until 1894. Before his death, he gave his library and entomological collections to the Museo Nacional de Historia Natural in Buenos Aires.

Lynch Arribálzaga was primarily a dipterist, but his interest in Staphylinidae is documented by his monographic treatment in Los Estafilinidos de Buenos Aires, published in 1884. Of the 58 genera and 118 species included, 71 species and 11 genera were new. The monograph triggered critical comments by Fauvel (Revue d’Entomologie 6 [1887]: 230–234; Revue d’Entomologie 7 [1888]: 24–25) and Kraatz (Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 29 [1885]: 149–151). [A.S.]

SOURCES: Anales de la Sociedad Cientifica Argentina 37 (1894): 161–163 [by E. L. Holmberg]. • Entomological News 6 (1895): 32 [anonymous]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1907: 231 [by W. Horn]. • Entomologisches Wochenblatt 24 (1907): 60 [by C. Schaufuss]. • Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 2 (1928): 5–12 [by E. E. Dallas, with bib-

(1928): 409–412 [by C. E. Porter, with portrait]. • Revista Argentina de Entomologia 1 (1936): 54 [by E. Gemignani]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1965) : 678 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 2 (1975): 335–337 [by N. Papavero].

Machulka, Václav. Machulka was born in Prague, Czech Republic, on October 30, 1889, and died there on June 20, 1949.

Machulka obtained his degree in chemistry at the Technology University in Prague. He worked at various institutes of the Department of Health in Prague, and for some time (1923–1934) also at an agricultural research institute in Košice in eastern Slovakia.

Machulka was an eminent Czech amateur coleopterologist, respected by the coleopterological community in Prague. He was an exceptionally good collector, famous for his targeted Václav Machulka usage of the sifter in collecting terricolous beetles. His main interests were the families Staphylinidae , Pselaphidae , and Scydmaenidae . Most of his publications dealt with the latter two families, but he also made a significant contribution to the knowledge of the Staphylinidae , particularly to the subfamily Aleocharinae of central Europe. During the Second World War, when traveling even within the country was difficult, he concentrated, as did many others, on collecting within Prague. This effort brought many surprising records, including the discovery of two new genera and species of aleocharines, Bohemiellina paradoxa and Pragensiella magnifica , described in 1941 from within the city limits. Both genera are still valid. Machulka was also interested in the genus Stenus ; his last paper, published in the year of his death, dealt with a new species of the subgenus Hypostenus from Bohemia.

Machulka published about 40 papers, almost all on the taxonomy and faunistics of the three families mentioned above. He described eight species and two genera in Staphylinidae . His collection, including the types, is housed in the Entomological William John Macleay Department of the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 46 (1949): 183 [anonymous]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 47 (1950): 3–6 [anonymous, with incomplete bibliography, portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 46 (1950): 159–160 [by K. Všetečka, not “Vlestecka” as printed, and repeated by Gaedike (Beitr. Ent. 35, 1985: 392)]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 50 (1955): 237 [by G. Schmidt].

Macleay, William John. Macleay was born in Wick, Caithness-shire, Scotland, on June 21 (not July 21) 1820. He died on December 7, 1891 in Sydney, Australia. In later life he did not use the name John.

Macleay arrived at Sydney, Australia, with his cousin William Sharp Macleay, in 1839 when he was only 19 years old. He was first involved in sheep farming. Gradually he rose to distinction by occupying himself with the promotion of public works, and eventually served as a member of the Legislative Assembly of Society of New South Wales (he was the first president of it), as well as the Linnean Society of New South Wales. Most of his entomological papers were published in the journals of these two societies. In 1874 he organized, at his own expense, a scientific expedition to New Guinea. For his merits, particularly the patron-

age of science in Australia, he was knighted in 1889.

Macleay contributed significantly to the knowledge of the

Australian Staphylinidae . He described 60 species and 2 genera, all in one paper dealing with insects from Gayndah, published in the Transactions of the Entomological Society of New

South Wales in 1873.

The older cousin of Macleay, William Sharp Macleay (1792–

1865) also described a few taxa in Staphylinidae ; he is the author of the subfamilies Omaliinae and Steninae , published in 1825

in his Annulosa Javanica. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1891): LI [by F. D. Godman]. • Proceedings of the Linnean

Society of New South Wales 6 (1891): 707–716 [by W. A. William Sharp Macleay Haswell]. • Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 28 (1892): 26

[anonymous]. • Leopoldina 28 (1892): 52 [anonymous]. • Zoologischer Anzeiger 15 (1892): 72 [anonymous]. • Jahrbuch für

Naturwissenschaften 7 (1892): 537 [by M. Wildermann]. • Journal of the Linnean Society of New South Wales (Macleay Memo-

rial Volume) (1893): XII–LI [by J. J. Fletcher]. • Australian

Zoologist 6 (1930): 199 [by A. Musgrave]. • Bibliography of

Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 212–213 [by A.

Musgrave, with bibliography]. • Proceedings of the Linnean

Society of New South Wales 67 (1942): IX–XV [by A. Walkom].

• Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland 69 (1949): 71

[anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New

South Wales 83 (1958): 197–202 [by A. A. Abbie]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 22–23 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Beiträge zur

Entomologie 34 (1984): 180 [by R. Gaedike and O. Smetana].

• Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 113

(1992): 3–14 [by D. S. Horning].

Friedrich Wilhelm Mäklin Mäklin, Friedrich Wilhelm. Mäklin was born in Joutseno parish (SE Finland, at the southern shore of the Lake Saimaa,

near the Russian border) on May 26, 1821. He died on January

8, 1883 in Helsinki, Finland.

Mäklin studied zoology at the university in Turku with C. R.

Sahlberg. He became filosofie kandidat in 1849, filosofie licen-

tiat in 1853, and docent of zoology in 1855, at a time when

Nordmann was still Professor. In 1859 he was named an assistant (“extraordinary”) professor and after Nordmann’s death in

1866, Mäklin in 1867 competed with Malmgren for his position.

He won and replaced Nordmann, although both the officials and students preferred Malmgren. Mäklin was apparently a pedan-

tic, difficult person, as demonstrated by his continuous conflicts and sometimes vicious attacks on J. R. Sahlberg (see there). He was also an outspoken opponent of Darwin’s theories.

Mäklin did not publish extensively. From his early years he was interested in the northern beetle fauna, and Staphylinidae was his favorite family. In his first paper, published in 1845, he year he published a fairly extensive paper on myrmecophilous beetles of Finland, with the Staphylinidae dominating. His treatment of the genus Mycetoporus of Finland appeared in 1847. His dissertation dealing with the vikarierande former of the northern beetles was published in Helsinki in 1855; it was translated into German by Osten-Sacken and published in the Stettiner Entomologische Zeitung in 1857; Kraatz (see below) criticized some aspects of it.

Mäklin’s most important contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae came out of his collaboration with Mannerheim on the beetles collected by the Russian naturalists in the Russian possessions in North America around the middle of the nineteenth century. Mäklin worked up the Staphylinidae and his contribution constituted the first steps towards the knowledge of the rove beetles of western North America . Mäklin described 97 species and 3 genera in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 14 (1883): William M. Mann 1–16 [anonymous]. • Entomologische Nachrichten, Dresden 9 (1883): 56 [anonymous]. • Psyche 4 (1883): 39 [anonymous]. • Leopoldina 19 (1883): 55 [anonymous]. • Zoologischer Anzeiger 6 (1883): 80 [anonymous]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 2 (1883): 48 [by E. Bergroth]. • Revue d’Entomologie, Caen (1883): 48 [by A. Fauvel]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 27 (1883): 396–397 [by G. Kraatz]. • American Naturalist 17 (1883): 424 [by C. V. Riley]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 4 (1883): 6–8, 51–52 [by O. T. Sandahl, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 780–781 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 26 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

Mann, William M. Mann was born in Helena, Montana, USA, on July 1, 1886. He died on October 10, 1960, in Washington, D.C., USA.

Mann attended Staunton Military Academy in Virginia and later studied entomology at Washington State College and Stanford University, where he received his B.Sc. in 1911. Afterwards he studied at Harvard University, Cambridge, where he received his Ph.D. in 1915. From 1917 to 1925 he served as an ant specialist in the U.S. Bureau of Entomology, and in 1925 he became the director of the National Zoological Park in Washington, D.C.

Mann became involved with the Staphylinidae through his work on ants and termites, and described myrmecophilous and termitophilous members of the family in articles published mostly in the 1920s. Mann’s collection of ants and associated insects is kept at the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, and the United States National Museum, Washington, D.C. Mann described 46 species and 16 genera in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Psyche 66 (1959): 55–59 [by E. O. Wilson, with bibliography, portrait]. • Studia Entomologica 4 (1961): 547– 549 [by W. W. Kempf]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 63 (1961): 69–73 [by T. E. Snyder, with bibliography, portrait]. • American Entomologists (1971): 377– 378 [by A. Mallis, with portrait].

