Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) modesta Saunders, 1852

Qiu, Jian-Yue, Xu, Hao & Hu, Chun-Lin, 2013, Revision of the subgenus Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae), Zootaxa 3745 (4), pp. 401-434 : 405-410

Cosmiomorpha (Cosmiomorpha) modesta Saunders, 1852

( Figs. 8–9 , 21–22 , 35–36 , 48 , 61–62 , 76–88, 151, 158, 165, 174–176)

Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders, 1852: 29 (type locality: east China), plate 3, figs. 1 ♂, 2 ♀; Heyne & Taschenberg 1908:106, plate 19, figs. 38 ♀; Schenkling 1921: 61; Medvedev 1964: 53, figs. 60– 72 ♂&♀; Mikšić 1977: 362, fig. 42 ♂; Zhang 1984: 36, larva, plate VII, figs. 84–86; Ma 1995: 62; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 235, plate 60, figs. 671 ♂; Krajčik, 1998: 19; Smetana 2006: 301; Krajčik 2011: 12.

Male. TL: 19.5–24.0 mm, TW: 9.0–12.0 mm. Body concolorous, usually reddish brown to dark brown; dorsal surface clad with yellow scales (Figs. 76, 78–80). Clypeus subrectangular, anterior margin slightly raised with a shallow central depression ( Figs. 21–22 ). Pronotum densely scattered with small round setiferous punctures; scales obovate or oblanceolate, yellow ( Figs. 61–62 ). Elytra clad with numerous setiferous punctures; scales oblanceolate, yellow, denser and longer on postdiscal portion; humeral umbone darker. Mesometasternal process short, usually oval ( Figs. 8–9 ). Abdominal sternites usually concolorous. Ventral surface clad with numerous linear yellow scales. Tibiae concolorous with body. Protibia slim, the proximal tooth reduced or absent ( Figs. 35–36 ); a row of small mastoid teeth on ventral surface, the deflexed tooth long and sharp ( Fig. 48 ). Tarsi dark brown to black; basitarsus of protarsus evidently clavate ( Fig. 48 ). The brush-like golden setae along the inner margin of mesotibia and metatibia usually dense and stout. Parameres elongate, outer margins slightly constricted and proximal part slightly expanded in apical view; apex pointed with a small tuft of curved yellow setae ( Fig. 151 ).

Female. TL: 20.5–23.5 mm, TW: 10.0–12.0 mm. Color similar to male (Figs. 81–83). Clypeus subrectangular.

Mesometasternal process shorter, oval. Abdomen convex; the last abdominal sternite with a row of stout golden setae along the posterior margin. Legs shorter; protibia with 3 large teeth along outer margin; the spine in the middle of each mesotibia and metatibia usually more acute; tarsi slim and short.

Variation. In both sexes, body color ranges from reddish brown to almost black; some light-colored individuls with markings on pronotum: two indistinct longitudinal erose dark areas on the disc or without; two diffuse, elliptical, dark maculae near the lateral margins respectively (Figs. 78, 84). The density of scales on dorsal surface varies between individuals. Usually larger individuals have more evident characters and broader body form.

Type material examined. Syntype of Cosmiomorpha modesta : North China [handwriting on yellowed round label]/ 52, 14 [handwriting on yellowed round label, mean type deposited in BMNH in the year 1852 with an accession number 14]/ Cosmiomorpha modesta Saund. ♂ type [handwriting on yellowed label] / Type [printed on round yellowed label with red border in black ink]/ BMNH-1051433 (1 male, BMNH, Figs. 85–86).

Comments on type material. One male and two female specimens were mentioned in the original publication (Figs. 87–88), and the name-bearing type was not fixed in the original publication (Saunders 1852). However, only the male was labeled as a “ type ” in BMNH in good condition, the other two female syntypes probably have been intermingle with other specimens. The type series were collected by Robert Fortune (1812–1880) when he traveled in “north China ”, between the parallels of 26° and 32° N, and 116° to 120° E (Saunders 1852). In fact, Fortune misinterpreted east China as north China (Fortune 1853, Luo 2005). This region includes Shanghai, Zhejiang and parts of Fujian, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Anhui.

