Fragosa Miranda, 2020

Miranda, Gil Felipe Gonçalves, Skevington, Jeffrey H. & Marshall, Stephen A., 2020, New generic concepts for orphaned lineages formerly treated as part of the genus Ocyptamus Macquart, 1834 (Diptera, Syrphidae), Zootaxa 4822 (2), pp. 151-174 : 153-154

Genus Fragosa Miranda gen. nov.

Figs 1–11 , 66 , 74, 76 , 78–83 , 92–95

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:59261D3C-F2FC-46FC-B54E-E3B205B56290

Type species: Baccha rugosifrons Schiner, 1868

Baccha obscuricornis species group. Hull (1949a)

Baccha victoria species group, in part. Hull (1949a)

Ocyptamus stenogaster species group. Thompson (1981); Mengual et al. (2012, 2018); Miranda et al. (2014, 2016)

Description. Delicate-looking flies. Head. Face very narrow to narrow (around 1/4 to less than 1/3 of head width). Frons usually ~1/3 of head width. Antennal insertions confluent. Female ocellar triangle adjacent or separated by approximately one ocellus-width from lateral eye margin. Dorsal occiput usually with two rows of pile (sometimes with one row). Thorax. Scutum without distinct anterior row of pile. Anterior anepisternum pilose. Katatergite with short microtrichia that gives the sclerite a ‘velvet’ appearance. Metaepisternum pilose. Metasternum bare. Upper calypter margin either bare, with pile shorter than pile on the ventral calypter margin, or with longer darker pile. Metafemur with normal pile. Wing. Alula often absent (some species with a trace of alula, e.g. F. harlequina ( Fig. 78 ) and F. mara ). Male wing light brown, usually bare on small basal areas of cells c, r and bm; female wing pigmentation and microtrichosity variable; anal lobe narrowed basally. Abdomen. Abdomen slender; tergum 1 crescent-shaped with lateral extremities directed laterally; terga usually only with quadrangular pale maculae on the baso-lateral corners of terga 3 and 4 ( Fig. 2 ). Terminalia. *Female tergum 7 quadrangular ( Fig. 8 ); female tergum 8 rectangular with concave basal and apical margins; *epiproct partially divided into a pair of separate sclerites connected to each other by a basal narrow strip or more extensively fused, each with baso-lateral apodemes extending into the abdominal cavity ( Fig. 8 ). Male basiphallus teardrop-shaped ( Fig. 11 ), distiphallus membranous with dorsal sclerotized triangular region ( Fig. 10 ).

Etymology. The name is a reference to the ‘brittle’ (Latin), delicate, aspect of these flies. It is to be treated as feminine.

Comments. This genus, equivalent to the former Ocyptamus stenogaster species group, is made up of relatively delicate flies ( Figs 1, 2 and 6 ) superficially similar to Baccha , Leucopodella , and the species of the Pelecinobaccha brevipennis group. Most species lack an alula ( Fig. 3 ), or have it reduced to a barely discernible trace ( Fig. 78 ), and have a reduced anal lobe, very long and narrow abdominal segments, a crescent-shaped tergum 1 with lateral extremities directed laterally ( Fig. 66 ), and (usually) quadrangular pale maculae on the baso-lateral corners of terga 3 and 4 ( Fig. 2 ). They usually have a very long and narrow 2 nd abdominal segment (over 8 times longer than wide) ( Figs 1, 2 ) with a naturally arched tergum giving the segment a cylindrical appearance. The unique condition of the female epiproct (see description above) is distinctive and provides strong evidence for the monophyly of the genus. Facial coloration seems to vary among specimens of the same species.

Fragosa gen. nov. and Hypocritanus gen. nov. share a dorsally sclerotized female cercus with setulae restricted dorsally ( Figs 8 , 14, 15 ), however, we consider this condition to be a plesiomorphy since recent phylogenetic analyses always keep them as separate taxa ( Mengual et al. 2012; Miranda et al. 2016). Furthermore, a single genus including both taxa would be hard to diagnose, while keeping them separated makes both genera distinct and diagnosable with their own unique characters. Both taxa prey on Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera) , and we hypothesize that the Neotropical Fragosa gen. nov. and the Nearctic Hypocritanus gen. nov. probably evolved independently to occupy the same ecological niche, explaining the absence of the other in each biogeographical region.

