Silene miksensis Fırat & K.Yıldız, 2016
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publication ID |
https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.273.4.4 |
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persistent identifier |
https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A87BCD68-8E20-6055-FF65-688978628828 |
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treatment provided by |
Felipe |
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scientific name |
Silene miksensis Fırat & K.Yıldız |
| status |
sp. nov. |
Silene miksensis Fırat & K.Yıldız View in CoL , sp. nov. ( Figs. 2 View FIGURE 2 , 4 View FIGURE 4 )
Type: — TURKEY. B 9 Van: Miks (Bahçesaray) district, Çıravis Mountains (Çiyayê Çirawîs), limestone and rocky slopes, 3343 m, 38°09′44″ N, 42°54′04″ E, 10 August 2011, Fırat 27345 ( holotype VANF, isotypes ANK, E, herb. M. Fırat).
Diagnosis: — Omnibus foliis lineari, lineari-subulatis, simplex pilosus, marginibus villoso-pilosis, steril germen folia 14‒39 × 1.0‒ 1.5 mm, foliorum superiorum 8‒23 × 1‒2 mm, rigidam et spinosis. Inflorescentia singularia vel 1‒2 flos, nervulis, semimarem duodecim. Calyx 15‒18 mm longus, distincte anastomosibus junguntur veined. Petala membrum ad 3/4‒4/4 biloba in duos lobos, laciniis 3‒5 mm longi, duo coronam obtuse c. 1 mm longa et duabus auriculis lateribus praesens. Anthophorum glabrum vel simplex pilosa, 5‒6 mm longum. Capsula oblonga usque ovoidea, 11‒12 × 4‒6 mm, omnino includitur in calyx, non illius vestimentis obvolutus stricta. Semina 1.6‒2.0 × 1.0‒ 1.2 mm, ± reniformia. Description (macro-morphology):―Perennial, shaped pillows, rigid, 10–30 cm, simple hairy, stems erect velatinuouspilose, steril leaves present, upper dichotomous, branching stems not equal length, leaf margins villosa-pilose. All leaves linear, linear–subulate, simple hairy, margins villose-pilose, below and steril shoot leaves 14–39 × 1.0– 1.5 mm, upper leaves 8–23 × 1–2 mm, rigid and spiny (pungent). Inflorescence frequently solitary or 1–2-flowered ± dichasial, hermaphrodite. Pedicel 5–40 mm long, simple hairs. Bracts are short, lanceolate, acuminate, with scarious margins. Calyx 15–18 mm long, pilose, especially in the upper parts purple-red color, distinctly anastomose veined, unvascular regions cream-colored, vessels does not undergo more than a color change in the early or late period, flowering period less swollen, becoming inflated and c. 10 mm broad at the apex in and conical fruit, calyx teeth about 3 mm, acute, margins hyaline and ciliate. Petals 5, glabrous, cream-coloured, petal limb bipartite 3/4–4/4 into two lobes, lobes 3–5 mm long, two coronal obtuse c. 1 mm scales and two auricules present, claw 5–8 mm long, exserted from calyx. Filaments 9–14 mm long, stylus, 4–6 mm long, upper parts hairy. Anthophore glabrous or simple hairy, 5–6 mm long. Capsule ovoid to oblong, 11–12 × 4–6 mm, entirely included in calyx, not wrapped tight. Seed reniform ±1.6‒2.0 × 1.0‒ 1.2 mm.
Description (seed testa micro-morphology):―Seed characters are consistent at the genus or species level and are therefore useful as systematic tools. As emphasized by numerous authors [e.g., Yıldız & Çırpıcı (1998), Yıldız (2006), Perveen (2009), Brullo et al. (2012), (2014a), (2014b)] seed testa ornamentations in the genus Silene play an important role chiefly regarding the taxonomic characterization at specific and infra-generic levels. They studied seed testa cells as diagnostic characters. The study on the seed macro and micromorphology of Caryophyllaceae species showed that the structure of the seed morphology is suitable for the classification of species which is reported herein. In particular, SEM observations in Silene miksensis emphasized that the seeds show relevant micro-morphological differences compared to those detected in the seeds of S. pungens . Seeds of S. miksensis reniform, 1.6–2.0 × 1.0– 1.2 mm, surface flat to concave, back rounded, obtuse tubercle present, granulation fine and medium, all plate suture outline (between testa cell) sharply serrate, especially surface cells elongated and near hylar zone cells are flat, testa cells of back prominent tubercules, hylar zone recessed.
Description (pollen morphology):―Pollen grains, 27‒33 μm diameter, sferoidal, 40–45 pores, pores 2.00−3.25 μm in diameter. Distance between pores 3.5−5.5 μm, ornamentation is microechinate-microperforate. Etymology:— This new species is named after Miks District (Bahçesaray), the only area where this species has been recorded.
Vernacular name:— Silene miksensis is called as “Mêşgir” by the local people of the Van province ( Fırat 2013)
Phenolgy:— Flowering time July‒August, fruiting time August‒October.
Distribution and habitat:— Silene miksensis occurs on the Çıravis Mountain only and it can be considered as endemic to eastern Turkey where it grows on rocky slopes mountain, at 3300–3400 m a.s.l. It represents the Irano- Turanian mountain element.
Conservation status:— The new species has been found in one location, the population area of occurrence being 1.8 km 2. The number of individuals observed is less than 250. Its habitat continue to decline due to pasturage. On the basis of the criterion B2ab (iii) the new species is to be considered as Critically Endangered (CR) ( IUCN 2014).
