Sida antonioi R.P.Camargo & M.C.Duarte, 2025

Camargo, Rafaela P., Yoshikawa, Vania N. & Duarte, Marília C., 2025, Sida antonioi: a new species of Sida sect. Malacroideae (Malvoideae, Malvaceae), Phytotaxa 704 (1), pp. 60-68 : 61-66

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.704.1.5
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17464730
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A5687B7-FFD4-FFE0-9CF1-1728EA7DFC27
treatment provided by	Felipe
scientific name	Sida antonioi R.P.Camargo & M.C.Duarte
status	sp. nov.

Treatment

Sida antonioi R.P.Camargo & M.C.Duarte , sp. nov. ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 , 2 View FIGURE 2 & 3 View FIGURE 3 )

TYPE:— BRAZIL. Espírito Santo: Linhares, Reserva Natural Vale , estrada da Gávea , fl. & fr., 27 April 2011, M. F. Devecchi et al. 137 ( holotype RB 568096 [barcode 00759269 ]! isotypes ESA 115082 !; CVRD 16348 !) .

Diagnosis: — Sida antonioi differs from Sida plumosa Cavanilles (1785: 7) by the apical stipule and apex of the calyx with 0.3–0.4 cm long with yellow simple trichomes (vs. 0.1–0.2 cm long with hyaline simple trichomes), dimorphic stipules on the stems and the apical inflorescence (vs. dimorphic only on the stems), non-muricate mericarp (vs. muricate with three to five lateral tooths), and seeds with small, wavy, stellate trichomes that are ferruginous only at the apex of the seed (vs. only hyaline wavy stellate trichomes).

Description: —Herbs prostrate to erect; prostate portion 10–50 cm long forming clumps of congested leaves, erect portion ca. 10 cm tall, with less congested leaves and an apical inflorescence. Stems hirsute, with sparse, 4– radiate trichomes, becoming denser and less adpressed towards the branch apices. Stipules in the stems dimorphic, one oblanceolate, 0.3–0.6 cm long, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate; the other oblong, 0.3–0.7 cm long, with 6-arms stellate trichomes only on the abaxial surface, ciliate; apical stipules dimorphic, both 0.7–1.0 cm long; the outermost oblanceolate, stellate trichomes 6-radiate, only on the vein of the abaxial surface; the innermost linear, densely covered with simple yellow trichomes. Petiole 0.4–0.5(0.6) cm long, canaliculate, articulate near the apex, with sparce, 6– radiate stellate trichomes on the abaxial surface and only at the apex of the adaxial surface, congested at the apex on both surfaces. Leaf blades obovate to oblong, (0.6)0.7–1.5(1.9) × 0.3–1.0 cm; apex round to truncate, base round, margin serrate along the apical half, entire along the basal half; blades on stems with glabrous adaxial surface; blades on apical inflorescence with simple trichomes near the base or sometime on the whole blade; abaxial surface of all leaf blades with 6–8-radiate stellate trichomes. Inflorescence a cyme 3–18 flowered, apical, congested. Flowers subsessile; pedicel ca. 1 mm long, with simple or 2-4-radiate trichomes at the apex; calyx 5-lobed, 0.4–0.6 × 0.3–0.5 cm, campanulate, base glabrous, with well–defined secondary veins, lobe apex with 0.3–0.4 cm long, simple yellow trichomes, sometimes with 4–radiate trichomes, densely covered with simple trichomes internally; petals yellow, 7-8 mm long, obovate, glabrous, margin ciliate, apex cuspidate; staminal tube 6–8 × 1 mm, yellow, glabrous; free part of the stamens 4 × 2 mm, yellow, glabrous; anthers 2 mm long; styles 5 mm long, yellow, simple trichomes restricted only at the apex. Schizocarp with (4)–5 mericarps, 0.2 × 0.2 cm, muticous, non–muricate, glochids absent, fully reticulate, irregular margins, lateral surface translucent, covered with punctiform glandular trichomes; seeds ca. 0.2 cm long, brownish, reniform, pubescent, with small, wavy, 6-arms stellate trichomes, hyaline, ferruginous at the apex of the seed.