Mannerheim, Carl Gustav von. Mannerheim was born on the estate Willnas near Lemo, county Åbo , Finland, on August 10, 1797. He died on October 9, 1854 in Stockholm, Sweden. Motschulsky (see below) indirectly gave 1800 as the birth year of Mannerheim and Horn and Schenkling the year 1804. However, these dates are incorrect (see Saalas; Gaedike and O. Smetana below)

Mannerheim came from one of the most distinguished families in Finland. He was trained to enter government administration and pursued that career. He was first a clerk and later a secretary of the Chancellor in St. Petersburg. He then became the Governor of Läne Vaasa and Viipuri regions of Finland, but he was not the Governor of Finland, as is often stated (e.g., Essig, 1931, see below). The Governor of Finland was Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim (1867–1951); Mannerheim was his grandfather. Mannerheim eventually became the president of the Imperial Hofgericht in Wiborg (now Vyborg in Russia). He received several distinguished honors; he was also a member of Carl Gustav von Mannerheim many learned scientific societies.

Despite his political career, Mannerheim was from his youth very interested in natural sciences, particularly in entomology. He was quite successful in this field and eventually became one of the most celebrated entomologists of his time. He studied at the University in Turku, Finland, under C. R. Sahlberg, and was a regular participant in Salhberg’s entomology lectures and his field excursions with students (see under C. R. Sahlberg).

Later, Mannerheim accompanied Sahlberg on an extended trip to Sweden, where they met many Swedish entomologists, such as Boheman, Fallén, Zetterstedt, Gyllenhal, and others. The two became good friends and exchanged many letters over the years, discussing both professional and personal matters.

Mannerheim was a prolific writer and he published some 50 papers, almost all of them on Coleoptera . He published the results of the study of the beetle specimens collected by Russian naturalists in the Russian possessions in North America around the middle of nineteenth century (see also under Mäklin). Before Mäklin took over the Staphylinidae , it was Mannerheim who described the first species of the family from the Pacific coastal areas of North America (1843, 1846). In 1830, fairly early in his career, Mannerheim published an important paper “ Précis d’un Nouvel Arrangement de la Famille des Brachélytres , de l’Ordre des Insectes Coléoptères”. He divided the family into six sections called “Tribus”, and described many new genera and species, most of them still valid today. Mannerheim’s system was viewed favorably by Erichson in his Genera et Species Staphylinorum (1839). Mannerheim described 130 species and 21 genera in the Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Taxidermy, with Biography of Zoologists (1840) [by E. Swainson]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1854): 54 [by E. Newman]. • Etudes Entomologiques 4 (1855): 5–7 [by V. I. Motschulsky]. • Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae, Supplementum (1855): 1–24 [by A. Nordmann]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologists et leurs écrits) 24 (1887): 170–173 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 (1914): 98–99 [by R. P. Dow].

• Finska Tidsskrift 87 (1919): 76–100 [by J. R. Sahlberg]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 786–788 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 698–700 [by E. O. Essig]. • Annales Entomologici Fennici 20 (1954): 53–59 [by U. Saalas, with portrait]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 34 (1984): 181 [by W. Gaedike and O. Smetana].

Marsham, Thomas. The place and date of birth of Marsham is not known. He died on November 26, 1819, in London, England.

Marsham was one of the seven founding members present at the inaugural meeting of the Linnean Society on February 26, 1788. He served as the first secretary (1788–1798), and as a treasurer (1798–1816) of the Society.

Marsham published only 10 entomological papers, 9 of them published in the Transactions of the Linnean Society. The tenth Munetoshi Maruyama work, Coleoptera Britannica [also Entomologia Britannica], treating British Coleoptera and published in 1802, became important and is still frequently consulted for taxonomic and nomenclatorial purposes.

Marsham’s collection was one of the most important collections in London at that time. It was sold by auction in September 1819, about two months before his death, but some representative specimens went via J. F. Stephens to the British Museum (Natural History), London. The collection was offered in 115 lots. The cabinet of British insects , described in the Coleoptera Britannica , was offered separately as one lot. The microscope and sundries were also offered. Marsham described 40 species in Staphylinidae , most of which are synonyms today. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 45 (1921): 570, 571, 574, 575 [by J. J. Fletcher]. • Proceedings of the British Natural History Society 8 (1976): 92–93 [by C. Mackechnie-Jarvis].

Maruyama, Munetoshi. Maruyama, of Japan, was born on April 30, 1974. His interest in beetles began in early childhood; he focused on the taxonomy of staphylinids as an undergraduate at the suggestion of Shun-Ichiro Naomi. Much of his work and interest is directed towards the Palaearctic and Oriental Aleocharinae , particularly the Aleocharini , Lomechusini , and Myllaenini , and the evolution of myrmecophilous aleocharines. Presently he is studying the Japanese species of the Lomechusini and the myrmecophilous species of other tribes. He has published revisions of Aspidobactrus and the Japanese species of Tetrabothrus , both aleocharine genera, and several shorter articles including a coauthored description of a new species of Scaphidium . He has authored or coauthored five species.

Matsumura, Shonen. Matsumura was born on March 5, 1872, and died on November 7, 1960, at the age of 88. He was the first man from Japan to describe species of Staphylinidae and is considered the father of Japanese entomology. He was interested in insects as a boy and was trained in entomology at Sapporo Agriculture College (now the Faculty of Agriculture of the Hokkaido

University). Following his graduate course he was appointed

Assistant Professor in the college in 1896. In 1898 he published

Nippon Konchugaku (Entomology of Japan) and in 1899 was ordered by the government to Germany to advance his knowledge of entomology. In Europe he studied with H. J. Kolbe in

Germany and G. Horváth of Hungary. After his return to Japan in 1902 he was appointed Professor. Much of his work was on

Hemiptera and Lepidoptera , but he published on most orders of insects. He was an energetic and eager entomologist who published more than 240 articles and 35 books in the field, but who also published many articles pertaining to religion, nations,

physical culture, and so on. He published his monumental, illustrated, 12 volume, Thousand Insects of Japan between 1904 and

1921. He also accumulated the largest collection of insects ever made in Japan; the collection was deposited at the Entomological Institute of the Hokkaido University. He traveled to England, Germany, Hungary, Italy, USA, Canada, USSR, China, Shonen Matsumura and Indonesia for his entomological studies and research or to attend conferences. Throughout his life he was much interested in sports, particularly track and baseball, in fishing and billiards,

and was a master of the bamboo flute. He named four species of staphylinids.

SOURCES: Insecta Matsumurana 24 (1961): 1–3 [by T.

Uchida and C. Watanabe]. • Kontyû, supplement 25 (1967):

79–80 [by H. Hasegawa]. • Memorias S. Matsumura (1968?)

385 pp. [anonymous, with bibliography, portrait].

Moore, Ian. Moore was born in 1914 in San Francisco, California, USA, and died on August 9, 1983, in Fontana, California.

Moore published his first papers in 1954 and his last, in 1985, in coauthorship with Andrews (on seashore and intertidal beetles). Most of Moore’s work dealt with the North American fauna. He concentrated on Staphylinidae , particularly those species inhabiting sea beaches and intertidal zones (his studies also included beetles of other families occurring in these habi- Ian Moore tats). Moore’s articles covered many groups of Staphylinidae and many of them were reviews of certain groups or genera. In the latter part of his career, starting in the early 1970s, he was associated with the Division of Biological Control of the University of California, Riverside. From then on, about half his papers were published jointly, usually with E. F. Legner (as junior author), and occasionally with others (e.g., R. E. Orth). Some major publications come from that time, such as Bibliography (1758 to 1972) to the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico (1974), Keys to the Genera of Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico ... (1974), A Catalogue of the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico (1975), and An Illustrated Guide to the Genera of the Staphylinidae of America North of Mexico (1979).

Moore described 33 species and 9 genera in the Staphylinidae . His collection is deposited in the Canadian National Collection of Insects at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. [A.S.]

Motschulsky, Viktor Ivanovich. Motschulsky was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on April 11, 1810. He died on June 5, 1871, in Simferopol, Russia.

Motschulsky was an extraordinary, enigmatic man: adventurous, daring, strong-minded and dedicated. He frequently ignored conventional approaches. For example, his oft used method of mounting beetles by sprinkling them from small pill boxes onto a piece of paper covered with gum arabic, and after the glue dried, cutting the small pieces of paper with scissors, or driving thick pins obliquely through larger beetles was apparently his trademark and endlessly irritated his colleagues and exchange partners. Also the casual, in many respects, superficial way he presented his findings, including the descriptions of genera and species, was disagreeable to many of his colleagues in western Europe, particularly the contemporary German authors. It is therefore not surprising that Motschulsky was constantly clashing with Kraatz, who was similarly strong-minded Viktor Ivanovich Motschulsky and dedicated, but who was precise and organized. His problems with Kraatz were aggravated by the conflict concerning the Staphylinidae collected by Nietner in Ceylon, and forwarded by Nietner to Kraatz. Motschulsky’s arrogance, his possessiveness of specimens that went through his hands, his rough treatment of the specimens, and his drive to describe new genera and species at any cost certainly did not help in his dealings with his colleagues. The two great Russian entomologists of that time, Fischer von Waldheim and Mannerheim, stood at Motschulsky’s side; however after they died, Motschulsky ended up almost without sympathizers. Motschulsky’s personality and behavior were without doubt a reflection of a creative mind that could not be bothered with convention and minute details. Also some of his scientific ideas, although not necessarily correct, such as his proposal of a new classification system of Coleoptera based on their way of life, also showed a touch of genius. At any rate, Motschulsky’s name was one of the best known in entomological circles of that time. More recently, Motschulsky’s greatness and enormous contribution to the knowledge of beetles is surfacing after a reassessment of his publications based on the study of his types, or what remains of some of them.