Other material examined (30♂♂, 20♀♀). CHINA: Shandong: 1♂ (QCCC), 1.VII.2013, Mt. Linsishan, Shanjiao, Guocheng, Haiyang, 37°00'29" N, 121°07'31" E, alt. 170 m, Ri-Xin Jiang leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 14.VII.2013, ibid., Ri-Xin Jiang leg. Henan: 4♂♂, 7♀♀ (SYSM, No. En–398857~398860, En-398864~398870), VIII.1936, Mt. Jigongshan, Xinyang, no collector recorded; 1♂ (HBUM), 9.VII.2005, Mt. Taibaiding, Tongbai County, Chao Gao & Ji-Liang Wang leg.; 1♀ (HAUZ), 01.VII.2006, Mt. Fuxishan, Gongyi, no collector recorded. Hubei: 1♂ (SYSM, No. En–398856), 1~ 14. VII. 1935, Hupeh Prov. China. Hwang-mei & vicinity. Hwang-mei FI GURES 76 – 88. Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders, 1852 . 76–80. Male: 76–78. (Zhejiang); 79. (Anhui); 80. (Jiangsu); 81– 83. Female: 81. (Anhui); 82–83. (Jiangsu); 84. Male pronotum (Jiangsu); 85–86. Male syntype and labels; 87–88. Illustrations of syntypes in the original publication.

Dist. [Huangmei County], H. W. Djou leg.; 1♀ (SWUC), 1957, Huazhong Institute [predecessor of Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences in 1955-1958], Wuchang, Wuhan, no collector recorded / Cosmiomorpha angulosa Fairmaire , det. Bin Chen, 1993. Anhui: 1♂, 2♀♀ (NJAU), VII.1964, Chuxian County, no collector recorded / Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders , det. Anonymous; 1♂ (QCCC), 11.VII.2011, Mt. Langyashan, Chuzhou, 32°17'07.79" N, 118°16'56.64" E, alt. 90 m, Jian-Yue Qiu leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), 10~ 13.VII. 2011, ibid., Xue- Mei Huang leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), 10.VII.2012, ibid., Pei-Yun Jin leg. Jiangsu: 1♀ (NJAU), 19[??], Nanjing, no collector recorded / Cosmiomorpha setulosa Westwood , det. Anonymous; 1♀ (NJAU), 3.VII. [19]86, Mt. Yuntaishan [in Lianyungang], no collector recorded; 1♂ (NJAU), 1.VII. [19]86, Mt. Back Yuntaishan [in Lianyungang], no collector recorded; 1♀ (QCCC), 10~ 13.VII.2010, Daibu, Liyang, Yi-Bin Liao leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), 11.VII.2003, Tieshansi National Forest Park, Xuyi County, Huaian, Mei-Qiong Luo leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), 9.VII.2001, Weiqiao, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 32°02'35.37" N, 118°49'27.05" E, alt. 20 m, Ping-Ping Xu & Qing Xue leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 4.VII.2013, Mt. Zijinshan, Wukesong, Xuanwu District, Nanjing, 32°03'18.35" N, 118°52'35.84" E, alt. 66 m, Hai-Tian Song leg.; 2♂♂ (QCCC), 14.VII.2013, Mt. Damashan, Nanjing, 32°05'01"N, 118°34'58" E, alt. 188 m, Jian-Yue Qiu & Hao Xu leg. 2♂♂ (QCCC), 14.VII.2012, ibid., Cong-Wu Feng leg. Zhejiang: 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 20.VI.2012, Mt. Dapanshan National Nature Reserve, Pan’an County, Jinhua, Su-Jiong Zhang leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), 10.VIII.2010, Mt. Laoyingshan, Zhuji, alt. 150 m, Tie-Xiong Zhao leg.; 1♂, 1♀ (QCCC), 06.VI.2011, Mt. Qiandashan, Zhuji, alt. 300 m, Tie-Xiong Zhao leg.; 1♂ (QCCC), 30.VI.2012, ibid., Tie-Xiong Zhao leg. Fujian: 1♂ (SYSM, No. En-398861), VI.1933, Fukien South China, cha-shan kien-ning District [in Jianning County, Sanming], D. C. Ngu leg.; 1♂ (SYSM, No. En-398863), 6~ 29.VII.1932, ibid., S. B. Tang leg.; 1♂ (SYSM, No. En-398862), 6~ 29.VII.1932, Fukien South China, kuliang Foochow Minhow District [now Guling, Jin’an District, Fuzhou], S. B. Tang leg. Jiangxi: 1♀ (SWUC), VII~ VIII.1992, Nanchang, Zhong-Liang Peng leg. / Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders , det. Anonymous. Chongqing: 1♂ (SWUC), VII.195[?], Mt. Jinfoshan, Nanchuan District, Sichuan Prov. [now in Chongqing], Wen-Bing Zhu leg./ Cosmiomorpha modesta Saunders , det. Anonymous. Guangxi: 2♂♂, 1♀ (QCCC), VII.2006, Mt. Damingshan, Wuming County, no collector recorded.