Notes: — Sida antonioi closely resembles Sida plumosa Cavanilles in having stems with sparse, 4-radiate trichomes, dimorphic stipules on the stem, a calyx with a glabrous base and simple trichomes at the lobe apex, and mericarps lacking glochids. However, S. antonioi differs by having dimorphic stipules on the inflorescence (vs. monomorphic), a calyx with long ( 0.3–0.4 cm) yellow trichomes (vs. 0.1–0.2 cm hyaline trichomes), and a non-muricate mericarp (vs. slightly muricate with three to five lateral teeth). The geographic distribution also differs: S. antonioi occurs in the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ), whereas S. plumosa is found in Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, São Paulo, and Sergipe ( Figueiredo 2020).

A survey of 63 herbarium specimens revealed that most of the material (70%) were previously identified as S. plumosa , while 17% were misidentified as S. ciliaris L. (1759: 1145), only 3% as S. anomala A.St.-Hil. (1825: 33) , while 9% were only identified to the genus level. This can be related by the adaxial surface glabrous in the leaf that are a common in all those species and S. antonioi . Although the exsiccate of the type specimen was previously identified as Sida ciliaris , it shares more morphological similarities with S. plumosa , explaining the high percentage of identification as the last specie.

The mericarp is a key characteristic for distinguishing species within Sida . Unlike other species in sect. Malacroideae , S. antonioi has a mericarp without excrescences. The mericarp among the similar species compared in this study exhibits different features: in S. plumosa , it has three to five lateral teeth; in Sida harleyi Krapovickas (2007: 239) , it is muricate with terminal glochids; and in Sida brittonii Léon (1919: 172) , it is slightly muricate with deep lateral crests ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 ). Table 1 View TABLE 1 lists different characters used to distinguish S. antonioi and S. plumosa , as well as S. brittonii and S. harleyi , which can also have the same distribution area of S. antonioi .

Distribution, habitat and ecology: — Sida antonioi is recorded in the Southeast Region of Brazil, occurring in the states of Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, and Rio de Janeiro ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 ). The species is found within the Atlantic Forest phytogeographic domain, particularly in coastal Restinga vegetation at elevations of 3–30 m ( Rizzini 1997). Additionally, it has been reported in rocky outcrops, rupestrian fields, anthropized areas, and pastures, with occurrences recorded at elevations up to 1,330 m.

Phenology: —The species flowers and fruits through the whole year.

Preliminary conservation status: —The species is well distributed across three Brazilian states, with an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 117,100 km ², which represents the smallest convex polygon encompassing all known occurrence points of the taxon. The area of occupancy (AOO), which corresponds to the area within this range where suitable habitat is occupied by the species, is estimated at 152,000 km ².

Although Sida antonioi is commonly found in anthropized areas such as roadsides, it also occurs within several protected areas, including Reserva Biológica Duas Bocas, Parque Estadual César Vinha, Reserva Florestal de Linhares, Reserva Biológica Comboios, Reserva Indígena de Comboios, Área de Proteção Ambiental Mestre Álvaro, Serra do Lenheiro, Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba, and Parque Nacional do Itatiaia.

Following the guidelines of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN 2024), Sida antonioi is assessed as Least Concern (LC) under criterion B2c(ii). Despite its AOO being less than 500 km ², the species is widely distributed across more than 50 populations and does not meet the additional criteria required for classification as Critically Endangered, Endangered, or Vulnerable.

Etymology: — Sida antonioi is named in honor of Antonio Krapovickas (1921–2015), a distinguished botanist who made significant contributions to the taxonomy of Sida and the family Malvaceae . Since the epithet “ krapovickasii ” had already been assigned to an Argentine species in Sida sect. Nelavagae , described by H.A. Keller (2021), we chose to honor him by using his first name as the epithet for this newly described species.

Additional specimens examined ( Paratypes): — Brazil. Espírito Santo: Anchieta , 10 November 1998, J. M. L. Gomes 526 ( VIES!). Aracruz, