Tulostoma brumale Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 86. 1794.

Jeppson, Mikael, Altes, Alberto, Moreno, Gabriel, Nilsson, R. Henrik, Yolanda Loarce,, Bustos, Alfredo de & Larsson, Ellen, 2017, Unexpected high species diversity among European stalked puffballs - a contribution to the phylogeny and taxonomy of the genus Tulostoma (Agaricales), MycoKeys 21, pp. 33-88 : 42-43

Tulostoma brumale Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 86. 1794. Figure 2b

Type.

FRANCE, "circa Parisios" (L); several collections by Persoon available at L, but no type seems to have been formally designated (cfr. Wright 1987).

Tulostoma brumale is well characterized by its membranous exoperidium, the circular-tubular mouth -which is usually surrounded by a brown peristome - and its abrupt widenings of the capillitial septa. SEM-photos of the spores show an irregular ornamentation of blunt, broad-based verrucae (Figure 2b). It can be separated from T. simulans by the exoperidial features, its slightly smaller spores, and the presence of irregular crystals adhering to the capillitial walls.

Habitat and distribution.

According to Wright (1987), T. brumale is recorded from N and S America and Asia (Georgia). Shvartsman and Filimonova (1970) reported it from Central Asia and Rebriev and Gorbunova (2007) added findings from Siberia. In Europe it is one of the more common species of Tulostoma , recorded north to 60° in Fennoscandia. It occurs in all types of sandy and calcareous grasslands, sand dunes, and sand steppe vegetation, as well as on moss covered rocks and stone walls. It is often associated with mosses, particularly Syntrichia spp.

Specimens examined.

CZECH REPUBLIC, S. Moravia, Břeclav, Pavlov, Dĕvín-Kotel-Soutéska NPR, 29 Dec. 2013, P. Brůžek 131229 (GB)*; Praha: Lochkovské údolí-Cikánka, limestone, pebble, gravel, 12 Jan. 2014, Brůžek 140112 (GB)*. FRANCE, La Vendée: Saint Juan, Plage de la Tonelle, among Syntrichia on sand dune, 25 Jan. 2007, J. Jeppson, M. Jeppson 8372 (GB)*. HUNGARY, Pest: Tatárszentgyörgy, 11 Jan. 2011, P. Finy 9 (GB)*. NORWAY, Vest-Agder: Lista, Bausjø, øst for Tjørve, på mose på sanddyne, 10 Nov. 1950, F.-E. Eckblad 501110 (O 58849)*. SLOVAKIA, Stražovské vrchy: Ďurďové, calcareous grassland, 6 Oct. 2005, T. Knutsson, J. Jeppson, M. Jeppson 7532 (GB)*. SWEDEN, Gotland: Gotska Sandön, gräshed med Corynephoretum nära stranden, 24 May 2013, T. Knutsson 2013-134 (GB); Öland: Sandby, Sandby kyrkvägskäl, sand steppe vegetation on road verge, 15 Nov. 2003, M. Jeppson 6427 (GB)*; Skåne: Åhus, Horna bränneri, among Syntrichia in sand steppe vegetation, 24 Oct. 1998, M. Jeppson 4597 (GB)*; Köpinge, Fritorpet, 26 Oct. 2001, M. Jeppson 5785 (GB)*.