Motschulsky trained as a youth for military service, but at the same time he was intensely interested in collecting insects, particularly beetles. During the early 1830s he served as a lieutenant in the Caucasian region, and from there he made extensive trips that included Asia Minor, Armenia, and Kazakhstan. He was wounded by a cannon projectile during the Polish uprising, resulting in the significant loss of hearing. Apparently because of this, he was transferred to general staff and entrusted with communication services.

Motschulsky was a restless traveler. In 1836 he traveled through Europe, in 1839–1840 across Siberia, in 1847 he was again in the steppes of Kazakhstan. In 1849 he moved to St. Petersburg, and from there he undertook a long trip that led him again through Europe and south across the Mediterranean Sea to Egypt. From there he returned to Europe, visited Paris and London, and then Vienna, Prague, and Berlin before he returned to St. Petersburg. Next he traveled in 1853 to North America for the New York World Exhibition, supported by the Economical Society in St. Petersburg. He managed to get all the way south into Panama. In 1855, after his retirement (1852), he undertook his last major trip through Europe, passing through Berlin and Basel en route to Trieste, and through Warszawa on his way back to St. Petersburg. During all these trips, in addition to meeting fellow entomologists and studying collections, he relentlessly collected insects, particularly beetles. There were rumors that Motschulsky was involved in intelligence service, and that most of his extended trips were government financed. These rumors were never confirmed, but Horn (see below) presented a rather convincing case in support of that view. In 1862, after some personal and professional difficulties in St. Petersburg, as well as in Dresden where he tried to settle down with his daughter, Motschulsky moved to Simferopol in Krim (southern Russia). He died there some nine years later. He bequeathed his main collection to the Société Imperiale des naturalistes de Moscou (today it is at the Zoological Museum, Moscow University, Moscow) and most of his spare collection, as well as part of his library, to St. Petersburg.

Motschulsky was a prolific writer. The list of his publications contains almost 90 items; however, some (e.g., his Etudes Entomologiques, are multiple listings; therefore his total output was actually much greater. He described a large number of genera and species, mostly of Coleoptera , from all parts of the vast Russian Empire, including the Caucasus, Far East, and Central Asia, and from North America , particularly California. In 1869–1870, he published a list of Genres et espèces d’insectes, publiés dans different ouvrages par Victor Motschoulsky (as a supplement to Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae, Vol. VI). The list contains, in addition to 88 pages of names in Coleoptera , also names in “Dermatoptères, Orthoptères, Neuroptères, Hyménoptères, Hémiptères, Homoptères, Lépidoptères, Diptères, Aptères, Myriapodes, Larves et Chenilles, Insectes contenus dans le succin, and even Arachnides”. The Staphylinidae are represented by 394 species and 44 genera. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 6 (1869– 1870): 1–118 [by V. I. Motschulsky, bibliography only (NOTE: This publication is often incorrectly attributed to Solsky [e.g., Carpenter, 1945; Gilbert, 1877; Gaedike and O. Smetana, 1984: 192]. At the end of the publication [p. 118], there is a footnote: “ Nota . Nous avons jugé indispensable d’ajouter cette table, pour faciliter l’usage du catalogue. L’orthographe des noms est partout conservée telle, que nous l’avons trouvée dans le manuscropt qui nous fut envoyé par son auteur M. Motschoulsky.... Le catalogue embrasse les ouvrages de son auteur jusqu’à 1867 inclusivement.” From this note it is clear that Motschulsky is the author of the publication. The “Redaction” only added the “Table alphabétique des genres” [pp. 105–118]. Solsky was at that time the editor of Horae..., thus the attribution of the paper to him by some biographers and bibliographers.)]. • Horae Societatis Entomologicae Rossicae 9 (1871): XVIII [anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1871): LII [by A. R. Wallace]. • Stettiner Entomologische

Zeitung 33 (1872): 73 [by C. A. Dohrn]. • Entomologist 6 (1872): 56 [by E. Newman]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologists and leurs écrits) 24 (1887): 164–170 [by S. A. Marseul, with bibliography]. • Insektenbörse 22 (1905): 4, 14 [by A. Becker]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 (1914): 99–101 [by R. Dow]. • Entomologische Mitteilungen 16 (1927): 1–9, 93–98 [by W. Horn]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 841–845 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 712–715 [by E. O. Essig, with portrait]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 231 [by A. Musgrave].

Müller, Josef (Giuseppe). Müller was born in Zara, Dalmatia (now Croatia), on April 24, 1880. He died on September 21, 1964, in Trieste, Italy.

Müller obtained his basic education at the gymnasium in Zara. After graduation he moved to Graz, Austria, studied philosophy Josef (Giuseppe) Müller at the Graz University, and obtained his degree in 1902. At about that time he met Ganglbauer, who profoundly influenced Müller’s entomological future. After graduation from the University, Müller went to Trieste, Italy, which already had several natural history establishments: a Natural History Museum, Società Adriatica di Scienze Natural, a botanical garden, and a small zoological station for marine biology in St. Andrea. Müller joined the Società Adriatica and soon established an entomological section of the society. The intention was to extend Ganglbauer’s work Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa for the Gebieten des österreichischen Küstenlandes with the cooperation of coleopterists working in the area, who became members of this entomological section. One of the goals was a survey of the “Karst” areas around Trieste and on the Balkan Peninsula. The outbreak of the First World War brought work to a halt and Müller was drafted into military service. He first served at a small malaria station in Albania, but was soon transferred to Vienna to work in a bacteriology laboratory under Professor R. Doerr. He worked on the biology of Pediculus humanus (the importance of this species in the epidemiology of typhus had just been discovered) and on several microbiological assignments. After the war Müller returned to Trieste, became first the Konservator and later the director of the Triester Naturhistorisches Museum and the attached botanical garden. Under his direction the museum flourished, especially the entomological department, and so did Müller’s scientific work. He published many encyclopedic works, such as Catalogo dei Coleotteri della Venezia Giulia, works on carabids, monograph of ants, etc., and a large number of smaller papers covering almost all families of beetles. In addition, he was actively working on the systematics of reptiles and became instrumental in rebuilding the station in St. Andrea into the famous Triester Aquarium that opened October 31, 1933. During the years 1930–1938 Müller led two expeditions to Ethiopia and the Red Sea that brought rich material to the Museum. In 1941 Müller retired as the director of the Museum, but for some time headed the Institute of Phytopathology in Trieste. In 1953 he published the second volume of the well-known series I Coleotteri della Venezia Giulia, a large work of almost 700 pages dealing with phytophagous beetles (the first volume [ Adephaga ] was published in 1926).

Müller was one of the eminent European entomologists and naturalists of the era between the two world wars, a man with a remarkably developed “taxonomic sense”, allowing him to deal successfully with even the most difficult groups. His 243 publications deal mostly with beetles and many are classical treatments of particular groups. Müller’s serious involvement with the Staphylinidae dates back to 1923, when he started to publish articles dealing with Staphylinus . This series of papers was published over 20 years (1923–1943); Müller soon became a recognized expert on the group. He was the first to extensively use the aedeagus for distinguishing the species and particularly subspecies. Müller described 61 species or subspecies and 5 genera in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Koleopterologische Rundschau 33 (1955): 2–14

Otto Friedrich Müller [by G. Pilleri, with bibliography]. • Il Piccolo, Trieste (1955) [by G. Pilleri]. • Il Piccolo, Trieste (1956) [by A. Pittoni]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 56 (1960): 73–74 [by C. Demelt, with portrait]. • Bollettino della Società entomologica italiana 94 (1964): 113 [by C. Demelt]. • Natura, Milano 55 (1964): 264–267 [by R. Mezzena, with portrait]. • Bioloski Glasnik, Anexes 18 (1965): 1–6 [by R. Radovanovic]. • Memorie della Società entomologica italiana 45 (1966): 135–148 [by F. Invrea, with bibliography, portrait]. • Atti della Accademia Nazionale italiana di entomologia Rendiconti 16 (1968): 21–39 [by F. Capra , with bibliography]. • Memorie della Società entomologica italiana 48 (1969): 967 [by C. Conti].

Müller, Otto Friedrich. Müller , the son of a court trumpet player, was born in Copenhagen, Denmark, on March 11, 1730, and died there on December 26, 1784.

Müller studied theology, zoology, and botany. He also was an accomplished trumpet player, and he supported his studies with his musical talents. In 1773, he became financially independent by marriage and devoted his time exclusively to science.

Müller’s publications cover various fields of natural history. Only his Fauna Insectorum Fridrichsdalina... (1764), and particularly his Zoologiae Danicae prodromus ... (1776) are of importance for the taxonomy and nomenclature of Coleoptera . All members of Staphylinidae in these two publications were treated as Staphylinus . Some of his species are still valid today but quite a few others have not been synonymized and their status remains doubtful, especially since Müller’s collection was apparently destroyed when the English fleet shelled the city of Copenhagen in 1801 (however, some doubt that Müller’s private collection of insects ever existed). He named 21 species in the family. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Many biographies of Müller were published; only some are given here. Extensive listings may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Entomologiske Meddelelser 15 (1922): 58–67 [by K. L. Henriksen, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 849–850 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography, only entomology]. • History of Biology (1935): 426–427 [by E. Nordenskiöld].

Mulsant, Etienne. Mulsant was born in Mornant, Département du Rhône, France, on March 2, 1797. He died on November 4, 1880, in Lyon, France.

