Scinax sateremawe, Sturaro & Peloso, 2014

Sturaro, Marcelo José & Peloso, Pedro Luiz Vieira, 2014, A new species of Scinax Wagler, 1830 (Anura: Hylidae) from the middle Amazon river basin, Brazil, Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia (São Paulo) 54 (2), pp. 9-23 : 10-19

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.1590/0031-1049.2014.54.02
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BA67327A-FFBF-557E-FC8B-2C3C17BCFD2C
treatment provided by	Carolina
scientific name	Scinax sateremawe
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Scinax sateremawe View in CoL , new species

( Figures 1-6 View FIGURE 1 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 , Table 1)

Holotype: MPEG 28677 View Materials (Field Number FPR 251 ), adult male, from Comunidade São Tomé, Rio Paraconi , Floresta Nacional de Pau-Rosa ( FPR), Municipality of Maués, state of Amazonas, Brazil (03°55’7”S and 58°24’19”W, 40 m a.s.l.), collected by M.J. Sturaro and P.L. V. Peloso on 28 February 2009. GoogleMaps

Paratypes: MPEG 28675-76 View Materials ( Field Numbers FPR 144-145 ), two adult males, from Comunidade Bragança , Rio Paraconi , Floresta Nacional de Pau-Rosa , municipality of Maués, Amazonas, Brazil (03°56’50”S and 58°26’36”W, 45 m a.s.l.), collected by M.J. Sturaro and P.L GoogleMaps . V. Peloso on 25 February 2009 . MPEG 28678-80 View Materials ( Field Numbers FPR 252-254 ), three adult males, same locality as holotype, collected by M.J. Sturaro and P.L GoogleMaps . V. Peloso on 28 February 2009 . MPEG 13932 View Materials ( Field number JPC 15654), adult female, from the municipality of Careiro da Várzea , Amazonas, Brazil, collected by J.P. Caldwell and L.J. Vitt on 20 December 1998 . MPEG 13933 View Materials ( Field number JPC 15852), adult male, from the municipality of Careiro da Várzea , Amazonas, Brazil, collected by J.P. Caldwell and L.J. Vitt on 29 December 1998 . MPEG 13934-36 View Materials ( Field Numbers JPC 16131, 16133 and 16136, respectively), three adults males, from the municipality of Careiro da Várzea , Amazonas, Brazil, collected by J.P. Caldwell and L.J. Vitt on 9 January 1999 .

Diagnosis: A moderate-sized Scinax , with webbing between toes I and II not extending beyond the subarticular tubercle of toe I, and oval discs on fingers; characterized by the following combination of charac- ters: (1) males in the type series SVL 35.2-38.1 mm, female SVL 36.6 mm; (2) body robust, not flattened; (3) snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) skin on dorsum with small tubercles; (5) tubercles absent on lower jaw; (6) ulnar and tarsal tubercles absent or indistinct; (7) lateral fringes on fingers; (8) tubercles absent on heel; (9) flanks gray with one or two large white (orange, in life) axillary and inguinal blotches, margined by black anteriorly and posteriorly; (10) dorsum predominantly gray with large dark-gray blotches and small light-gray spots; (11) presence of a small axillary membrane reaching the proximal 1/4 of the upper arm; (12) anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs with large, white (orange, in life), blackbordered blotches and marked dark- and light-brown (13) posterior surfaces of tibiae with large black-bordered, white (orange, in life) spots; (14) anterior portion of gular region with an irregularly mottled brown area, darker laterally; (15) bilobate vocal sac.

Comparison with species of Scinax present in Amazonia: States of character in species under comparison are given in parentheses. The comparisons were made directly with examined specimens and/or the literature (when the latter is the case, the reference is given in parentheses).

The males of Scinax sateremawe sp. nov. differ from S. blairi , S. baumgardneri , S. cruentommus , S. danae , S. exiguus , S. fuscomarginatus , S. karenanneae , S. lindsayi , S. parkeri , S. pedromedinae , S. trilin- eatus and S. wandae by its larger size (SVL <30 mm in all species mentioned) ( Rivero, 1961; Pyburn & Fouquette, 1971; Fouquette & Pyburn, 1972; Duellman, 1986; Pyburn, 1992, 1993; Gaige, 1929).

