Glenognatha argyrostilba ( O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 ) Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016

Jimmy Cabra-García & Antonio D. Brescovit, 2016, Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae), Zootaxa 4069 (1), pp. 1-183 : 45-52

Glenognatha argyrostilba ( O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876) new combination

( Figs. 31–37 , 131 )

Pachygnatha argyrostilba O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876: 573 , pl. 59, fig. 8 (male lectotype and female paralectotype from Alexandria, Egypt, deposited in Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford, not examined).

Dyschiriognatha argyrostilba: Simon, 1893: 324 ; Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994: 346, fig. 132–147; Saaristo 2003: 22, fig. 19– 20; Saaristo 2010: 233, fig. 36.24–26; Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1C, 2B, 4 A, 5B–C, 7B; World Spider Catalog 2015.

Pachygnatha (Dyschiriognatha) argyrostilba: Pavesi, 1895: 504 .

Dyschiriognatha montana Simon, 1897: 868 (male and female syntypes from St. Vincent Islands, Lesser Antilles, deposited in BMNH, examined through photographs of the habitus and male genitalia). New synonymy.

Glenognatha mira Bryant, 1945: 405 (female holotype from Miragoane , Haiti, 2.xi.1934, Darlington leg., deposited in MCZ, examined). New synonymy.

Dyschiriognatha atlantica Holm, 1969: 63 , fig. 1–5 (male holotype from Sandy bay beach, St. Helena island, 11.i.1966, P. Basilewsky, P. Benoit & N. Leleup leg., deposited in MRAC, not examined); Benoit 1977: 160, figs. 69a–e. Synonymized by Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994.

Glenognatha maelfaiti Baert, 1987: 141 , figs. 1–7 (male holotype from Cerro Maternidad, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, 15.ii–1.iii-1986, deposited in RBINS, not examined, paratypes: 13♀ 2♂ 1 immature from Transect Pto. Ayora-Itabaca, zflank, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, 15.ii–1.iii-1986 Baert, Maelfait et Desender leg., deposited in RBINS 27047, examined; 36♀ 19♂ 5 immature from Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, deposited in RBINS, not examined); Cabra-García et al. 2014: 1029, figs. 1N, 3B, 4E, 6C, 8G. New synonymy.

Transfer justification. Study of D. argyrostilba specimens collected in Africa and drawings of the type material (see Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994), shows that this species has all the synapomorphies of the genus Glenognatha . Conductor ( Figs. 35B–C , 37 A –B ), embolus ( Figs. 35D , 37 A –B ), paracymbium ( Figs. 35H , 37B ), female genitalia ( Figs. 36 A –D, G–J ) and tracheal system ( Figs. 36E–F, 36K–M ) exhibit the typical Glenognatha morphology.

Synonymy justification. Examination of the available type material of D. montana , G. mira and G. maelfaiti , shows that these types have the diagnostic characters of G. argyrostilba and these three species should be considered as junior synonyms. Male palps of D. montana and G. maelfaiti have the conductor lamina sinuous in ventral view and the conductor retrolateral apophysis tip sharpened as observed in G. argyrostilba . In addition, the uterus externus of G. mira and G. maelfaiti is wider than long as characteristic for G. argyrostilba . It was not possible to examine the female genitalia of D. montana , nevertheless based on the male palp and the female chelicerae morphology we consider it as a junior synonym of G. argyrostilba .

Diagnosis. Males and females of G. argyrostilba resemble those of G. dentata and G. tangi by the presence of pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions on the lateral surface of the carapace ( Figs. 31 A, E , 37D–E ). Males can be distinguished from the former by the absence of tooth-like projections on the conductor lamina ( Fig. 37 A ) and from the latter by the shape of the conductor lamina which is sinuous in ventral view ( Figs. 35B , 37 A ). Females can be distinguished from both species by the UE which is wider than long ( Figs. 36 A, G ).

Description. Male and female described by Bosmans & Bosselaers (1994). Additional data.

Male (CAS 9056025). Habitus as in Figures 31 A –D . Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions ( Fig. 31 A ). Chelicerae with reduced CFO ( Fig. 33 A ). Prt2 and Prt3 closer to each other than to Prt1 ( Figs. 33 A, C ). Ret2 and Ret3 closer to each other than to Ret1 ( Fig. 33B–C ). Palp as in Figures 35E–H . Conductor enclosing the embolus ( Figs. 35 A, E ).

Female (CAS 9056025). Habitus as in Figure 31E–H . Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setaebearing depressions ( Fig. 31E ). Sternum with setae-bearing depressions ( Fig. 37C ). Chelicerae as in Figures 33D– F . Tracheal system as in Figures 36E–F . Genitalia as in Figure 36 A –D . Spermathecae well-developed ( Fig. 36D ). UE entire ( Fig. 36 A ).

Variation. Male total length 1.6–2.2 (N =10; average 2.0), cephalothorax length 0.8–1.2 (N = 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.0–1.3 (N = 10; average 1.2). Female total length 2.1–2.6 (N = 10; average 2.4), cephalothorax length 0.9–1.1 (N = 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.1–1.4 (N = 10; average 1.2). Habitus and chelicerae of Ecuadorian specimens as in Figures 32 and 34 .

Distribution. Known from the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions ( Fig. 131 ).

Additional material examined (N = 31). ECUADOR: Galápagos: Isabela, [0º55´S, 91º0´W], elev. 2m, 2– 15.iii.1989, Peck & Sinclair leg., 1♂ ( AMNH); [0º16´S, 90º41´W], elev. [300m], 10.iv.1982, Y. Lubin leg., 2♀ ( MCZ 125476 ).