Mulsant obtained his education at the colleges in Belley, Roanne, and Tournon. After graduation he first worked at a commercial establishment. At that time (1830) he published his first paper: “Lettres à Julie sur l’entomologie...”, which was a discussion of different groups of insects (interspersed with short pieces of his own poetry) in the form of letters written to the young lady who eventually became his wife. Later Mulsant went to Lyon to join his parents, and eventually became the curator of the library of the city of Lyon and the professor of natural history at the lycée in Lyon. He held these two posts his whole life, while at the same time proceeding tirelessly with his entomological studies. In addition to his entomological work, Mulsant also published on ornithology (including a paper on humming birds) and on general natural history. He was an honorary Etienne Mulsant member of the Société entomologique de France, and a corresponding member of the Académie des Sciences.

Mulsant was one of the most eminent and prolific European coleopterists (although he also published on Heteroptera) of the nineteenth century. The list of his entomological publications contains almost 250 items, in addition to a long list of his contributions to the series Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France (some in coauthorship with Rey—see under Rey), Histoire naturelle des Punaises de France (in coauthorship with Rey), and eight volumes of Opuscules entomologiques.

Mulsant treated the Staphylinidae , in coauthorship with Rey, in nine volumes of the Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France between 1872 and 1878. Four additional volumes were published solely by Rey between 1880 and 1883 (see under Rey). The meticulously executed, detailed descriptions of all taxa in these treatments are well known to anybody seriously involved in the taxonomy of the family. The series became a standard reference for a long time.

Mulsant described in Staphylinidae 361 species (almost all in coauthorship with Rey, 1 in coauthorship with Godard, and 1 by himself) and 109 genera (in coauthorship with Rey). [A.S.]

SOURCES: There are many biographies and obituaries for Mulsant; only some are presented here. Extensive listings may be found in Gilbert (1977). • Annales de la Société entomologique de France (5) 10 (1880): 403–412 [by M. J. Félissis-Rollin]. • Annuaire Entomologique 9 (1881): 108–113 [anonymous]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 20 (1882): 20–39 [by S. A. Marseul, bibliography only]. • Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences, belles-lettres et arts de Lyon 25 (1883): 259–309 [by A. Locard, with bibliography, portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 852–861) [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 157–160 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Les entomologistes français 1750– 1950 (1987): 67–70 [by J. Lhoste].

Münster (also Munster), Thomas Georg. Münster was born in Kristiania, Norway, on March 1, 1855. He died on March 10,

Following the family tradition, Münster took his degree in mining geology at the university in Kristiania. He worked for some time in the metallurgical laboratory of the Kongelige Frederiks Universitet in Oslo, and later for the Norwegian geological survey, where he was responsible for the geological mapping of the country. At the same time he pursued a career with the Kongsberg Silver Mine, where he ended up as a mint-master. He left Kongsberg in 1906, when he was appointed the superintendent of mines of the Finmarken (1906) and Östand (1911) districts. He retired in 1918.

Münster was one of the early, widely respected, Norwegian entomologists who provided the groundwork for Norwegian coleopterology. In 1904, Münster was one of the founders of the Norsk Entomologisk Forening, and in 1920, as one of the initiators of the journal Norsk Entomologisk Tidskrift, he became the main editor of it. He became honorary member of the Norsk Entomologisk Forening, the Svensk Entomologisk Föreningen, and the Finnish Entomological Society in Helsinki. Thomas Georg Münster

Münster published 72 papers, mostly dealing with various beetle families of the northern fauna. Numerous papers included Staphylinidae , e.g., the Norwegian Quediini (1923), members of the genera Atheta (1923, 1932), Arpedium (1933), Olophrum (1935, 1936), etc. He described 16 taxa at the specific level and one taxon at the generic level in Staphylinidae . His large collection of beetles and library went in 1918 to the Universitets Zoologiska Museum in Oslo, and his spare collection (mainly Norwegian species) to the museum in Bergen. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 3 (1935): 359 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 43 (1938): 105 [anonymous]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 24 (1938): 121 [anonymous]. • Entomologiske Meddelelser 20 (1938): 188 [by V. Hansen, with portrait]. • Notulae Entomologicae 18 (1938): 70–72 [by W. Hellén, with portrait]. • Arbeiten über morphologische und taxonomische Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 5 (1938): 186 [by W. Horn]. • Annales Entomologici Fennici 4 (1938): 187 [by E. Kangas]. • Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 5 (1938): Shun-Ichiro Naomi 49–53 [by R. Natvig, with bibliography, portrait]. • Entomologica Scandinavica 11 (1980): 41–43 [by A. Løken, with bibliography].

Naomi, Shun-Ichiro. Naomi, of Japan, was born on October

31, 1955. He dedicated himself to studying the family after he realized the group was unfamiliar to amateur entomologists because the species were so difficult to identify. He is interested in the Steninae , Megalopsidiinae , Piestinae , Osoriinae , Tachyporinae , and Trichophyinae of the eastern Palaearctic region.

One of his major contributions is a series of 11 articles on the comparative morphology of the Staphylinoidea. He has published many articles on the Steninae of the eastern Palaearctic,

particularly Japan. He has also published taxonomic articles on Anisolinus , Amichrotus , Phytolinus , Velleius , Ocypus , Siagonium , Trichophya , Thinobius , and Megalopinus , has revised the Xanthopygina and Leptochirini , and the genera Piestoneus ,

Nacaeus , Lispinus , Neolosus , and Sepedophilus of Japan, and write checklists of the Steninae and Tachyporinae of Japan. He has described 176 nominal species and 5 genera.

Navarrete-Heredia, José Luis. Navarrete-Heredia, of Mexico, was born on January 28, 1964. His interest in staphylinids was initiated by his work on beetles associated with mushrooms and his interactions with Campbell and Smetana during a visit to Ottawa in 1988. That interest was cemented a year later due to discussions with Newton and Thayer while visiting the Field Museum. He is pursuing studies of the taxonomy and ecology of the Oxyporinae , Scaphidiinae , Staphylininae , and Tachyporinae of the Neotropics, particularly Mexico. He has published a general discussion of the Staphylinidae of Mexico, articles on Sepedophilus , Styngetus , and Oxyporus , along with an article on the natural history of two species of Philonthus . He is working on a guide for identification of the staphylinid gen-

José Luis Navarrete-Heredia era of Mexico and a revision of Glenus . He hopes to revise or review the Neotropical genera of the Philonthina and Xanthopygina and is interested in working with Philonthus and Belonuchus of the region. He has described two species.

Newton, Alfred Francis. Newton, of the USA, was born on September 11, 1944. He collected beetles as a teenager and became interested in the family in graduate school because the group was large, diverse, and seemed challenging, the species were easily collected in a standardized fashion for surveys and ecological studies, and, at the time, there were few others working on them. He is interested in the entire family but particularly the Staphylinininae, Osoriinae , and various smaller subfamilies. Much of his work is focused on elucidating the higher classification and phylogenetic relationships within the Staphylinoidea. His published work includes annotated (coauthored) catalogs of the genera (with their type species) of the Pselaphinae and the Scydmaenidae , a catalog of the family-group names of the Staphylinioidea and the current classifica-

Alfred Francis Newton tion, and the description of the single genus and all the species of a new subfamily (the Protopselaphinae ). He has contributed to understanding of fungivory and to distributional patterns in the south temperate regions. He has published on genera in a number of subfamilies and has often included a general discussion of the classification or position of the genus in the subfamily or some other general phenomenon. One component of his work is the integration of adult and larval characters into the classification. His long-range goals include continuation of the refinement of the higher classification and understanding of the phylogeny of the Staphylinoidea, further work on the biogeography of the south temperate fauna, and completion of a various species-level studies. He is currently completing (with others) a guide to the staphylinid genera of Mexico, a revision of the New World Platydracus , and a review of the suprageneric classification of the Osoriinae . His skill as a collector and his collaboration with others has resulted in a collection of more than a million adult and larval Staphylinidae and he has built the world’s largest larval collection of the family. He has described 1 species and 2 genera and coauthored 14 other species

Nordmann, Alexander. Nordmann was born in Rantasalmi (county Wiborg), Finland, on May 24, 1803, of a Germanized Finnish family. He died on June 25, 1866, in Helsingfors, Finland.

Nordmann studied at Åbo and from there he went to Berlin, where he became a student of Rudolphi. While in Berlin, he wrote his work Mikroskopische Beiträge in which he for the first time brought attention to parasitic Crustacea and Trematoda. The work attracted attention and he was given a professorial chair in Odessa. While there, he explored the extinct and recent fauna of southern Russia and published the results in several important publications. In 1849 he was appointed professor to succeed R. F. Sahlberg at the University in Helsingfors, a post he held until his death. Nordmann was not very popular among his colleagues and students at the university, in part because he refused (supported only by Mäklin) to consider any work done on Finnish fauna and flora important. In his old age Nordmann became “an original character”, and none of his later Alexander Nordmann work received the recognition of his early work.

Nordmann’s contribution to the study of Staphylinidae comes through his early work “Symbolae ad Monographiam Staphylinorum”, published in 1837 in St. Petersburg. In this paper he described 89 new species and 17 new genera, and also presented an original division of the family. The paper is still frequently consulted for nomenclatorial and taxonomical purposes. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Verhandlungen der Kaiserischen mineralogischen Gesellschaft, St. Petersburg 6 (1871): 73–80 [by J. F. Brandt]. • Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 9 (1871): 1–40 [by O. E. Hjelt, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 890–891 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, partial bibliography only]. • History of Biology (1935): 422–423 [by E. Nordenskjöld].