Taxonomical notes:— Silene pungens is the species more similar to S. miskensis from the morpological point of view. S. pungens shows a small size of seed (1.4–1.6 × 0.8–1.0 mm), with surface flat to a little concave, back rounded, obtuse tubercle present, testa cells of surface generally elongated and suture outline (between seed testa cell) generally serrate and near hylar zone cells outline sinuous, granulation medium, not densely, hylar zone recessed ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 , Table 1). Concerning the pollen, it is 23.5–32.0 μm in diameter, sferoidal, 24–30 pores, pores 4.00−6.5 μm in diameter, annulate in S. pungens , with distance between pores of 4.0−6.5 μm, and ornamentation is microechinate, reticulate ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 , Table 1).
Silene miksensis show morphological similarities also with other taxa which belong different sections.As concerns the swollen calyx structure of the fruit, similar are S. oreophila Boissier (1867: 617) [sect. Spergulifoliae (Boissier) Schischkin (Komarov & Schischkin, 1936: 652)], S. odontopetala Fenzl (1842: 9) [sect. Odontopetalae Schischkin ex Chowdhuri (1957: 240)], S. fabaria (Linnaeus) Sibthorp & Smith (1809: 293) [sect. Inflatae (Boissier) Chowdhuri (1957: 241) ]. For the leaves structure S. miksensis is similar to S. caryophylloides ( Poiret 1812: 416) Otth (1824: 369) subsp. eglandulosa ( Chowdhuri 1957: 270) Coode & Cullen (1957: 6) [sect. Pinifolia]. The auriculate petals resembles the taxa belonging to the sect. Auriculatae (Boissier) Schischkin (1936: 656). Anyway, because the leaves are rigid and spiny, S. miksensis can be considered as a member of sect. Pinifolia.
Further related species are S. oligotricha and S. crispans (both belonging to the sect. Auriculatae; see also Table 1). S. oligotricha is a Turkish endemic species and is mainly distributed in Tunceli, middle-eastern Anatolia, with basal leaves distantly ciliate near the base, otherwise glabrous (not pubescent as in S. miksensis ), inflorescence 1–3- or 5- flowered, peduncle glandular hairs (not frequently solitary or 1–2 flowered, peduncle simple hairs), anthophore 2–5 mm long, glabrous (not 5–6 mm long, glabrous or puberulous), seed 1.3–1.6 × 0.3–0.7 mm (not 1.6–2.0 × 1.0– 1.2 mm), pollen grains 22–30 pores (not 40–45 pores) ( Table 1).
Silene crispans is an endemic species to Iran (northern and middle part) with leaves (11–)6–20(–22) × 1–2 mm, linear-lanceolate (not 8–39 × 1–2 mm, lanceolate as in S. miksensis ), pedicel 0.5–7.0 mm long (not 5–40 mm), petal limbs bilobed to 1/3 (not 3/4–4/4), anthophore dense puberuolus (not glabrous or pubescent) ( Table 1).
The results of the evaluation, with the calyx long ( 20–35 mm), anthophore long ( 10–20 mm), and calyx shape, when occur the fruit of S. caryophylloides , because it has quite different properties, concluded that apart from the new species, it was found to be the nearest species to S. pungens . It is easily distinguished from S. miksensis by the base leaves linear-elliptic of S. oligotricha and S. crispans linear-lanceolate (not rigid). Thus, the new species was compared in detail with just S. pungens (sect. Pinifolia) ( Figs. 2–6 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 ).
Diagnostic key to Silene miksensis and S. pungens :— A dichotomous key referring to S. miskensis and the more similar species S. pungens follows and it should be added to the key of Silene as in Flora of Turkey ( Davis et al. 1988):
to 4/4 two lobes, seed 1.6‒2.0 × 1.0‒ 1.2 mm, pollen grains 40‒45 pores, microperforate ornemantation..................... S. miksensis
- Stem puberulous to tomentose, upper glandular hairs; 1‒3(‒5) flowered, calyx 10.5‒15.0 mm long, puberulous to pilose, sometimes glandular hairs; petal limb bipartite ipartite 2/3 to 3/4 two lobes; 1.4‒1.6 × 0.8‒1.0 mm, 24‒30 pores, reticulate ornemantation..................................................................................................................................................................................... S. pungens
Selected specimens examined: ( Paratype)— Silene miksensis . TURKEY. B9 Van: Miks (Bahçesaray) district, Çıravis Mountains (Cîyayê Çirawîs), rocky, 3345 m, 38°09′44″ N, 42°54′04″ E, 18 October 2013, Fırat 30498 (in fruit).
Silene pungens . TURKEY. B8 Erzincan, northern Erzincan, before Kolçekmez pass, 2045 m, K: 39 48,530 D: 39 31, 267, Yıldız, Minareci, Kuh, 21 July 2011, KY 361! Erzurum: Tecer Mountain, 1800–2100 m, vii 1853, Huet! B9 Van: Başkale, Ispiriz Mountain, 2600 m, Davis 23627!, Van: Başkale, Ispiriz Mountain, dry steppe, 2650 m, 38°04′17″ N, 43°56′23″ E, 18 August 2013, Fırat 30304, Van:Hoşap, Güzeldere pass, dry steppe, 2750 m, 38°11′41″ N, 43°54′29″ E, 11 August 2011, Fırat 27748, C9 Van: Şatak, Kavuşşahap Mountain, 3100 m, Davis 23135!
Silene oligotricha . TURKEY. B7 Tunceli, between Pülümür to Mutu, alpines steppe, 1780 m, 7 July 1959, Hub. - Mor. 15230!
Silene crispans . IRAN: Shahr.-Bust.: In decl. australibus M. Shahvar, in saxosis calc, 3500–3900 m, Rech. 5977, WU! Turkmenistan: In jugo Gaudan, 1500 m, Litwinow 735 LE! ( Type), M.Kular near Gaudan, Litwinow 731!
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