Parahiranetis salgadoi Gil-Santana, 2015

Gil-Santana, Helcio R., Salomao, Adriana Trevizoli & Oliveira, Jader de, 2017, First description of the male and redescription of the female of Parahiranetissalgadoi Gil-Santana (Hemiptera, Reduviidae, Harpactorinae), ZooKeys 671, pp. 19-48 : 20-26

Parahiranetis salgadoi Gil-Santana, 2015 Figures 1-4, 5-13, 14-16, 17-20, 21-27, 28-32, 33-36, 37-41, 42-45, 46-52, 53-58, 59-62, 63

Parahiranetis salgadoi Gil-Santana, 2015: 32 [description], 33 [Figures 1-4], 34 [Figures 5-7], 34-35 [description]; Gil-Santana 2016: 93 [citation].

Material examined.

Parahiranetis salgadoi . Type material. BRAZIL, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Municipality, Holotype (female): Floresta da Tijuca [Tijuca Forest] / D[istrito] Federal [currently, Rio de Janeiro] / 31.x.1951 / C. A. Campos Seabra [leg.] // [ex] Coleção [Collection] Campos Seabra // ‘XXXII’ // Holotipo [red label] // Parahiranetis salgadoi Gil-Santana, 2015 / Gil-Santana det., (MNRJ); Paratype (female): Rio de Janeiro / 20.ix.[19]36 / H. S. Lopes [leg.] // Paratipo [red label] // Parahiranetis salgadoi Gil-Santana, 2015 / Gil-Santana det., (MNRJ).

Additional specimens.

BRAZIL, São Paulo, Jundiaí, Serra do Japi, 21.x.2014, 23°13'S, 46°56'W, 1.013 m.a.s.l., 01 female, 01 male, 30.x.2014, 23°14'S, 46°55'W, 900 m.a.s.l., 01 male, 31.x.2014, 23°14'S, 46°55'W, 900 m.a.s.l., 02 males, 03.xi.2014, 23°14'S, 46°55'W, 900 m.a.s.l., 03 females, 01 male, 14.xi.2014, 23°14'S, 46°55'W, 900 m.a.s.l., 01 female, 01 male, 21.xi.2014, 23°13'S, 46°56'W, 1.013 m.a.s.l., 02 males, 1.014 m.a.s.l., 02 females, 01 male, A.T. Salomão leg., (MNRJ).

Description.

Male. Measurements are given in Table 1.

Coloration: general coloration black, sometimes brownish, with reddish portions (Figs 1-3). Head, including antennae, black (Figs 2-3). Thorax mostly blackish; in some specimens variable blackish-brown on pleura, sterna and ventral portion of coxae; dark-reddish on anterior half of midline on fore lobe of pronotum, including midlongitudinal sulcus, in most specimens; disc of scutellum bright reddish; hemelytra generally black, sometimes dark brown, with a yellowish spot on external and mid-distal portions of corium (Fig. 1), reaching adjacent part of membrane, especially in basal portion of distal cell of membrane (Fig. 17); in one specimen a small dark-reddish spot present at extreme base of hemelytra, adjacent to propleura. Hind wing mostly brownish-black, with clear area at basal portion and in four lines parallel to veins (Fig. 17). Fore femur black to dark brown, frequently with dorsal surface paler, with dark yellowish tinge, and with a yellowish annulus; the latter is as distinct as the annuli on other femora in few specimens, but in most of them, it is very faint, sometimes almost imperceptible, and is situated somewhat distally to midportion of fore femora; this annulus is approximately 1/8 to 1/11 as long as fore femur and its midpoint is about 8 to 11% distal from midpoint of fore femur. Mid and hind femora black, with an evident yellowish annulus situated somewhat distally to midportion of each femur. On mid femora, the annulus is approximately 1/7 to 1/10 as long as the segment and its midpoint is about 5 to 8% distal from midpoint of mid femur, while on hind femora, the same relationships are around 1/8 to 1/11 and 7 to 9%, respectively. In few specimens, the submedian annuli of the mid and hind femora are clearer, almost whitish at midportion of each femur. Tibia and tarsi black; claws clearer, dark-yellowish, sometimes with some reddish tinge. Abdomen: segment II (first visible) almost completely reddish; somewhat elevated transverse anterior area on sternite II is clear, light-yellowish to yellowish; in many specimens, there is a very small linear blackish spot on superior portion of anterior margin of sternite II, just below connexivum. Sternite III mostly reddish, with connexivum completely blackish or mostly blackish with only extreme base or basal half reddish, or only with superior margin darkened; in some specimens area near connexivum is also darkened or blackish to a varying extent. Sternite IV mostly blackish, reddish laterally on anterior half; extent of reddish coloration is variable among specimens; remaining sternites and pygophore almost completely blackish; most specimens with a very small reddish spot on posterolateral angle of last sternite, just below connexivum; other small variations in some specimens: reddish faint tinge on inferior portion of connexivum of sternites IV and/or V; median portion of sternites VI and/or VII brownish-black to a varying extent.