Normand, Henri. Very few biographical data for Normand are available. The exact date and place of birth are unknown, as well as the exact date of death, but he likely died between June 24 and September 23, 1959 (judging from the reports of the “séances” in the Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France for the year 1959 (volume 64) that include reports of recent deaths of the members. He almost certainly died in Le Kef, Tunisia.

Normand spent almost his entire life in Le Kef, at least partially as a head of a hospital there. He was a life member of the Société entomologique de France since 1895, a Grand-officier de la Légion d’honneur, an Officier d’Académie, and a Chevalier du Mérite agricole.

Normand was an expert on the beetle fauna of North Africa, particularly that of Tunisia. He published many papers dealing with many beetle families. Many of them were parts of two series: Nouveaux Coléoptères de la Faune tunisienne and Contribution au catalogue des Coléoptères de la Tunisie. His last paper was published in 1955. He described 68 species in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France 64 (1959): 141 [by M. A. Roudier]. • Collectiones entomologi-

Notman, Howard. Notman was born in Brooklyn, New York, USA, on April 20, 1881. He died on August 8, 1966, in Topanga, California, USA.

Notman was a man of varied talents whose interests included science, art, and music. He graduated from Harvard Law School in 1903, but he was also an accomplished artist, having studied under Constantin Herzberg at the Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute. His overriding interest, however, was entomology, in which field he was apparently self-taught. His aptitude in entomology was revealed at the age of 15, when in 1896, he captured a rare neuropteran insect, Neurinia pardalis , in the Adirondacks. Young Notman sent the specimen to the State Entomologist, along with a colored figure of his own making. This marked the first sighting of this insect in New York State.

Notman had a summer home in the Adirondacks, and much of his collecting was centered in the area around Keene Valley. The rugged surroundings of the Adirondacks also furnished the Howard Notman subject matter for many of his paintings. Notman specialized in beetles and butterflies and by the 1920s his collection contained an estimated 75,000 specimens. He apparently devoted most of his free time during the first three decades of the twentieth century to collecting beetles and publishing descriptions of newly discovered species. In the 1920s he served as the editor of the Journal of the New York Entomological Society (1920–1924), and acted as the corresponding secretary of the Brooklyn Entomological Society (1923–1925). He was also a fellow of the New York Academy of Sciences. In 1931, the Notman family moved to Todt Hill on Staten Island, and there Notman kept a close association with the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences. During the 1940s, Notman either lost interest or greatly reduced his beetle collecting activities. In 1948, he donated his entire beetle collection, including the types of the taxa he described (96 species and 10 genera in Staphylinidae ) to the Staten Island Institute of Arts and Sciences, where it is still kept today. In the same year, he moved to Topanga, California (his family remained on Staten Island), and lived there until his death Guillaume Antoine Olivier in 1966. [A.S.]

Olivier, Guillaume Antoine. Olivier was born in Arcs, near Fréjus, France, on January 19, 1756. He died on October 10, 1814, in Lyon, France.

He studied medicine at Montpellier, but at the same time, through his acquaintance with the naturalist P.M.A. Broussonnet, he became interested in natural sciences. Later, with the aid of Broussonnet, he was employed in an economic study of natural products around Paris. He did so well that the wealthy amateur entomologist Gigot d’Orcy engaged him to collect insects in several European countries, which gave him the opportunity to accumulate material for his Encyclopédie Méthodique, as well as his encyclopedic work on Coleoptera (see below). During the French Revolution, Olivier was sent on a commercial mission to Persia (the plan to establish the commercial relations with Persia was abandoned while Olivier was there). He spent six years there and eventually returned to France, bringing with him large natural history collections from both European and Persia, and Egypt. He proceeded to describe the insects and other animals from these collections. Eventually he was appointed professor of zoology at the Veterinary School of Alfort near Paris, and was elected a member of the Institut de France in 1800. He became one of the most renowned and sought after entomologists of that time. He was also a good friend of Fabricius and a protector of and provider for poor Latreille during the politically unstable, revolutionary period from 1810 until his death in 1814. Apparently Olivier died of an aortal aneurism.

Olivier’s most important work is his publication dealing with Coleoptera : Entomologie, ou histoire naturelle des insectes, avec leurs..., published in six volumes with 363 color plates (1789–1808). He treated the Staphylinidae within three genera: Staphylinus (56 species), Oxyporus (1 species), and Paederus (7 species), essentially following Fabricius in this respect. Oliver named 18 species of staphylinids. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Numerous additional references may be found in Evenhuis (1997). • Considérations générales sur la classe des Arthur Sidney Olliff insectes (1823): 258–259 [by A. M. C. Duméril]. • Taxidermy; with Biography of Zoologists (1840): 279–281 [by W. Swainson]. • New General Biographical Dictionary 10 (1850): 392–393 [by H. J. Rose]. • Forstwissenschaftliches Schriftsteller-Lexicon 1 (1874): 389–396 [by J. T. Ratzeburg]. • L’Abeille (Les entomologistes et leurs écrits) 22 (1884): 121–124 [by S. A. Marseul]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 8 (1913): 39 [by R. P. Dow]. • Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society 9 (1914): 9–10 [by R. P. Dow]. • Insecta 7 (1917): cover [portrait only, anonymous]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 899–900 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • History of Entomology (1931): 719– 721 [by E. O. Essig, with portrait]. • Internationale Entomologische Zeitschrift 27 (1933): 316 [by E. Ross]. • Bibliographia Araneorum 1 (1945): 30 [by P. Bonnet, with portrait]. • Essays on the History of Neotropical Dipterology 1 (1971): 187–188 [by N. Papavero]. • Beiträge zur Entomologie 34 (1984): 200 [by R. Gaedike and O. Smetana]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 47 [by J. Lhoste].

Olliff, Arthur Sidney. Olliff was born in Millbrook, Hampshire, England, on October 21, 1865. He died on December 29, 1895, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

Olliff was employed as a young boy by E. W. Janson to prepare insects, and later did similar work at the British Museum. He became curator and private secretary to Lord Walsingham until he left England for Australia in December 1884, to take the post of the assistant zoologist (entomologist) at the Australian Museum in Sydney. He held this post until 1890, when he was appointed Government Entomologist at the Agricultural Department of New South Wales, a post he still held at the time of his early death.

Olliff’s contribution to the knowledge of Staphylinidae lies in his three parts of “A Revision of the Staphylinidae of Australia ”, published in 1886 (parts 1 and 2) and in 1887 (part 3). In these three papers Olliff provided a basic treatment of Australian Staphylinidae . Combined with contributions by Blackabout the same time, these were the only treatments of the group for Australia until Lea published his first article on staphylinids the year Olliff died. His treatment was rather conservative at the generic level (he explained his philosophy in the introduction), resulting in very few new genera being described, mostly for quite distinctive taxa. Strangely enough, Olliff never worked on the family again, but this was perhaps due to the fact that he died when only 30 years old. He published 72 papers, but only three dealt with the Staphylinidae . Olliff described 49 species and three genera in Staphylinidae . His collection, including the types, is housed partly in the Australian Museum in Sydney, partly in the British Museum (Natural History), London. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 32 (1896): 66–67 [anonymous]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1896): XCII [anonymous]. • Agricultural Gazette Raimundo Outerelo of New South Wales 7 (1896): 1–4 [by F. B. Guthrie, with bibliography]. • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (1930): 395–396 [by L. O. Howard]. • Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 57 (1932): 7 [ex W. W. Froggatt MS]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 244–246 [by A. Musgrave, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 210–212 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only].

Orousset, Jean. Orousset, of France, has worked primarily with the tiny staphylinids of the Euaesthetinae and Leptotyphlinae , particularly species of Edaphus , Octavius , and Leptotyphlus . He also published articles on other genera such as Phloeocharis and Cylindropsis . He has named 157 species and 5 genera.

Outerelo, Raimundo. Outerelo, of Spain, was born on October 13, 1947. He started working on the family during his faunal investigations of the group in the Guadarrama Sierra of Spain. He is broadly interested in the Staphylindae, particularly those of the Palaearctic region. He has published a number of articles on the Leptotyphlinae , an identification guide to the subfamilies and genera of the Staphylinidae of the Iberian Peninsula, along with taxonomic articles on Quedius , Leptacinus , Xantholinus , Phalacrolinus , Scopaeus , Domene , Oedichirus , Lathrobium , Phloeocharis , and Lusitanopsis , among other genera. Much of his current work is directed at the edaphic and cavernicolous fauna, particularly the Leptotyphlinae , Osoriinae , and Pselaphinae ( Mayetia ), and his long-range plans are to improve knowledge of the Staphylinidae of the Iberian Peninsula. He has published 27 nominal species.

