Amygdalops LAMB, 1914

ROHÁČEK J., 2008, Revision Of The Genus Amygdalops Lamb, 1914 (Diptera, Anthomyzidae) Of The Oriental, Australasian And Oceanian Regions, Acta Zoologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 54 (4), pp. 325-400 : 327-330

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.12584953
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A2710835-FFB9-8C2D-9B35-B1D2FDD2F90C
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scientific name	Amygdalops LAMB, 1914
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Genus Amygdalops LAMB, 1914 View in CoL

Amygdalops LAMB, 1914: 357 View in CoL , Fig. 39 View Figs 38–43 , Pl. 21, Figs 48–51 View Figs 44–51 (masculine) [description]; FREY, 1958: 32 [key]; VOCKEROTH, 1977: 241 [catalogue]; HARDY & DELFINADO, 1980: 226 [diagnosis]; SABROSKY, 1980: 650 [catalogue]; ANDERSSON, 1984: 50 [catalogue]; VOCKEROTH, 1989: 548 [catalogue]; ROHÁČEK & FREIDBERG, 1993: 64, Figs 64–93 View Figs 64–71 View Figs 72–77 View Figs 78–85 View Figs 86–91 View Figs 92–98 , 119–120 View Figs 117–123 [key]; ROHÁČEK, 1998 a: 276 [key]; ROHÁČEK, 2004: 159–163 [redescription]; ROHÁČEK, 2006: 39–41 [redescription].

Type species: Amygdalops thomasseti LAMB, 1914: 358 (original designation)

Diagnosis – (1) Head slightly higher than long to distinctly longer than high.

(2) Eye large, very convex, elongately ellipsoid to rounded quadrangular, with longest diameter oblique. (3) Occiput strongly concave. (4) Frons very narrow; frontal triangle long, narrow and shining. (5) Frontal lunule reduced, indistinct. (6) Antenna strongly geniculate between pedicel and 1st flagellomere; pedicel overlapping base of 1st flagellomere. (7) Arista very long-pectinate, with longest rays dorsoproximally. (8) Palpus slender, with 1 distinct subapical seta. Cephalic chaetotaxy: (9) pvt small but crossed or strongly convergent; (10) vte and/or posterior ors longest of cephalic setae; (11) vti markedly shorter than vte, about as long as oc; (12) 2 long ors, the posterior in the middle of orbit, the anterior close to fore margin of frons; 2 (less often 1) microsetulae just in front of anterior ors; (13) a single row of minute postocular setulae; (14) 1 long vi and 1 somewhat shorter subvibrissa; (15) peristomal setulae few in number, short, but at least twice as long as postoculars.

(16) Thorax ( Fig. 1 View Fig ) distinctly narrower than head. (17) Pleural area with dark, longitudinal band at dorsal margin. Thoracic chaetotaxy: (18) 1 hu, 2 npl (anterior longer); (19) 1 short sa, 1 longer pa; (20) 1 small to minute prs; (21) 2 postsutural dc, both in prescutellar portion of scutum, the posterior very long, the anterior short to very small; (22) ac microsetae in 4–6 rows in front of suture; (23) 2 sc, the apical long, the laterobasal small; (24) 1 minute (to invisible) ppl; (25) 2 stpl, the anterior always shorter and weaker. Legs: (26) Fore leg usually yellow or femur and tibia partly darkened; (27) f 1 without ctenidial spine; (28) t 2 with distinct ventroapical seta; (29) male f 3 with posteroventral row of setae which are shortened and thickened in distal third. (30) Wing ( Figs 161–174 View Figs 161–162 View Figs 163–166 View Figs 167–170 View Figs 171–174 ) long and narrow; (31) wing membrane usually ornamented by dark preapical spot and some whitish areas, rarely unicolourous; (32) C without distinct spinulae; (33) R 2+3 long, sinuous, ending about twice farther from apex of R 4+5 than M; (34) R 4+5 straight to strongly sinuous; (35) R 4+5 and M slightly to strongly convergent in apical fourth of wing; (36) M usually straight but sometimes sinuous; (37) discal (dm) cell short and narrow, with cross-vein r-m situated near or in front of its middle; (38) CuA 1 short, usually not reaching wing margin; (39) A 1 and anal lobe reduced, anal cell narrow; (40) alula small and very narrow.

Abdomen of male. (41) T1 separate from T2, at least dorsally; (42) T2-T5 large and broad. (43) S1-S5 much narrower and usually paler than associated terga. Male postabdomen: (44) T6 small, transverse, weakly sclerotized and bare; (45) S6-S8 fused dorsolaterally ( Fig. 3 View Figs 2–4 ); (46) S6 strongly asymmetrical and its ventral part very short; (47) S7 asymmetrical, placed laterally; (48) S8 relatively long, less asymmetrical and situated dorsally.