From the Scinax rostratus group ( S. garbei , S. kennedyi , S. nebulosus , S. pedromedinae , S. proboscideus and S. rostratus ) the new taxon differs by the absence of conspicuous pointed or small rounded tubercles on the heel and lower jaw (present in all species of the S. rostratus group, except S. kennedyi ), absence of a triangular mark between the eyes (present), and by its rounded snout (elongate pointed snout) ( Duellman, 1972b; Henle, 1991).

Scinax sateremawe sp. nov. differs from S. boesemani by its brown or dark gray with dark-brown irregular blotches and smaller light-gray or lightcream dorsal color pattern (greenish or reddish brown with scattered light spots and few small black spots), and absence of a canthal-postocular dark stripe (present, extending from nostril through eye to above insertion of the forearm), and posterior surface of thighs brown with irregular white spots (uniformly brown).

From S. chiquitanus View in CoL it differs in dorsal coloration (dorsum tan with or without diffuse small dark brown blotches; in life, at night, males yellowish golden to orange, females beige or pale brown, both sexes dark brown by day) and posterior surface of thighs brown with irregular white spots (posterior surfaces of thighs uniform tan with or without a broad, dark brown longitudinal stripe or lightly pigmented spots) ( De la Riva, 1990; Duellman & Wiens, 1993).

From S. funereus View in CoL , the new taxon differs in coloration (dorsum tan, pale green or greenish tan in life, with dark brown markings usually consisting of canthal stripe, interorbital bar, spots on lips, pair of elongate marks in scapular and sacral regions, three transverse bars on each segment of limbs, and spots on head, body, and limbs that typically correspond to outlines of tubercles) and pattern of the flanks (yellow with dark brown stripes or series of dashes) ( Duellman & Wiens, 1993).

From S. fuscovarius it is distinguished by dorsal color pattern (predominantly beige with irregular dark blotches, in some specimens weakly defined, and gular region cream), snout rounded in dorsal view (subovoid), absence of granules on the gular region (present), supratympanic fold weakly marked (strongly marked).

From S. ictericus it differs by dorsal coloration (olive green, light brown or yellowish tan with dark brown markings, canthal stripe, interorbital bar, transverse bars on limbs, and irregular mostly transverse marks on body) and in having a bilobate vocal sac (single) ( Duellman & Wiens, 1993).

From S. iquitorum it differs by dorsal coloration (light olive-green to brown with small round dark-gray dots randomly distributed on head and concentrated mostly in areas of inconspicuous dark-gray interorbital, scapular and sacral transverse blotches, in life) and flanks predominantly light brown, with two indistinct longitudinal lines of small light-gray spots (flanks white with dark gray to black spots) ( Moravec et al., 2009).

It differs from S. oreites by dorsal coloration (creamy tan to brown, yellowish tan or brown in life, with creamy white dorsolateral stripe extending from eye to groin) and posterior surface of thighs with large, orange, black-bordered blotches and marked dark- and light-brown (posterior surfaces of thighs dark brown with bright yellow mark distally) ( Duellman & Wiens, 1993).

Scinax sateremawe sp. nov. differs from S. ruber by the dorsal color pattern (dorsum gray [in life, tan to dull green], with wide tan (creamy tan to yellow in life) dorsolateral stripe with dark borders extending from eyelid to sacrum usually evident, a discontinuous tan middorsal stripe also usually present), color of flanks (cream with yellow spots usually edged with black in groin), dorsal pattern color of forearms (predominantly light-brown to brown, without dark-gray transverse bars), and by its smaller size (SVL in males 29.4-41.2 mm, but this most likely refers to several cryptic species) ( Duellman & Wiens, 1993).

The new species differs from S. x-signatus by its dorsal color pattern (dorsum cream with two pairs of inwardly curved blotches, one pair in the scapular area and one in the sacral area, roughly forming a X, without scattered light spots), presence of large orange inguinal blotches, margined by black (absent) (specimens from MPEG and plate XI, Figure 3 View FIGURE 3 of Spix [1824]), and posterior surface of thighs (mottled yellow and black).

See Discussion for additional comments on S. ruber and S. x-signatus .