Pace, Roberto. Pace, of Italy, was born on May 7, 1935. He began his work on the Staphylinidae as a result of his studies of the literature at the Museo Civico de Storia Naturale de Verona, the support of S. Buffo, G. Osella, and A. Zanetti, the influence of the works by Coiffait, Smetana, Besuchet, and Jeannel, and the availabilty of collections held by museums and colleagues. He is primarily interested in and most of his published work has been on the Leptotyphlinae and Aleocharinae . He has concentrated his efforts on the Leptotyphlinae of the Mediterranean east African, Madagascan, and Neotropical regions, but has published on the taxa of other regions as well. He has published more than 200 articles, many of them major treatments of the fauna of a region. The bulk of his publications have been on the

Aleocharinae . A few of his major works include his monograph of the Leptusa of the world, his treatment of the Leptotyphyli-

nae of Italy, and the Aleocharinae of the Galapagos, the Mas-

carenes, and New Caledonia. He also found and described Crow-

soniella relicta , later assigned to its own family. One of the hallmarks of his work is habitus and genitalic illustration for each species. The number of new taxa he has described is phe-

nomenal. In 1973 he described his first 3 species; since then he has described new species and genera at the average rate of more than 100 taxa per year, with a low of 2 in 1974 and a high of 386 in 1991. Through 1998 he described more than 2,400

species and more than 200 genera. His goal is to make the Aleocharinae more easily identifiable, in part through the publication of carefully prepared illustrations. He hopes that his work Roberto Pace will lead to a revision of the generic and tribal classification,

which, at the moment, he believes is premature because of the vast amount of undescribed material.

Palm, Thure. Palm was born on January 30, 1894, in Bellinga near Ystad in southern Sweden, where his father was an estate manager. He died on May 2, 1987, in Malmö, Sweden.

Palm was a blessed coleopterist who managed to stay in excellent physical and mental condition well into his 90s, which allowed him to continue his research work and field activities until near his death. For example, in 1981, when 87 years old, he collected for a month in Malaysia, on Penang Island and in the Cameron Highlands; in 1986, at 92, he wrote to me about his recent collecting in west Africa and in Bulgaria!

Palm’s interest in insects started as early as 1912, when he was a student in Ystad. In 1918, after passing an examination, he became the forestry officer in Domänverket and in 1920 an assistant in the Ombergs district. Around 1926, Palm started to seriously study Swedish Coleoptera , particularly those of impor- Thure Palm tance for forestry. In addition to many short contributions, he published two books dealing with the beetles inhabiting the wood and bark of the deciduous trees of northern Sweden in 1951 and of middle and southern Sweden in 1959; these books contain ecological and bionomical data for many members of Staphylinidae . His attention to the faunistic-ecological aspects of coleopterology, his enormous experience and knowledge in the field, and his excellent taxonomical skills were Palm’s trademarks. In 1953, he received an honorary doctor degree from the University in Lund for his exceptional achievements. He was one of the most recognized Swedish coleopterists of modern times.

Palm published over 200 papers, many of them dealing with the systematics, faunistics, and ecology of Staphylinidae . He treated the family in an excellent way within the series Svensk Insektfauna, published in seven parts between 1948 and 1972. He described 22 species in Staphylinidae . He donated his Coleoptera collection to the University of Lund, where it is still

SOURCES: • Opuscula Entomologica 29 (1964): 1–3 [by C. H.

Lindroth, with portrait]. • Entomologisk Tiskrift 103 (1982):

45–49 [by T. Palm]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 105 (1984): 90–92

[by T. Nyholm, with portrait]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld

81 (1985): 191 [by W. Lucht]. • Entomologisk Tidskrift 108

(1987): 121–122 [by L. Hedström and S. Jonsson, with portrait]. • Notulae Entomologicae 67 (1987): 180 [by H. Krogerus].

Paykull, Gustaf. Paykull was born in Stockholm, Sweden, on August 21, 1757, the son of the army major Carl Fredrik Paykull and Beata Charlotta Simming. He died on January 28, 1826, in Stockholm.

Paykull received his early education by private tutors. During his youth he stayed temporarily at the estate Hesselby close to Uppsala, where Linné often made his excursions. Paykull’s interest in natural history was probably stimulated by these outings with Linné. He also showed interest and talent in classical Gustaf Paykull poetry and literature, and during the 1780s several literary works were written, among them comedies and tragedies written in classical Greek style, as well as translations of Anachraeon, Sappho, and Bion. However, his literary efforts met with rather modest success, and for that reason, it was said, he turned his attention to natural history. After graduation from the University of Uppsala, Paykull embarked on his career in 1779, which in 1796 led him to an appointment as the principal assistant secretary in the federal administration. This position brought him the necessary contacts and made him also a wealthy man.

Paykull discovered early that the “art of collecting” provided him with great amusement, and also was a way of making him a man of respect among his contemporary colleagues. He obviously had a good sense of organization and systematics. That ability, combined with his wealth, enabled him to build up one of the largest private collections of natural objects ever seen in Sweden. During the late 1700s Paykull established contacts with many of the leading entomological authorities, including Fabricius in Kiel, who provided him with insights into higher systematics. Paykull’s works accordingly reflected Fabricius’ system, particularly in his monographic treatments of Swedish rove beetles, ground beetles, and weevils, which appeared in rapid succession in 1789, 1790, and 1792. The monographic treatment of Staphylinidae was the first of its kind. All three were, in a way, tests for his Insecta Svecica (1798–1800), showing somewhat modernized taxonomy and systematic treatment.

At the turn of the century, Paykull traveled several times abroad, often with the aim of enriching his rapidly growing collections of Mammalia, Aves, and Insecta. His correspondents included Latreille, Marsham, Müller, Rossi, and others, and he met Cuvier and Latreille in Paris. At the Mediterranean Sea he made large collections of birds (these were his second favorite group and he described several new species based on specimens he collected), insects, and conchylia. He also went to St. Petersburg and met there the Czar, who presented him with a diamond ring in appreciation of his literary efforts.

Paykull was a member of several scientific and literary societies, and in 1791 he was elected a member of the Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was a respected authority among his contemporary Swedish colleagues, such as Gyllenhal, Schönherr, Thunberg, and others. He kept an extensive exchange of specimens, but his passionate drive to collect made him sometimes a less wanted guest in the collections. Some curators spoke of specimens being “paykullarized”, i.e., kept by Paykull for his own collection. This explains, why some types of De Geer are being discovered in Paykull’s collection. His giant collection, mainly birds and insects, was in a separate building at his large estate Wallox-Säby. The larger mammals were kept in the main buildings at several private estates. The collection comprised some 80 large mammals, 1,362 birds, numerous fish preparations, and 8,600 species of insects!

In 1816, Paykull was appointed baronet and two years later, after some arrangements about the royalties, he donated all his collections to the state in favor of creating a center for their keeping in Stockholm. This was the initiation of the Riksmuseum. According to the contemporary witnesses, the trans- Paul-Marie portation of the collection was a spectacular sight. The ship Peyerimhoff de Fontenelle Amphitrite needed three trips across Lake Valloxen to complete the evacuation.

After his retirement, Paykull spent his last years at Wallox-Säby, making occasional trips to the Riksmuseum in Stockholm.

Paykull described 51 species in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: Kongliga Vetenskaps-Academiens Handlingar (1826): 350–356 [anonymous, with bibliography]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 922–923 [by W. Derksen and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Naturen berättar. Utveckling och forskning vid Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet. Stockholm (1989): 9–30 [by G. Brusewitz]. • Sveriges zoologiska litteratur. Kjuge (1996) [by B. Dal].

Peyerimhoff de Fontenelle, Paul-Marie. Peyerimhoff was born in Colmar, France, on October 7, 1873, as the second son of his father Henri, the mayor of Colmar. He died on January 2, 1957.

Peyerimhoff obtained his education at the Collège Saint- Sigisbert in Nancy and later at the Ecole des Eaux et Forèts in the same city, to become a forester. It was in the latter school where he started his entomology work. In 1896 he was named the Garde général des Eaux et Forèts à Senones (Vosges). Around that time, while doing his first survey of the cavernicolous fauna in Basses-Alpes, Peyerimhoff befriended J. Sainte-Claire Deville, an artillery lieutenant in Nice at that time, who eventually became a celebrated French entomologist.

Peyerimhoff was requested by his brother Henri, who was Mâitre de Requètes au Conseil d’État, to come to Algeria to serve in various functions attached to the Station de Recherches Forestières du Nord du Afrique. He eventually became the director of this institution in 1935, and served in this capacity until his retirement in 1937. At that time Peyerimhoff was Inspector général honoraire des Eaux et Forêts and also the Officier de la Légion d’honneur. He was, however, recalled to direct the Station de Recherches forestières du Bois de Boulogne à Alger during the war years of 1939–1942. Only in 1950, due to illness, did Peyerimhoff abandon his interests in this station.

Peyerimhoff’s scientific output was quite copious and wide ranging. The list of his publications stands at around 350 items. In addition to publications dealing with various aspects of his job as a forester, he published many taxonomic papers dealing predominantly with Coleoptera , papers on biogeography, ecology, phylogeny, and papers on cavernicolous beetles. He contributed immensely to the knowledge of the Coleoptera (including Staphylinidae ) of North Africa, including the Sahara (in his treatment of Coleoptera in the series Mission scientifique du Hoggar he reported 43 species of Staphylinidae , many of them endemic to central Sahara). He named 80 species and 4 genera of staphylinids. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de l’Academie des Sciences, Paris 244 (1957): 413–416 [anonymous]. • Bulletin della Société d’Histoire naturelle d’Afrique Noire 48 (1957): 161–191 [by F. Bernard]) • Annales de la Société entomologique de France 127 (1958): 1–8 [by F. Ber- Bertil Robert Poppius nard and F. Pierre, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 273 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only, up to 1900].