Male genitalia ( Figs 2–7 View Figs 2–4 View Figs 5–7 , 14–19 View Figs 14–19 , 38–43 View Figs 38–43 ). (49) Epandrium moderately broad, with relatively sparse setae, 1–3 pairs of setae usually longer. (50) Medandrium variable in size, usually relatively high; (51) cercus short to long, weakly sclerotized, finely setose. (52) Gonostylus with longest setae in anterior half of inner side, micropubescence on outer side usually well developed. (53) Hypandrium with internal lobes flat and membranous; (54) transandrium ( Figs 7 View Figs 5–7 , 17 View Figs 14–19 , 30 View Figs 26–31 ) with caudal process usually represented by a pair of band-like sclerites, sometimes dorsally fused, rarely only single medial sclerite developed. (55) Pregonite fused to hypandrium, only posteriorly separated by narrow notch ( Figs 5 View Figs 5–7 , 16 View Figs 14–19 ), either incurved or somewhat projecting ventrally. (56) Postgonite usually simple and slen- der, more or less flattened and with characteristic basal sclerite attached to its proximal part. (57) Aedeagal part of folding apparatus ( Fig. 6 View Figs 5–7 ) originally dorsally dark and sclerotized (secondarily desclerotized and pale), attached to base of phallapodeme, laterally provided with lenticular or tuberculate armature; (58) connecting sclerite ( Figs 3 View Figs 2–4 , 6 View Figs 5–7 , 135 View Figs 129–135 ) usually slender and long, pale-pigmented. (59) Basal membrane usually with sclerotized structures (short spines or tubercles). (60) Phallapodeme with distinctly bifurcate base. (61) Aedeagus with short phallophore and (62) distiphallus composed of voluminous membranous saccus and slender sclerotized filum. (63) Membrane of saccus overgrown by rich spines of various lengths and thicknesses; (64) filum formed by 2 long, dark, slender and twisted band-like sclerites, terminating in membranous apex (rarely modified to compact sclerite). (65) Ejacapodeme small, with slender digitiform projection.

(66) Female abdomen with broader terga (T2-T6) and narrower sterna (S2-S5). (67) Postabdomen ( Figs 9–10 View Figs 8–13 , 45–47 View Figs 44–51 ) relatively broad and short, terga and sterna (except S6) well sclerotized and dark. (68) T6 and also S6 relatively large. (69) T7 laterally extended and reaching ventral side, usually embedding spiracles; (70) S7 strongly modified, usually narrow and characteristically pigmented, disparate or partly (anteriorly) fused with T7; (71) T8 plate-shaped, small, transversely suboblong; (72) S8 protruding posteromedially, with narrow, postero- (dorso)medial incision. (73) Internal sclerotization of female genital chamber (uterus) developed ( Figs 11, 13 View Figs 8–13 , 20, 24 View Figs 20–25 , 49, 51 View Figs 44–51 ) but usually weakly sclerotized, formed by fusion of 2 pairs of posterior crooked sclerites and (74) 1 anteroventral, transversely compressed, fine annular sclerite. (75) Anterior part of uterus with membranous pouch-like ventral receptacle ( Figs 12 View Figs 8–13 , 32 View Figs 32–37 ) having a digitiform or vermicular terminal projection. (76) Accessory glands of usual form, subterminally with dilated ducts. (77) Spermathecae (1+1) spherical to shortly pyriform ( Figs 8 View Figs 8–13 , 117 View Figs 117–123 ), with simple but distinct cervix, and with body surface carrying dark, usually short and blunt spinulae with minute stalked pale globules. (78) T10 small, at least partly dark, with 1 or (rarely) 2 pairs of dorsal setae; (79) S10 slightly larger and longer than T10, simple, densely micropubescent besides fine setulae. (80) Cerci relatively short and broad, with comparatively short setae, those on apex thicker than others, apical seta sometimes reduced to short pale spine.

Discussion – The genus Amygdalops can be best diagnosed by the combination of the characters No. 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 17, 20, 21, 27, 29, 31, 37, 38, 40, 54–57, 60, 70, 72, 75, 77 and 80. However, the Afrotropical genus Margdalops ROHÁČEK et BARRACLOUGH 2003 shares some of these features with Amygdalops , viz. No. 2–4, 12, 17, 27, 29, 39, 40, 75, 80. These characters are considered synapomorphic and demonstrating close (sister-group) relationships of these genera (for more detail see ROHÁČEK & BARRACLOUGH 2003 and ROHÁČEK 2004). With respect to plesiomorphic character states as found in Margdalops the monophyly of Amygdalops is supported by the following apomorphies, viz. (5) frontal lunule reduced, (7) arista very long-pectinate, (11) vti markedly shorter than vte, (20) prs reduced, (38) CuA 1 shortened, (54) transandrium medially with (usually paired) caudal process, (55) pregonite fused to hypandrium and posteriorly separated by a narrow notch, (57) aedeagal part of folding apparatus dorsally sclerotized and attached to base of phallapodeme and (70) female S7 strongly modified.

Amygdalops can be practically recognized by the characteristic ellipsoid eyes, position of ors and short vti, combined with long-pectinate arista, short prs, dc macrosetae in prescutellar position, pleura with dark dorsal band, wing with preapical dark spot, short and narrow dm cell and shortened CuA 1. This easily affiliates most species with Amygdalops , apart from taxa having wings without dark pattern (as is A. lineola ) or with pattern modified (as in A. stenopteryx and allies, see below). The latter species particularly resemble Margdalops but only in similar wing pattern (darkened band along anterior margin of wing) which apparently evolved independently in these groups. In such cases it is advisable to check the whole set of diagnostic features as enumerated above in this paragraph.

Amygdalops View in CoL is widespread in the tropical to subtropical belts of the Old World; hitherto 14 species have been described but this probably is only a small fragment of the existing species richness. For example, in the Afrotropical fauna there are 11 described species but at least 5 additional were recognized by Roháček (2004) which were left unnamed because of insufficient material. The same is true for the Oriental, Australasian and Oceanian fauna under study. A total of 15 species have been identified in the available material: A. geniculatus DE MEIJERE, 1916 View in CoL , A. lineola DE MEIJERE, 1916 View in CoL , A. nigrinotum SUEYOSHI et ROHÁČEK, 2003 View in CoL and 12 new species which are described below but only 8 of them are named; the remaining 4 were represented by females only, and, consequently, their naming is postponed pending discovery of male specimens. The species are dealt with below according to the systematic classification arrived at through the cladistic analysis of their relationships.