Structure and vestiture: integument mostly shiny, smooth. In some specimens, a thin layer or small patches of sticky substance variably cover integument of antennal segment I and legs, especially on femora and tibiae of fore and mid legs, and/or are scattered on thorax and sternites. Head (Figs 2-3): elongate, approximately 1.3 to 1.4 times as long as width across eyes (length measured excluding neck), almost completely glabrous between eyes; integument shiny, with sparse long and short, straight or somewhat curved blackish setae, which are much denser, forming pubescence of long blackish thick setae on postocular portion and gula. Anteocular portion slightly longer than postocular; the latter, in dorsal view, narrowing gradually to form the neck. Postantennal spines small, somewhat acute or slightly rounded. Interocular sulcus deep, well-marked, curved laterally. A very shallow pair of elevations present anterior to interocular sulcus; sometimes, a thin midlongitudinal furrow present between these elevations. Antenna inserted at level of upper third of eye; antennal segments I and II straight (Figs 1, 4-5); segment I approximately 2.5 times longer than head, with shiny and smooth integument and very sparse, short (with variable lengths), stiff, darkened setae, which become more numerous on mesal surface, approximately in distal two-thirds (Figs 4-6); segments II–IV opaque; segment II, except at glabrous extreme base, covered with numerous short, stiff, semi-erect dark setae, intermixed with similar but longer setae, and a few (about eight to ten) very much thinner isolated elements (interpreted as trichobothria), which are present laterally on basal two-thirds and anteriorly on distal third (Figs 5, 7-8); segment III variably curved (Fig. 1), approximately 1.7 times longer than segment I, conspicuously thickened approximately in basal two-thirds (Figs 1, 5, 9, 11); thickened portion clearly separated in relation to the distal thinner portion (Figs 11-12) and, except at extreme base (which is glabrous) (Fig. 9), completely covered with very short, stiff, blackish, adpressed setae, and with scattered stiff, darkened, semi-erect setae (about twice longer) and a pubescence formed by longer, very thin, pale setae, which are almost imperceptible in this portion (Figs 9-10); distal third of segment III (Fig. 12) and segment IV (Fig. 13) covered with dense pubescence formed by short, thin, pale to whitish setae and with scattered short, darkened, stiff, semi-erect setae; the latter somewhat less numerous on segment IV; segment IV thinnest, moder ately curved, with its apex rounded; after drying, segment IV commonly appears to be very distorted with some portions shriveled (Fig. 13). Eyes globose, glabrous, projecting laterally, prominent in dorsal view, reaching dorsal margin of head at interocular sulcus, not reaching ventral margin of head, which is far from inferior margin of the eye (Figs 2-3). Ocelli elevated, much closer to eyes than to each other (Fig. 2). Clypeus straight (Fig. 2). Labium stout, curved, with scattered and somewhat curved, longer and thinner dark setae, reaching prosternum at proximal or mid portion; segment II (first apparent) thickest, straight, reaching level of middle portion of eyes, as long as segment III; segment III somewhat curved, reaching or almost reaching level of anterior margin of prosternum; segment IV shortest, triangular, tapering (Fig. 3). Thorax with shiny and mostly smooth integument; prothorax covered with very numerous blackish, thick setae on fore lobe of pronotum and anterior portions of propleura; hind lobe of pronotum with more sparse, shorter and thinner setae on dorsal portion, while on midline thin, short and whitish setae form a midlongitudinal line; basal portion of these setae is frequently covered with rounded, flocky patches of white wax-like substance, enhancing this white stripe (Figs 14-15). Anterior collar inconspicuous; anterolateral angles rounded. Midlongitudinal sulcus on fore lobe of pronotum becoming abruptly deeper at transverse sulcus to form a depression; lateral to the depression, two ill-defined oblique sulci present; transverse sulcus of pronotum not very deep, interrupted before middle by a pair of submedian shallow carina; midlongitudinal furrow on hind lobe very shallow or not evident; lateral longitudinal sulci well marked at posterior half to posterior two-thirds of hind lobe of pronotum (Fig. 14). Humeral angle elevated, rounded at lateral margin (Fig. 14). Scutellum subtriangular, elevated at disc, sometimes somewhat depressed at anterior portion, with scattered, moderately long, dark setae; apex acute, covered with thin, whitish setae, which frequently are basally covered by rounded, flocky patches of white wax-like substance. Posterior portion of propleura, mesopleura, metapleura and thoracic sterna covered with long darkened setae. Mesopleura and metapleura without tubercles. In some specimens, there is a patch of thin whitish setae basally covered with rounded, flocky patches of white wax-like substance, extending from superior margin and posterior portion of mesopleura to anterior portion of metapleura. Mesosternum somewhat elevated laterally, with a median U-shaped carina posteriorly (Fig. 16). Legs: coxae almost to completely glabrous on anterior and basal third portions; fore coxae with scattered, blackish, stout setae posteriorly; mid and hind coxae covered with numerous stout dark setae, including some longer setae on posterior portion and, to a varying extent laterally (Fig. 16). Trochanters densely covered with blackish stout setae and some longer elements ventrally; on ventral surface, one or a pair of fusiform, moderately narrow, glabrous areas. Femora and tibiae slender and elongate. Fore femur slightly longer than or approximately as long as head and pronotum together. All femora slightly dilated subapically, thickened basally, to approximately 1.6 to 1.8 times thicker than narrowest portion of the segment; narrowest portion of femora generally with yellowish annuli (somewhat distally to midportion); apices of all femora with a pair of lateral small tubercles. Femora covered with sparse, long, straight, blackish setae and dense, erect, brush-like setae ventrally, which are longer on basal portion and restricted to basal portion on hind femur. Fore tibiae somewhat enlarged at apex, where there is a dorsal spur and a mesal comb; mid tibiae with uniform thickness; hind tibiae somewhat enlarged in basal half and narrowing a little to apex; all tibiae with scattered, long, thick, blackish setae and dense, shorter, erect, brush-like blackish setae on ventral surface, which become progressively more numerous towards apex; hind tibiae along all portions densely covered with these erect, brush-like blackish setae, which are somewhat longer in slightly enlarged basal half; tarsi with dark shorter setae. Hemelytra long, surpassing abdomen by about half length of membrane; corium covered with curved, adpressed, short dark setae, which are somewhat more numerous over costal and subcostal veins; membrane glabrous; venation of hemelytra and hind wing as in Fig. 17. Abdomen: elongate; spiracles rounded; sternites with integument shiny, covered with long, moderately thin, scattered, dark setae; sternite II with a somewhat elevated transverse area on basal half; fusiform or elongated patches of minute, short, adpressed, thin, whitish setae present on basal half of midlateral portions of sternites III and IV (Figs 18-19); these setae are frequently covered with a variable amount of white wax (Figs 19-20); when more abundant, wax forms flocky patches around and over the setae; when more scarce, wax just covers setae along their lengths (Fig. 20). In some specimens, all abdominal patches of white setae are extensively covered with wax-like substance, while in others, the setae are not covered with the wax or only some of the setae are covered: generally, those of superior part of patches are more extensively covered by wax (Fig. 19).