Poppius, Bertil Robert. Poppius was born on July 28, 1876; he died on November 27, 1916, in Copenhagen, Denmark. Detailed biographical data are not readily available.

Poppius was one of the students of J. R. Sahlberg, who considered him a very capable young man. He worked at the Entomological Museum in Helsinki, first as a volunteer and later as an Amanuensis , until he became the custodian at the Zoological Museum in 1912. He held this post until his untimely death in 1916.

Already during his early career, Poppius undertook many extensive collecting trips in the historical Finland, in northern Russia, and Siberia, including a joint trip with the botanist A. K. Cajander to the Lena valley . The rich material of specimens collected during these trips formed a base for his numerous papers dealing with the north Palaearctic beetle fauna, such Volker Puthz as “Die Coleopteren des arktischen Gebietes”, published in 1910. He had an excellent general knowledge of Coleoptera , and in addition to Staphylinidae , he also published taxonomic papers dealing with Carabidae . His extensive monograph of the ground beetle genus Cryobius is probably one of his most recognized works. While at the museum in Helsinki, Poppius was involved with several groups of insects in addition to beetles. Through O. M. Reuter, he became interested in Heteroptera, particularly when Reuter lost his eyesight in his old age, and he published several large monographs on these insects.

Poppius described 41 species and 1 genus in Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Luonnon Ystavä 20 (1916): 234–236 [by K. M. Lavender, with portrait]. • Entomological News 28 (1917): 338 [by E. Bergroth]. • Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 53 (1917): 19 [by E. Bergroth]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 37 (1918): 178 [anonymous]. • Bibliography of Australian Entomology 1775–1930 (1932): 258 [by A. Musgrave]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 307 [by W. Derksen Puthz, Volker. Puthz, of Germany, was born on July 9, 1941.

Volker became intrigued with staphylinids when he found many species of Stenus in a single collection of beetles in debris. He was encouraged by other entomologists at the Deutsche Entomologische Gessellschaft, and by Herbert Franz. He is primarily interested in the Steninae , Megalopsidiinae , and Euaesthetinae of the World and in the history of science, particularly for biology and entomology. His goal is to review all the species and genera of the three subfamilies and to publish catalogs and keys for them. He is currently working on the Steninae of China and the Euaesthetinae of Australia. Through 1998 he has described more than 1,300 species and 2 genera, and has published more than 340 articles including a monograph of the

African species of Stenus , more than 250 articles on the Steninae , 79 on the Euaesthetinae and 21 on the Megalopsidiinae ;

these numbers do not include the numerous notes reporting

Ivan Miltschev Raitschev species from various sites. When possible, he has published critical illustrations for all species. Probably the most impressive feature of his work is his continual refinement of the taxonomy and classification. His body of work on the Steninae constitutes a major contribution to the understanding of the group.

Raitschev, Ivan Miltschev. Raitschev, of Bulgaria, was born on January 1, 1956. He became interested in the Staphylinidae through one of his professors, Ilko Vassilev. He is especially interested in the species of Bulgaria, and has published a number of articles on species of the country with the goal of making the species of Bulgaria better known. He has named three species.

Rambousek, František. Rambousek was born in Liblice near Český Brod, Czech Republic, on April 1, 1886. He died on September 14, 1931 in Prague, Czech Republic.

Rambousek developed his interest in natural history early and he started to collect beetles as a teenager. His attention soon turned to the families Staphylinidae and Pselaphidae , an interest that lasted throughout his entire life. He received his František Rambousek doctoral degree from Charles University in Prague in 1913. He worked briefly as an assistant at the Institute of Zoology of Charles University, and as a teacher at the Academy of Commerce in Prague. In 1916 he was hired by the Research Institute of the Sugar Industry, and established and headed a modern phytopathological section that became internationally known.

Rambousek traveled extensively, not only officially but also privately, to collect beetles, staphylinids in particular. He collected extensively in Europe, particularly in the Balkans, and also in North Africa. He took part in the International Entomological Congress in Ithaca in 1928, and afterwards visited many institutions in the United States of America , and also went to Cuba to study the sugar industry there. Needless to say, he collected staphylinids everywhere he went. Rambousek accumulated a very impressive collection and became a widely recognized expert on the family. However his professional duties in the sugar beet industry consumed a lot of his time and energy, and consequently he did not publish many papers on staphylinthem a large book dealing with pests and species beneficial for sugar beets. Rambousek’s large staphylinid collection, including the types, is deposited in the Entomological Department of the National Museum in Prague, Czech Republic. He named 43 species and 4 genera of Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 84 (1930): 311–312 [by L. O. Howard, with portrait]. • Acta Societatis entomologicae Jugoslaviae 5–6 (1931): 5–7 [by M. Gradojevič]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 48 (1931): 218–219 [by A. Hetschko]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 28 (1931): 109–111 [by A. Jedlička, with portrait]. • Ochrana rostlin 11 (1931): 145–150 [by F. Stanák, with bibliography, portrait]. • Annales de la Société entomologique de France 101 (1932): 333–336 [by J. Clermont, with bibliography]. • Koleopterologische Rundschau 18 (1932): 65–66 [by O. Scheerpeltz, with partial bibliography].

Edmund Reitter Reitter, Edmund. Reitter was born in Mohelnice (Müglitz at that time) in north-central Moravia, now Czech Republic (he shares this birthplace with Max Bernhauer , see above), on October 22, 1845. His father was a forester ; his mother died when he was a small child. Reitter died on March 15, 1920, in Paskov, Moravia, now Czech Republic .

Reitter graduated from the gymnasium in Opava. While a student there he met Dr. Richter, who stimulated Reitter’s interest in beetles. Following his father’s wishes, Reitter went into farming. In 1869 he took a job as farm manager at the country estate of the count Moritz Saint Genois in Paskov, and later he became the exclusive lessee of the large fishing ponds on this estate. In 1871 he married the daughter of the beer brewer on the same estate; however, his wife, after their daughter died shortly after her birth, died in 1873 at the age of only 18 years. Shortly after that, Reitter received the title of the “count’s controller of fish ponds”. He remarried in 1874, and by that time he occupied himself full-time with entomology. In 1879 he moved to Vienna and started there a specialized business selling insects. His wife stayed temporarily in Paskov, where she gave birth to their son Emmerich in 1880. In 1881 Reitter moved to Mödling, near Vienna, and enlarged his business to include entomological equipment and utensils, as well as entomological literature. His wife and both children followed him there; while in Mödling the family grew by another two daughters. By that time Reitter was already an eminent coleopterologist, and his establishment in Mödling had become a famous meeting place where materials from new collections were accumulated and determined. After his wife’s father died in 1890, Reitter’s wife insisted on returning to Paskov, and the move was made in 1891. Reitter’s business continued to grow in Paskov, so he employed his single sister Maria, his two nieces, and eventually also his son Emmerich. He also received considerable help from Antonín Sequens, a pharmacist and entomologist in Paskov. Reitter’s renown grew further, and his house in Paskov became a meeting place of European entomologists, both famous and beginners. Reitter was always ready to help, and his hospitality and generosity in giving away duplicates from his collection were widely known.

public relations, supporting various public associations (firefighters, etc.). His humanitarian orientation was best documented by the fact that he established and financed a small hospital in Paskov for those wounded during the First World War. He received the title Kaiserlicher Rat from the Austrian government, and many learned societies named him as an honorary or corresponding member.

After Reitter’s death, his wife and the daughters moved to Vienna. His son Emmerich took over Reitter’s business, sold the house in Paskov and moved the business to Opava (Troppau).

Reitter’s son, Emmerich, was also active entomologically, undertaking some collecting trips abroad and building his own beetle collection (one part is at the Department of Entomology of the National Museum in Prague). He also published the journal Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt from 1927 until the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. He died shortly before the end of the war (January 2, 1945) in Opava and is buried there. His son, Ewald Reitter, obtained his Ph.D. degree from Charles University in Prague in 1939. After the war he continued to run the entomological business in Opava, and was associated with the Opava Museum. In 1949 he moved to Germany, and later opened his own business with entomological equipment and utensils. The business no longer exists.

Edmund Reitter was undoubtedly one of the geniuses of coleopterology. His friend Ganglbauer considered Reitter to have unequaled ability to find new usable characters on specimens studied many times by others. Reitter decided to pursue a professional entomological career when he was 34 years old in 1879 while he was in Vienna. His enormous drive and productivity is best documented by the following data: by 1892, he had already published 386 papers in 18 journals; by the end of 1902 the number increased to 641 papers; and by 1915 it was 949 papers. The total is just over 1000 titles. There is hardly a family of Coleoptera that Reitter did not touch in his writings. He wrote works like his famous Fauna Germanica (five volumes, 1908–1916), that remained for decades THE BOOK on beetles and educated and trained generations of coleopterists in Europe (it has remained so popular even in our modern times that it was reprinted); his series Bestimmungstabellen der europäischen Coleopteren, with contributions by Reitter himself and many other specialists that permitted the determination of many groups of beetles (including some Staphylinidae , see below); and his collaboration with Heyden and Weise on the Catalogus Coleopterorum Europae, Caucasi et Armeniae rossicae (1891), to name just a few. The Staphylinidae were not Reitter’s preferred group, but he contributed substantially to the knowledge of the group through his treatment of the family in Fauna Germanica , his treatment of “ Othiini ” and “ Xantholinini ” in the series Bestimmungstabellen der europäischen Coleopteren, as well as in numerous shorter papers containing descriptions of new species. The total number of taxa Reitter described as new is staggering: 1,062 genera, 6,411 species, and 1,193 varieties and aberrations (the corresponding figures for Staphylinidae are: 147 species, 26 genera).

