Euparkerella robusta

Hepp, Fábio, De Carvalho-E-Silva, Sergio P., Telles De Carvalho-E-Silva, Ana M. P. & Folly, Manuella, 2015, A fifth species of the genus Euparkerella (Griffths, 1959), the advertisement calls of E. robusta Izecksohn, 1988 and E. tridactyla Izecksohn, 1988, and a key for the Euparkerella species (Anura: Brachycephaloidea: Craugastoridae), Zootaxa 3973 (2), pp. 251-270 : 264-265

Euparkerella robusta

Advertisement call (figure 9). Seventeen calls from four individuals were analyzed in detail. The advertisement call consists of a single note comprising 5–8 long pulses (x = 5.8 ± 0.8; Mo = 6.0; N = 17) repeated periodically ( Fig. 9 A, B). In all pulses, the attack is approximately of the same length as the decay. Pulse amplitudes are similar throughout the call; however, a second peak of amplitude occurs at the end of a pulse ( Fig. 9 C). In some calls, the amplitude and frequency are periodically modulated at the end of the pulses ( Fig. 9 D, E vs. no final modulation in Fig. 9 A, B). In modulated calls, the first pulse usually has the strongest upward sweep in frequency modulation, reaching the initial band before a second downward phase. Call Duration ranges from 1.290– 2.224 s (x = 1.659 ± 0.237; N = 17). There are as many as eight visible harmonics in the call. The Dominant Frequency corresponds to the fundamental one and ranges from 2906.2–3187.5 Hz (x = 3033.1 ± 95.3; Mo = 3000.0; N = 17). The Pulse Periods decrease slightly throughout the call, and range from 0.261– 0.498 s (x = 0.367 ± 0.065; N = 17) for the first period and 0.289– 0.355 s (x = 0.310 ± 0.019; Mo = 0.289; N = 17) for the last period. The Pulse Rate ranges from 3.0–3.9 pulses per second (x = 3.5 ± 0.2; N = 17). The Pulse Durations are long, ranging from 0.043– 0.116 s (x = 0.077 ± 0.011; Mo = 0.073; N = 99). There is no cryptic pulse.

Comparisons with the other species. Acoustically, Euparkerella robusta differs from E. brasiliensis and E. cochranae by having fewer pulses (5–8 in E. robusta vs. 9–20 in E. brasiliensis and E. cochranae ); longer Pulse Durations (43–116 ms in E. robusta vs. 2–10 ms in E. brasiliensis and E. cochranae ); longer Call Duration (1.3– 2.2 s in E. robusta vs. 0.4–0.6 in E. brasiliensis and E. cochranae ); and slower Pulse Rate (3–4 pulses/s in E. robusta vs. 16–45 pulses/s in E. brasiliensis and E. cochranae ). It differs from E. cryptica in having a shorter call duration (1.3– 2.2 s in E. robusta vs. 3.4– 6.2 s in E. cryptica ); absence of pulse clusters (vs. presence in E. cryptica ); longer pulses (43–116 ms in E. robusta vs. 3–11 ms in E. cryptica ); and faster repetition rate (3.0–3.9 pulses/s in E. robusta vs. 1.2–1.9 pulse sections/s in E. cryptica ). It differs from E. tridactyla by presenting fewer pulses (5–8 in E. robusta vs. 27–34 in E. tridactyla ); longer Pulse Durations (43–116 ms in E. robusta vs. 1–10 ms in E. tridactyla ); and slower pulse rate (3 or 4 pulses/s in E. robusta vs. 19–23 pulses/s in E. tridactyla ).

Figures

FIGURE 9. Euparkerella robusta from Mimoso do Sul, ES, Brazil. (A) Oscillogram and (B) audiospectrogram of an advertisement call (ASEC 17693) without frequency modulation. (C) Oscillogram of two pulses of an advertisement call (ASEC 17687) which presents the second amplitude peak and de periodic amplitude modulation at the end of the pulses. (D) Oscillogram, (E) audiospectrogram and (F) power spectrum of an advertisement call (ASEC 17684) which illustrates frequency modulation at the end of the pulses. Note the low number of pulses and their long duration. Audiospectrograms and power spectrums with Window function Hann, amplitude logarithmic, window size 512 samples, overlap 99 %.