Cryptophyllium celebicum (de Haan, 1842) Cumming & Bank & Bresseel & Constant & Tirant & Dong & Sonet & Bradler, 2021

Cumming, Royce T., Bank, Sarah, Bresseel, Joachim, Constant, Je ́ ro ̂ me, Tirant, Stephane Le, Dong, Zhiwei, Sonet, Gontran & Bradler, Sven, 2021, Cryptophyllium, the hidden leaf insects - descriptions of a new leaf insect genus and thirteen species from the former celebicum species group (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae), ZooKeys 1018, pp. 1-179 : 1

publication ID	https://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1018.61033
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7E9360A5-A359-437A-91C0-04C74B1FE9D6
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9E1ECF64-5E4D-5FD6-AAC3-28B2E0E41250
treatment provided by	ZooKeys by Pensoft
scientific name	Cryptophyllium celebicum (de Haan, 1842)
status	comb. nov.

Treatment

Cryptophyllium celebicum (de Haan, 1842) View in CoL comb. nov. Figures 6C View Figure 6 , 8P View Figure 8 , 8P View Figure 8 , 9A View Figure 9 , 22 View Figure 22 , 23 View Figure 23

Material examined.

(11 ♀♀, 3 ♂♂, 5 eggs): 6 ♀♀: "Indonesia: Sulawesi" (Coll RC 16-069, 16-070, 16-075, 16-238, (nymph) 16-074, (nymph) 16-072); 2 ♀♀: "Indonesia: Sulawesi, Palolo, Palu, 2.2008" (Coll RC 16-071, (nymph) 16-073); 1 ♀: "Indonesia: Peleng, Tattendeng, Sept. 2019" (Coll RC 19-181); 2 ♂♂: "Indonesia: Sulawesi" (Coll RC 16-146, 16-076); 1 ♂: "Sulawesi, Central Sulawesi Province, Palu Palolo: February, 2008" (Coll RC 16-145); 1 ♀: "Coll. I.R.Sc.N.B., Indonesia, Sulawesi, Puncak BEI, Palopo, VI.2001" (RBINS); 1 ♀: "Indonesia: Bugadidi, ex culture T. Bollens" (RBINS); 2 eggs: "Indonesia: S-Sulawesi, Tiulapolu leg. Jasmin III.2008, F-1 Generation, Cultured F.Hennemann 2009 Ex. Coll. Frank Hennemann (Germany)" (Coll RC 18-250, 18-251); 3 eggs: "Indonesia: Sulawesi; removed from specimen Coll RC 16-075" (Coll RC 17-345, 17-346, 17-347).

Remarks.

This was the first species described within the newly erected Cryptophyllium gen. nov. and we herein designate it as the type species for this new genus. This species is now well-known and little confusion surrounds this species’ true identity. This has not always been the case however as for years it was the subject of repeated misidentifications by many authors (see Hennemann et al. (2009) for a thorough list of misidentifications which instead represented species such as Phyllium ericoriai Hennemann et al., 2009 from the Philippines and the closely related Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov. from mainland Asia). Gray (1843) appears to be the first to erroneously state that ' Phyllium celebicum ' occurs in the Philippines and Wood-Mason (1875) disrupted the mainland Asia identifications when he claimed that ' Phyllium celebicum ' could be found in Myanmar. These two works snowballed for decades as nearly all specimens from Northern Thailand (a major commercial breeding site for Cryptophyllium westwoodii comb. nov.) were sold as ' Phyllium celebicum ' therefore confusing collectors and researchers. Additional confusion likely occurred due to the fact that the last publication explicitly recording the holotype ' Phyllium celebicum ' appears to have been by Willemse (1947 [1945]) when he illustrated it and then it subsequently went missing despite several attempts to locate it by other authors (for example by Hennemann et al. in April of 2006 in their review of the RMNH collection). Thankfully the holotype specimen was located by the authors of this work while reviewing photographs of the RMNH collection and appears to have been overlooked as it was misplaced and labeled with "Type, Phyllium Pulchriphyllium crurifolium Serv., 1938 (sic!)", a simple mistake but one that shows how important proper labeling can be. Now the holotype is properly labelled, and we here present the first photographs of this important specimen (Fig. 22 View Figure 22 ).

Interestingly, this species is commonly collected and sold from the forest of Sulawesi solely as green color form specimens, but nearly all captive bred individuals are yellow to orange in coloration (Fig. 23B, D View Figure 23 ) with green individuals captive reared quite rare (Fig. 23A View Figure 23 ). Molecularly, we unfortunately do not have a wide sampling from throughout Sulawesi or the surrounding islands so we do not yet know the average intraspecific variation on Sulawesi. We were able to obtain a molecular sample from Peleng Island off the northeast Sulawesi coast which shows a notable molecular distance from our single mainland sample (Fig. 4 View Figure 4 ). This Peleng specimen did not have significant morphological differences to differentiate it from the mainland series we examined, and due to our lack of sampling from throughout Sulawesi within this review we treat this offshore population as identical. Perhaps additional molecular sampling will reveal the true intraspecific variation of this species and warrant the Peleng population to be described as a sister species one day.

Differentiation.

Females can be differentiated by the following combination of features: mesopleura which are narrow on the anterior half, alae which are ca. ½ the length of the tegmina, and profemoral exterior lobes which are broad and slightly recurved which gives them an acute angle at the bend. Two species which are morphologically very similar are Cryptophyllium echidna sp. nov. and Cryptophyllium limogesi sp. nov. due to the abdominal and femoral lobe shapes. Cryptophyllium echidna sp. nov. is the molecular sister species to Cryptophyllium celebicum comb. nov. and morphologically very similar with the only easy to differentiate feature being the profemoral exterior lobe which in Cryptophyllium echidna sp. nov. is nearly right angled, not slightly recurved with an acute angle. The male and egg morphology are not known for Cryptophyllium echidna sp. nov. but hopefully once that is observed, additional features can be identified. Cryptophyllium limogesi sp. nov. has a very similarly shaped abdomen and exterior profemoral lobes, but can immediately be differentiated by the mesopleura, which are prominent and reach nearly to the anterior rim (Fig. 42E View Figure 42 ) vs. Cryptophyllium celebicum comb. nov. which has the mesopleura narrowed on the anterior rim (Fig. 22E View Figure 22 ).

Males are rather morphologically unique as they have profemoral exterior lobes, which are broad and strongly angled almost to a right angle. No other known males of Cryptophyllium gen. nov. have such a prominent profemoral exterior lobe as they either have a narrow rounded lobe (like in Cryptophyllium yunnanense comb. nov.; Fig. 75B View Figure 75 ) or an exterior profemoral lobe, which at most is broad with a distinct bend, but still clearly obtuse (like in Cryptophyllium limogesi sp. nov. or Cryptophyllium oyae comb. nov.; Fig. 50B View Figure 50 ).

Distribution.

Known from throughout the island of Sulawesi and from the nearby offshore islands of Peleng to the east and Buton to the south.