Description of holotype: Adult male, body robust; head narrower than body; head width 35% of SVL; head length 33% of SVL; head slightly wider than long (HW/HL = 1.05); snout nearly rounded in dorsal and lateral views ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 A-B); eye-nostril distance slightly wider than eye diameter (END/ED = 1.08); nostrils directed dorsolaterally, nearly elliptical, slightly protruding; internarial region concave; canthus rostralis almost straight, not very distinct; loreal region slightly concave; eye diameter 29% of head length; top of head flat; interorbital distance 1.5 times upper eyelid width, 32% of head width; feeble supratympanic fold; tympanum distinct, round; tympanum diameter 57% of eye diameter, distance eye-tympanum 71% of diameter tympanum; vocal sac bilobate, subgular, with two oblique longitudinal folds, posteriorly limited by a concave skin fold ( Fig. 1C View FIGURE 1 , Fig. 21 View FIGURE 2 ); vocal slits present, extending diagonally from the lateral base of tongue to the angles of jaws; tongue large, ovoid, free laterally and posteriorly; vomerine odontophores transverse, medially in contact, each with a series of vomerine teeth (eight on the left, seven on right), situated between the oblique, oval choanae, which are larger than the vomerine odontophores.

Axillary membrane extends to about one-half the upper arm length; pectoral fold weakly marked. Arm slender, forearm robust; ulnar tubercles absent; indistinct transverse fold separating forearm and hand on dorsal surface. Palmar tubercle flat, bifid; thenar tubercle oval, large, protruding, about two times the size of the subarticular tubercles. Fingers slender; all fingers basally webbed, with narrow lateral fringes (on both sides) to base of discs, on both sides of the fingers ( Fig. 1D View FIGURE 1 ); relative finger lengths II <III <V <IV, fingers with relatively large, truncated discs, disc of finger II smaller than those of the other fingers; transverse diameter of the disc on finger IV 76% diameter of tympanum. Subarticular tubercles of fingers II and III subconical, protruding, as wide as the digit; finger IV with two subarticular tubercles, the one under the penultimate articulation round and as wide as the digit, the one under the antepenultimate articulation rounded but much smaller; finger V with one large flattened subarticular tubercle slightly narrower than the digit under the penultimate articulation and a minuscule tubercle under antepenultimate articulation; all fingers with small, round, supernumerary tubercles; no prepollical spine; thick, large white nuptial pad covering base of finger II dorsomedially, extending medially to the inner margin of the thenar tubercle, and distally to the base of the first phalanx ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 ).

Thigh length 46% of SVL, tibia length 52% of SVL; foot length 69% of SVL; tarsal fold and tarsal tubercles absent. Inner metatarsal tubercle large, oval, protruding; outer metatarsal tubercle small, rounded. Toes slender; relative toe lengths I <II <III <V <IV (toe V only slightly larger than III); subarticular tubercles round, protruding, as wide as digits; supernu- 1. A paratype (MPEG 28676) – not the holotype – is shown in

Figure 2 View FIGURE 2 . Water was inserted in the vocal sac to show the me-

dial lobe. As this could damage the specimen, we opted not to

perform such procedure with the holotype.

merary tubercles small, increasing in size from base toward first subarticular tubercle; toe discs more or less same size as discs of fingers, transversely expand- ed, toe discs I-II smaller than toe discs III-V. Webbing formula I(2)-(2)II(1)-(2)III(1)-(2)IV(2)-(1)V, web of toes III and IV continued as a narrow fringe (on both sides of toe) to disc, on both sides of the toes ( Fig. 1E View FIGURE 1 ).

Skin of dorsum shagreen; dorsal surface head shagreen, with some isolated larger tubercles; skin of throat and chest smooth; skin of belly and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate. Measurements in Table 1.

Color in preservative: Dorsum brown with dark-brown irregular blotches and smaller light gray, slightly round spots. Flanks predominantly light-brown, with two indistinct longitudinal lines of small light-gray spots; one large white axillar spot divided by horizontal darkbrown band; one large white inguinal blotch divided by a vertical dark-brown band on the left hand side, incompletely divided on the right hand side. Inguinal spots narrowly separated from a large white spot on the anterior surface of thigh; thigh dorsally with dark- and light-brown areas and four white spots, ventral surface of thigh cream, posterior surface of thigh lightbrown with white spots. Gular region centrally with large, brown irregular spots, laterally brown, posterior part white. Chest and belly white, central area of belly with some small, solid black, subepidermal globules (not likely to be melanophores). Forearms and tibiae dorsally gray with dark-gray transverse bars. Ventral surface of forearm cream; hands and feet brown with gray tubercles ( Fig. 4A View FIGURE 4 , C-D). Ventral surfaces of tibiae with narrow, longitudinal cream band; three white, dark-bordered spots on border of posterior and ventral surfaces.