Distribution. China: Beijing, Shandong, Henan, Hubei, Anhui (new record), Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi, Chongqing (new record), Guangxi (new record). The following distribution is doubtful: Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Guizhou, Yunnan, Hainan.

Natural history. Adults were observed feeding on sap on branch of Broussonetia papyrifera (Moraceae) ( Fig. 175 ) and trunk of Quercus spp. ( Fig. 176 ).

Remarks. Cosmiomorpha modesta is mainly distributed in eastern China. Mikšić (1977) recorded this species from Beijing, Shandong (Qingdao), Zhejiang (Ningbo), and Jiangxi (Jiujiang). Miwa’s (1931) record of C. modesta from Taiwan (Horisha, now Puli, Nantou County) is presumably a misidentification of C. sauteri . No other conspecific specimen has been found so far, and therefore C. modesta is not considered to occur in Taiwan (Yu et al. 1998).

Ma’s records of Chinese cetoniines are usually without any specimen data, and her descriptions and illustrations were always inexact, even incorrect. Ma (1995, 2001) described C. modesta as “pronotum usually with two indistinct longitudinal erose dark brown areas on the disc, or four black maculae near the lateral and basolateral margins respectively”. However, except rare individuals with indistinct dark areas (Figs. 82, 84), we found no specimen that accorded with her description. Sometimes the diffuse dark areas on the pronotal disc of light-colored individuls confuses C. modesta with C. decliva ( Fig. 96 ), perhaps Ma misidentified the two species. Consequently, the occurrence of C. modesta in Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Zhejiang (Mt. Tianmushan, Lin’an), Hunan (Mt. Tianpingshan, Zhangjiajie), Guizhou (Shiqian County), Yunnan, and Hainan (Ma 1987, 1993, 2001, 2002) is doubtful. The two species can be distinguished by: the tarsi of C. modesta are usually black or dark brown, while the tarsi of C. decliva are orange red with the apical portion of each tarsomere is dark brown ( Figs. 89–96 ); the deflexed tooth of C. modesta is long, but short in C. decliva ( Figs. 49–51 ). Moreover, the clypeus of male C. modesta is subrectangular (ventral view) while that of C. decliva is subtrapezoidalal ( Figs. 23–24 ).