New records. SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA: CUBA: Pinar del Río: Soroa , [22º46´S, 82º59´W], elev. [82m], 27–29.iv.1983, P.J. Sangler & Iliana Fernandez G. leg., 1♂ ( USNM) ; San Vicente, [20º5´S, 75º46´W], elev. [125m], 7.ii.1981, P. J. Spangler & A. Vega leg., 2♂ 6♀ ( USNM) . Sancti Spiritus: Gaviña, Sierra Escambray , [21º56´S, 79º26´W], elev. [67m], 13.ii.1981, P.J. Spangler & A. Vega leg., 1♀ ( USNM) . HAITI: Sud: Lévy (1 Km NE), [18º18´N, 73º 51´W], elev. [185m], 10–11.ix.1981, P. Spangler & R. Faitoute leg., 1♂ ( USNM) . JAMAICA: Kingston: [18º16´S, 77º6´W], elev. [341m], 26.viii.1934, Darlington leg., 1♂ ( MCZ 125504 ) . DOMINICA: [15º26´S, 61º20´W], elev. [310m], 5.x.1964, P. J. S. leg., 1♀ ( USNM) . ECUADOR: El Oro: Arenillas (18 Km SE), La Cuca. Exp. Sta. , [3º33´S, 80º2´W], elev. [77m], 22.v.1979, Jos J. Anderson leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( USNM) ; Guayas: Naranjal (30 Km N), [2º40´S, 79º36´W], elev. [24m], 24.xii.1977, Jos J. Anderson leg., 1♀ 1♂ ( USNM) ; Manabí: Chone , [0º41´S, 80º5´W], elev. [65m], 7.i.1978, P. J. Spangler & J. Anderson leg., 1♂ ( USNM) . BRAZIL: Ceará: Fortaleza, UFCE, Campus de Itaperi [3º47´S, 38º33´W], elev. [26m], 8.vii.2011, R. Azevedo leg., 1♀ ( IBSP 166730 ) ; 1♀ (IBSP 166732). Bahia: Mucugê, Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Adília Paraguassu , [12º59´S, 41º23´W], elev. [1067m], 3–7.vii.2005, J. P. Souza & Alves leg., 1♀ ( IBSP 56557 ) . Paraná: Porto Rico, [22º47´S, 53º16´W], elev. [271m], v.2009, E. R. Cunha leg., 1♂ ( MPEG 15435 ) . AFRICA. NIGERIA: Kabba: Kabba ,: [7º50´N, 6º4´E], elev. [458m], 19–23.ii.1949, B. Malkin leg., 2♀ 2♂ ( CAS 9056025 ) . REPUBLIC OF CÔTE D'IVOIRE: [Vallée du Bandama region]: Bouaké , [7º41´N, 5º1´W], elev. [350m], 7.x.1995, Russel-Smith A. leg., 1♂ ( MRAC 227412 ) . CAMEROON: [Southwest Region]: Matute, Tiko, [4º7´N, 9º24´E], elev. [30m], 14.iv.–6.v.1949, B. Malkin 1♂ ( CAS 9039595 ) .

Figures

FIGURE 31. Glenognatha argyrostilba from Nigeria (CAS 9056025). A – D, male habitus. A, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). B, lateral. C, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). D, frontal. E – H, female habitus. E, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). F, lateral. G, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). H, frontal. Scale bars, 200 µm. TS: posterior tracheal spiracle.

FIGURE 32. Glenognatha argyrostilba from Ecuador. A – D, male habitus (AMNH). A, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). B, lateral. C, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). D, frontal. E – H, female habitus (MCZ 125476). E, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). F, lateral. G, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). H, frontal. Scale bars, 200 µm. TS: posterior tracheal spiracle.

FIGURE 33. Glenognatha argyrostilba from Nigeria (CAS 9056025). A – C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). D – F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior. E, posterior. F, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). Scale bars, 100 µm. CFO: Cheliceral fang outgrowth. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth.

FIGURE 34. Glenognatha argyrostilba from Ecuador (AMNH). A – C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). D – F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior. E, posterior. F, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). Scale bars, 100 µm. CFO: Cheliceral fang outgrowth. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth.

FIGURE 35. Glenognatha argyrostilba from Nigeria (CAS 9056025). A – D, male left palp, schematic. A, ventral. B, conductor, ventral. C, conductor, dorsal. D, embolus, ventral. E – H, male left palp. E, ventral. F, dorsal. G, prolateral. H, retrolateral. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. ED: ejaculatory duct. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum. TO: tarsal organ.

FIGURE 36. Glenognatha argyrostilba. A – D, female genitalia (from Nigeria). A, dorsal. B, ventral. C, lateral. D, spermathecae. E – F, female tracheal system (from Nigeria). E, dorsal. F, tracheal spiracle, posterior view. G – J, female genitalia (from Ecuador). G, dorsal. H, ventral. I, lateral. J, spermathecae. K – M, female tracheal system (from Ecuador). K, dorsal. L, median and lateral trunks. M, median trunk distal. Scale bars, 100 µm (A – C, E, G – I, K), 10 µm (D, F, J, L – M). CD: copulatory duct. LSD: long-stem ducts. LT: lateral trunk. MC: membranous chamber. MT: median trunk. S: spermathecae. UE: uterus externus.

FIGURE 37. Glenognatha argyrostilba. A – B, male left palp. A, ventral. B, retrolateral. C – E, female cephalothorax (images by Ligia Benavides). C, ventral (arrow, setae-bearing depressions). D, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). E, lateral (arrow, lateral depressions. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum.

FIGURE 131. Distribution of G. argyrostilba, G. tangi, G. dentata and G. smilodon.