Reitter also traveled and collected extensively in many Eurothe Austro-Hungarian Empire. He was among the first to use the “modern” sifter for collecting ground-dwelling small Coleoptera during his trip to Bosnia and Herzegovina. The technique for using sifters to collect had already been described by Kiesenwetter, but Reitter (together with Kraatz and Weise) improved the techniques and reintroduced its use. Reitter described his recommendations and experiences with the sifter in a separate paper in Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 5 (1886): 7–10, 45–56.

Reitter’s original collection (estimated to contain 30,000 Palaearctic species in 250,000 specimens, with up to 4,500 primary types and some 10,000 “cotypes”) was sold in 1916 to the Museum in Budapest (today the Hungarian Natural History Museum) where it is still housed. However, many types of species Reitter described went to other museums and it is sometimes difficult to find them. [A.S.]

SOURCES: There are many biographies and obituaries of Reitter; only some are given here. Extensive listing may be found Yrjö Olavi Renkonen in Gilbert (1977). • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 12 (1893): 1–22, 185–213 [by Ed. Reitter, bibliography only]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 22 (1903): 157–170, 181–200 [by A. Hetschko, bibliography only]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 34 (1915): 215–218, 221–270 [by T. Wanka and A. Fleischer, with bibliography by A. Hetschko and portrait]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 38 (1920): 1–20 [by F. Heikertinger, with bibliography by A. Hetschko and portrait]. • Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 41 (1924): 158–159 [by A. Hetschko, bibliography only]. • Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt, Troppau 3 (1929): 38–40 [by A. Hetschko]. • Entomologische Zeitschrift Frankfurt a.M. 43 (1929): 1–2 [by O. Meissner, with portrait]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 382–395 [by W. Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only, to 1900]. • Collectiones entomologicae (1990): 323 [by G. Friese and R. Gaedike]. • Vzpomínka na entomologa Edmunda Reittera (1995): 1–26 [by J. Janáček and R. Šigut, with portrait]. • Klapalekiana 31 (1995): 151–152 [by R. Šigut, with portrait].

Renkonen, Yrjö Olavi. Renkonen was born on January 13, 1907. He died on December 12, 1959, in Helsinki, Finland.

Renkonen, a high school teacher by profession (at the Normallyzeum in Helsinki), studied biology at the university in Turku. His doctoral thesis dealt with the statistics and ecology of the Coleoptera of the “Bruchmoore” in Finland. This paper, and a subsequent similar study on Carabidae and Staphylinidae of a lake border in southwestern Finland, made him a name in beetle ecology. The Staphylinidae were his preferred group and he published numerous papers about their taxonomy and ecology. He described species in Stenus , Lathrobium , and Philonthus , and published an important monograph of the genus Acrotrichis ( Ptiliidae ) of Finland. He named eight species of the Staphylinidae . [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Annales entomologici Fennici 23 (1957): 2 [anonymous, with portrait]. • Annales entomologici Fennici 26 (1960): 109–111 [by P. Kontkanen, with portrait]. • Opuscula Entomologica, Lund 25 (1960): 153 [by C. H. Lindroth]. • Entomologische Blätter, Krefeld 60 (1960): 73 [by G. Schmidt]. • Ento- Rey, Claudius . Rey was born in Lyon, France, on September 8, 1817, and died there on January 31, 1895.

Rey was financially independent thanks to the family-owned printing shop, which allowed him to direct most of his energy to the study of beetles; he became one of the well-known maîtres incontestés de l’entomologie lyonnaise. The family business went bankrupt in 1847, but fortunately one of Rey’s uncles owned a vineyard in Morgon (Hyères, southern France) and offered him a job there. Rey accepted and while there he started, around 1848, to collaborate with Mulsant on the series Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France. In 1852, he returned to Lyon and lived at his brother’s residence in Saint-Genis-Laval, while spending most winters in southern France.

Rey’s collaboration with Mulsant lasted until Mulsant’s death in 1880. Most parts of the Histoire naturelle des Coléoptères de France dealing with Staphylinidae were published jointly; however, the last three parts (1882–1884), dealing with Habrocerinae , Tachyporinae , Trichophyinae , Micropeplinae , and Claudius Rey Steninae , were written only by Rey. A similar collaboration between Mulsant and Rey existed also with the heteropteran series Histoire naturelle des Punaises de France (see also under Mulsant).

In addition to his contributions to the above series, Rey also published many other papers, mostly on Coleoptera , including a series of papers on immature stages of Coleoptera .

Rey described 407 species and 116 genera in Staphylinidae , 48 species and 8 genera by himself, the rest in coauthorship with Mulsant. [A.S.]

SOURCES: Entomologist’s Monthly Magazine 31 (1895): 122–123 [anonymous]. • Miscellanea entomologica 3 (1895): 13 [by E. Barthe]. • Annales de la Société entomologique de France 64 (1895): 127–130 [by F. Guillebeau, with portrait]. • Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 39 (1895): 7–8 [by G. Kraatz]. • Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London (1895): LXXII [by R. Meldola]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae (1928) : 989 [by W. Horn and S. Schenkling, bibliography only]. • Index Litteraturae Entomologicae Serie II (1968) : 406–408 [by W. Jan Roubal Derksen and U. Scheiding-Göllner, bibliography only]. • Les entomologistes français 1750–1950 (1987): 73–74.

Roubal, Jan. Roubal was born in Chudenice, Czech Republic,

on August 10, 1880. He died on October 23, 1971 in Prague,

Czech Republic.

Roubal graduated from the gymnasium in Klatovy, Bohemia,

and continued his education in natural sciences, mathematics and physics at the university in Prague. In 1905 he left the university to pursue a career as a high-school teacher. He taught from 1909 until 1919 at the gymnasium in Příbram, Bohemia.

In 1919 he accepted a job as director of the gymnasium for girls in Baňská Bystrica, Slovakia. He stayed there until 1938, when,

forced by the inclement situation around the outbreak of the

Second World War, he returned to Prague to direct for a short time another gymnasium there. He retired in 1940 to devote all his energies to the study of beetles, and surprisingly, near the end of his life, to the study of true bugs. This is probably the Roubal was one of the last European coleopterological polyhistors, developing an impressive, encyclopedic knowledge of the order. Being very outgoing and unselfish, he helped to form dozens of entomologists in the former Czechoslovakia, including the writer of this essay. His extensive library was always open to students and his vast collection was an unending source of material. Roubal was also an exceptionally gifted field observer and collector, and again, many of us benefitted tremendously from his experience and knowledge of collecting methods; it was quite a treat to be able to do fieldwork with him. In addition, Roubal’s extensive knowledge of natural sciences in general, literature, music, languages, and architecture (he loved and adored the old Prague) was well recognized. When his love of nature, and his lifelong fight for its preservation, is added, Roubal was simply a man of the kind that is very hard to come by in our modern times.

Within Coleoptera , Roubal’s favorite family was the Staphy- Guillaume-Marie de Rougemont linidae, particularly the difficult sections of Aleocharinae , such as the genera Atheta or Oxypoda , and he eventually became a recognized expert on the group. He was in regular contact with many contemporary specialists, such as Kraatz, Bernhauer, J. Müller, Gridelli, Rambousek, and others. When Roubal resided in Příbram (1909–1919), there was an entire staphylinidological school in Bohemia. Members included, in addition to Roubal, Krása, E. Lokay Jr., and Rambousek. The tradition continued even when Roubal moved to Slovakia (he was joined there by Machulka, who resided in Košice), and through the Second World War until now, as documented by such names as M. Dvořák, Likovsky´, Boháč, Hromádka, Kocián, Štourač, and this writer, who considers himself to be a part of that tradition.

Roubal’s scientific output is impressive; he published over 300 papers, most of them entomological and on Coleoptera , covering a wide range of beetle families; some also deal with Heteroptera. His Katalog Coleopter (brouku˚) Slovenska a Podkarpatska (three volumes, 1930–1941) was the first modern, annotated type of catalog offering habitat data and various comments ; it pushed the knowledge of the beetle fauna of Slovakia far forward. Also significant are Roubal’s ecological papers, dealing with beetle faunas of different types of habitats. He described 82 species and 2 genera in Staphylinidae .

Roubal’s extensive collection of beetles is housed in the Slovenské Národné Múzeum, Bratislava, Slovakia. [A.S.]

SOURCES: • Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt (1934): 119– 123 [by K. Špaček, with portrait]. • Entomologisches Nachrichtenblatt 9 (1935): 38–52 [by K. Špaček, bibliography only]. • Entomologické Listy 3 (1940): 40–41 [by E. Jagemann, with portrait]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 47 (1950): 201–210 [by A. Pfeffer, with bibliography, portrait]. • Acta Societatis Entomologicae Čechosloveniae 57 (1960): 405–407 [by A. Pfeffer, with bibliography, portrait]. • Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca 62 (1965): 315–316 [by L. Heyrovský and P. Štys, bibliography only]. • Acta entomologica bohemoslovaca 67 (1970): 429 [by P. Štys, with bibliography]. • Acta Musei reginaehradecensis A: Scientiae naturales 12 (1971): 199–200 [by Z. Likovsky´, with portrait]. • Biológia,