Color in life (photos of MPEG 28680): Dorsum brown with irregular dark brown blotches and smaller cream spots. Lips with cream and brown irregular marks. Dorsal surface of fore- and hindlimbs brown with dark brown bands. Anterior and posterior surface of thighs with large, orange, black-bordered blotches, and marked dark- and light-brown. Posterior surfaces of tibiae with large black-bordered, orange spots. Dorsolateral region brown with irregular small cream spots. Large, orange, black-bordered inguinal and axillar spots. Bones white. Upper part of iris golden, lower part silver ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 ).

Paratype variation: The type series is rather homogeneous morphologically. The number of vomerine teeth varies from 5-9 (on the left side) and 6-9 (on the right side). The vomerine odontophores can be in contact or not. Variation in foot webbing formula is I(2)-(2 -- 2)II(1)-(2 -- 2 +)III(1)-(2 -- 2 +)IV(2 -- 2 +)-(1)V.

Dorsal color pattern of paratypes is similar to that of the holotype, but light-gray spots on the back are more irregularly scattered. Some males have a dark gray dorsum with less distinct light-gray spots. The female has a reddish-brown dorsum with brown irregular blotches (less evident) and light-cream spots ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ).

Throat pattern varies from cream with few melanophores on the edges of jaw (female) to cream with brown or dark-brown flecks (males) ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 ).

Belly and flanks, similar to that of the holotype. None of the paratypes has the black dots in the middle of the belly, which are present in the holotype. Most specimens have both axillary and inguinal spots. Axillary spots are usually present, but are absent in one male (MPEG 28680). Axillary spots are distinctly smaller than those in the inguinal region, and may consist of a single round spot or be composed of several smaller spots. Inguinal spots are present in all specimens. Inguinal spots may be undivided, or divided with two or three divisions. Some specimens may show different patterns on the left and right sides ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ).

Summary of measurements of the type series is given in Table 1.

Distribution: So far, Scinax sateremawe sp. nov. is known only from the vicinities of the type locality in Maués, Amazonas, Brazil and from Careiro da Várzea , Amazonas, Brazil ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 ).

Notes on natural history: At Floresta Nacional de Pau- Rosa, Maués, all male S. sateremawe sp. nov. were found calling on branches of shrubs or trees around a large temporary pond (MPEG 28677-28680) and a flooded area (MPEG 28675-28676), in terra-firme forest at night (between 20:30 h and 22:30 h). The species seems to be locally abundant. Several other species were actively reproducing in the same areas in which we found S. sateremawe sp. nov., including four species of Dendropsophus [ D. minutus ( Peters, 1872) and three unidentified species] and another species of Scinax (not identified; calling high in the canopy). Other sympatric frogs included the leptodactylid Hydrolaetare schmidti ( Cochran & Goin, 1959) , the microhylids Chiasmocleis avilapiresae Peloso & Sturaro, 2008 and Hamptophryne boliviana ( Parker, 1927) .

In Careiro da Várzea , this new species was found on sticks, vertical stems and Heliconia leaves, 10-200 cm above the ground or water, in secondary old forest or a forest pond, at night (between 19:45 h and 19:56 h). Tadpoles and advertisement call of S. sateremawe sp. nov. are unknown.

Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Tupi name Sataré-Mawé. The Sateré-Mawé (or Sataré- Maué) is an indigenous tribe inhabiting the middle Rio Amazonas, in the Rio Madeira-Rio Tapajós interfluvial area, where both localities from where the species is known are situated. The Sateré-Mawé are widely known for some legends regarding the domestication of the Guaraná plant ( Paullinia cupana Kunth ) ( Lorenz, 1992). Guaraná is present in all of Amazonia but is especially abundant in the region of the Rio Maués (Maués River). Its fruit is used to make is a popular beverage in Brazil and is often used as a stimulant.