Figures

FIGURES 1 – 20. Mesosternal process of male Cosmiomorpha species. 1 – 4. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 1. Holotype; 2 – 4. Paratypes; 5. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 6. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 7. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype; 8 – 9. Cosmiomorpha modesta: 8. (Jiangsu); 9. (Guangxi); 10. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 11 – 20. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 11. (Sichuan); 12. Cosmiomorpha squamulosa (Gansu), lectotype; 13. (Hunan); 14. (Sichuan); 15. (Guangxi); 16. (Fujian); 17. Cosmiomorpha baryi (N. Vietnam), “ allotype ”; 18. (Jiangxi); 19. (Fujian); 20. (Guangxi). Not to the same scale.

FIGURES 21 – 34. Head of Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal and ventral view. 21 – 22. Cosmiomorpha modesta; 23 – 24. Cosmiomorpha decliva; 25 – 26. Cosmiomorpha sauteri; 27 – 28. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, holotype; 29 – 30. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 31 – 32. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 33 – 34. Cosmiomorpha c heni new species, holotype. Not to the same scale.

FIGURES 35 – 47. Protibia and basitarsus of male Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal view. 35 – 36. Cosmiomorpha modesta: 35. (Jiangsu); 36. (Guangxi); 37 – 38. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 37. (Sichuan); 38. (Guangxi); 39 – 40. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 41 – 43. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 41. Holotype; 42 – 43. Paratypes; 44. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 45 – 46. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species: 45. Holotype; 46. Paratype; 47. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 48 – 60. Protibia and basitarsus of male Cosmiomorpha species in lateral view. 48. Cosmiomorpha modesta (Jiangsu); 49 – 51. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 49. (Sichuan); 50. (Guangxi); 51. (Fujian); 52 – 53. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 54 – 56. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 54. Holotype; 55 – 56. Paratypes; 57. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 58 – 59. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species: 58. Holotype; 59. Paratype; 60. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 61 – 75. Scales on pronotal disc of male Cosmiomorpha species 61 – 62. Cosmiomorpha modesta (Zhejiang); 63 – 65. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 63. (Fujian); 64. (Sichuan); 65. (Fujian); 66 – 67. Cosmiomorpha sauteri (Taiwan); 68 – 72. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species: 68. Holotype; 69 – 72. Paratype; 73. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 74. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 75. Cosmiomorpha cheni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 151 – 164. Parameres of Cosmiomorpha species in dorsal and apical view. 151, 158. Cosmiomorpha modesta; 152, 159. Cosmiomorpha decliva; 153, 160. Cosmiomorpha sauteri; 154, 161. Cosmiomorpha fortis new species, holotype; 155, 162. Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, holotype; 156, 163. Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, holotype; 157, 164. Cosmiomorpha c heni new species, holotype.

FIGURES 172 – 180. Habitats of Cosmiomorpha species. 172. Habitat of Cosmiomorpha nigripedis new species, Cosmiomorpha maolanensis new species, and Cosmiomorpha decliva (Libo, Guizhou). 173. Habitat of Cosmiomorpha fortis new species (Guiyang, Guizhou). 174 – 176. Cosmiomorpha modesta: 174 – 175. Habitat and male feeding on sap on a branch of Broussonetia papyrifera (Mt. Damashan, Nanjing, Jiangsu); 176. Male feeding on sap on trunk of Quercus (Mt. Qiandashan, Zhuji, Zhejiang, by Tiexiong Zhao). 177 – 180. Cosmiomorpha decliva: 177 – 178. Habitat and adults mating on the ground (Mt. Qilishan, Xiangyang, Hubei, by Mao Ye); 179 – 180. Male on ground and female in bush (Mt. Shaoshishan, Dengfeng, Henan, by Long Zhang).

FIGURES 89 – 96. Cosmiomorpha decliva Janson, 1890. 89 – 96. Male: 89 – 90. (Sichuan); 91. (Shanxi); 92. (Henan); 93. (Fujian); 94 – 96. Female: 94 – 95. (Fujian); 96. (Henan).