Male genitalia (Figs 21-41): pygophore blackish, suboval in ventral view, with an enlarged, somewhat arrow-shaped apex (medial process, mp), in which lateral margins are acutely pointed and the median portion is rounded (Figs 21-22, 24); between anterior and posterior genital openings, a very well sclerotized dorsal (transverse) bridge (db) with a conspicuous median rounded dorsal prominence (Figs 21-22); dorsolateral margin of pygophore (between the bridge and insertions of parameres) with numerous, long, erect setae (Figs 21-22); exposed surface of pygophore with long, thick and dark setae ventrally; these setae are somewhat more numerous on apicolateral portions. Parameres (pa) symmetrical (Fig. 21), rod-like in shape, somewhat curved (Fig. 25); apices rounded, clear at basal third, becoming darker in apical half (blackish); glabrous in basal two-thirds and with long, stout, dark setae in apical third (Figs 21-22, 25); those setae at apicomedial margins even longer (Fig. 25). Phallus elongated, even when not completely inflated (Figs 30-33); articulatory apparatus with long basal plate arms (bpa) (Figs 33-34); basal plate arms (bpa) and basal plate bridge (bpb) narrow and forming a subrectangular set, except in apical portion, where the arms are curved (Figs 33-34); pedicel (pd) moderately short, slightly expanded towards apex (Figs 33-34). Dorsal phallothecal plate weakly sclerotized (Figs 35-36); somewhat expanded laterally at basal third and with small acute spines on lateral margins (Fig. 35); middle third enlarged, with lateral large lobes (LB) covered with very numerous spiny processes (Figs 31-33, 36); distal third together with central portion of basal two-thirds, forming a racket-shaped flat sclerite, with anterior margin largely rounded (Figs 33, 36); its distal third has also a pair of lateral large spines (LS) on its base and a thin median keel, which ends just before the apical margin (Figs 30-33, 36). Struts (st) with subparallel arms (Figs 33, 35-36). Endosoma wall smooth on basal half, becoming progressively more densely, minutely, spiny towards apex (Fig. 33); at distal third, endosoma forms a globe-shaped lobe (L), which is almost completely covered with numerous larger, spiny, somewhat sclerotized processes (Figs 26-29, 37); processes are absent from median portion, where the wall is only minutely spiny (Fig. 37); when the phallus is not completely inflated, larger spiny processes form two apicolateral groups of these processes (ag) (Figs 30-33, 38). The following endosomal processes were observed: 1 - a pair of elongate, parallel, flat, median and weakly sclerotized processes (fp), wrapped in smooth portion of endosoma wall (with fine longitudinal grooves) (Figs 26-28, 30-33, 38, 41); all of these lie dorsally to the other two basal processes described next (Fig. 28); 2 - a larger U-shaped basal process (u) formed by diffuse thickening (Figs 30, 39); 3 - a median subspherical process (m), situated between the lateral arms of the basal process and formed by a dense grouping of small thickenings (Figs 33, 38, 40).

Female. Figures 42-58. Similar to male in general. The recorded differences were: size (measurements presented in Tables 2 and 3; see comments below).

Coloration: yellowish rings on femora with the following relative values: on fore femora, the annulus is approximately 1/10 to 1/11 as long as fore femur and midpoint of annulus is about 8 to 12% distal from midpoint of fore femur; on mid femora, annulus is approximately 1/7 to 1/8 as long as mid femur and midpoint of annulus is about 8 to 10% distal from midpoint of mid femur, while on hind femora, the same relationships are about 1/7 to 1/11 and 8 to 9%, respectively. On abdominal sternites, generally reddish coloration extends to basolateral portion of sternite V (Figs 55-56).

Structure: Head: approximately 1.47 to 1.65 times as long as width across eyes (length measured excluding neck) in the type specimens; labial segment II (first apparent) slightly longer than segment III; antennal segment III somewhat thicker in basal portion (Figs 47-48), but much thinner as a whole than that in males, and becoming progressively thinner toward apex, without a clear separation between more or less thickened portions (Fig. 48); segment III is uniformly covered with pubescence formed by thin, pale setae (Fig. 51) (blackish, stiff, adpressed, very short setae that completely cover thicker portion in male are absent); segment III is approximately 1.1 to 1.3 times longer than segment I.

External genitalia (Figs 57-58): syntergite 9/10 (s) with very long, sparse, strong blackish setae; paired gonoplac (g) and posterior margin of first gonapophysis (fg) with strong shorter setae.

Comments.

In the type specimens, the head and the body length to the tip of the hemelytra are slightly longer than those in the specimens from the state of São Paulo. The body length to the tip of the abdomen is also slightly longer in the holotype (Table 3). Moreover, all females are larger than males (Tables 1-3). The minimum body length in females (to tip of hemelytra/tip of abdomen: 21.5/17.5) is greater than the maximum body length in males (19.5/14.7). Most of the other measurements are proportionally greater in females, in accordance with their bigger size (Tables 1-3). One clear exception is the antennal segment III, which is longer in males (8.9 to 9.7 mm in length; n = 6) than in females (7.7 to 8.3 mm in length; n = 4). Also, the antennal segment III shows evident thickening, approximately in basal two-thirds in males (maximum width: 0.24-0.32 mm) (Figs 1, 5, 9, 11), but not in females (maximum width: 0.14-0.17 mm) (Figs 42, 47-48, 51). This thickened region in males is completely covered by blackish, stiff, adpressed and very short setae (Figs 9-10, 12), which are absent in females (Fig. 51).

Distribution.

Brazil, in states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo (Atlantic tropical moist forest and Atlantic semideciduous forest, respectively).

Observation of live specimens.

Both nymphs and adults were observed in aggregates on tree trunks, where most individuals remained relatively motionless (Figs 59-63). The general coloration of nymphs is quite different from that of the adults. Nymphs have a general color pattern in which shades of gray and light brown predominate (Figs 59-60, 63). However, fifth-instar nymphs just before molting become reddish and progressively darker (Fig. 62).

Nymphs were not collected to allow them to reach the adult stage in the wild. Consequently, it is not possible to provide a formal description of them at this time.