Based on morphological characters observed, and the sister group relationship of F. titania with the remaining Fragosa in a previous phylogenetic analysis ( Miranda et al. 2016), we propose two species groups for the genus Fragosa gen. nov.: F. rugosifrons and F. tenuis groups.

Figures

FIGURES 1–11. Fragosa Miranda gen. nov. 1: Fragosa sp. (INPA-DIP001362), female, habitus, dorsal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 2: Fragosa aff. titania (CNC), female, abdomen, dorsal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 3: Fragosa argentina (Curran) (CNC_Diptera196006), female, wing. 4: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088839), female, head, frontal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 5: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male, head, lateral view. 6: Fragosa sp., female, habitus, dorsal view, by Steve Marshall. 7: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male, epandrium, lateral view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 8: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088839), female, apex of abdomen, dorsal view, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 9–11. Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male. 9: epandrium, ventral view. 10: hypandrium, lateral view. 11: hypandrium, ventral view. ap: apodeme; b: basiphallus; bm: cell bm; br: cell br; c: cell c; d: distiphallus; e: epiproct; f: frons; h: hypandrium; oc: occiput; p: postgonite; s: surstylus; se: subepandrial sclerite; t: facial tubercle; t2, t3, t7 and t8: terga 2, 3, 7 and 8.

FIGURES 61–67. 61: Pseudoscaeva diversifasciata (Knab) (CNC_Diptera040088), female, katatergite, lateral. 62: Styxia eblis Hull (debu01088838), male, pleuron, lateral. 63: Hybobathus norina (Curran) (JSS25233), male, hypandrium, lateral. 64: Orphnabaccha aff. calda (CNC_Diptera210099), male, hypandrium, lateral. 65: Mimocalla erebus (Hull) (CNC_Diptera209355), male, epandrium, lateral, photo previously published in Mengual et al. (2018). 66: Fragosa argentina (Curran) (CNC_Diptera174232), female, tergum 1, dorsal. 67: Maiana callida (Hine) (CNC_Diptera105396), male, tergum 1, dorsal. c: cercus; ca: calypter; d: distiphallus; db: dorsal bridge; e: epandrium; h: hypandrium; k: katatergite; l: lobe; n: lateral notch; p: postgonite; ps: posterior spiracle; s: surstylus; t1: tergum 1.

FIGURES 68–77. 68: Maiana callida (Hine) (CNC_Diptera105396), male, abdomen, ventral. 69: Maiana pumila (Austen) (JSS32861), male, terminalia, oblique fronto-ventral. 70–73: Hybobathus pola (Curran). 70: female terminalia (CNC_Diptera 161361), apex, dorsal. 71–72: male terminalia (CNC_Diptera 161366). 71: hypandrium, ventral. 72: terminalia, lateral. 73: holotype Baccha pola Curran (AMNH), male, habitus, dorsal, by AMNH. 74: Fragosa aurora (Hull) (holotype Baccha aurora Hull, AMNH), male, habitus, dorsal, by AMNH. 75: Nuntianus variegatus (Macquart) (holotype Baccha variegata Macquart, MNHNP, ED8265), female, habitus, dorsal, by MNHNP. 76: Fragosa virgilio (Hull) (holotype Baccha virgilio Hull, CNC, CNC_Diptera189124), male, habitus, dorsal, by CNC. 77: Victoriana oblonga (Walker) (holotype Baccha oblonga Walker, BMNH, NHMUK 010369937), female, habitus, dorsal, copyright of The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. c: cercus; e: epiproct; h: hypandrium; l: lobe; n: lateral notch; p: postgonite; ph: phallus; s: surstylus; s4 and 5: sternum 4 and 5; t7: tergum 7.

FIGURES 78–88. 78: Fragosa harlequina (Hull) (holotype Baccha harlequina Hull, AMNH), male, thorax, lateral, by AMNH (line drawing represents outline of the alula). 79: Fragosa argentina (Curran) (CNC_Diptera174232), thorax, postero-ventral (line drawing represents outline of the incomplete post-metacoxal bridge). 80–81: Fragosa virgilio (Hull) (holotype Baccha virgilio Hull, CNC, CNC_Diptera189124), male. 80: habitus, lateral, by CNC. 81: head, oblique frontal, by CNC. 82: Fragosa titania (Hull) (JSS25229), female, head, dorsal. 83: Fragosa stenogaster (Williston) (debu01088840), male, head, dorsal. 84–85: Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann), female, head. 84: frontal, by Ximo Mengual (http://syrphidae.myspecies.info/ taxonomy/term/879). 85: lateral (CNC_Diptera501). 86–87: Nuntianus cecrops (Hull) (INPA-DIP000246), female, head. 86: dorsal. 87: lateral. 88: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (DEBU), female, head, lateral. a: alula; ai: antennal insertion; f: frons; ft: frontal triangle; lem: lateral eye margin; mt: metafemur; o: ocellar triangle; oc: occiput; pmt: post-metacoxal bridge; t: facial tubercle.

FIGURES 89–102. 89: Victoriana sativa (Curran) (holotype Baccha sativa Curran, AMNH), habitus, dorsal, by AMNH. 90– 91: Victoriana laudabilis (Williston) (holotype Baccha laudabilis Williston, BMNH, NHMUK010369870), copyright of The Trustees of the Natural History Museum, London. 90: base of abdomen and metafemur, dorsal. 91: base of wing, dorsal (line drawing represents outline of the alula). 92–95: Fragosa sp. (species group tenuis, CNC_Diptera196012), male. 92: hypandrium, lateral. 93: surstylus, ventro-lateral. 94: epandrium, lateral. 95: epandrium, ventral (line drawing represents outline of the subepandrial sclerite). 96–97: Nuntianus abata (Curran) (CNC_Diptera209361), male, hypandrium. 96: lateral. 97: ventral. 98: Syrphus conjunctus Wiedemann (currently incertae sedis, CNC_Diptera209347), male, hypandrium, lateral. 99: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (debu00279441), male, hypandrium, ventral. 100: Victoriana aff. melanorrhina (DEBU), female, terminalia, dorsal. 101: Victoriana parvicornis (Loew) (CNC_Diptera237922), terminalia, dorsal. 102: Maiana pumila (Austen) (debu00178088), female, terminalia, dorsal. a: alula; c: cercus; d: distiphallus; e: epiproct; l: lobe; p: baso-posterior pile; t7 and 8: tergum 7 and 8.

FIGURES 12–22. 12–15. Hypocritanus Miranda gen. nov.. 12: Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann), female, habitus, dorsal view, by Steve Marshall. 13: Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann) (debu01088980), male, epandrium, ventral view. 14–15. Hypocritanus fascipennis (Wiedemann) (debu00119165), female, terminalia. 14: dorsal view. 15: lateral view. 16–22. Maiana Miranda gen. nov. 16: Maiana pumila (Austen), female, habitus, dorsal view, by Steve Marshall. 17: Maiana sp. (INPA- DIP000172), male, head, dorsal view. 18: Maiana pumila (Austen) (JSS32861), male, wing. 19: Maiana pumila (Austen) (debu00178088), female, scutellum and tergum 1, dorsal view. 20–22. Maiana pumila (Austen) (JSS32861), male, terminalia. 20: epandrium, lateral view. 21: epandrium, ventral view. 22: hypandrium, lateral view. c: cercus; e: epiproct; h: hypandrium; p: postgonite; ph: phallus; s: surstylus; se: subepandrial sclerite; l: lobe; le: lobular expansion; lem: lateral eye margin; o: ocellar triangle; pem: posterior eye margin; t1: tergum 1.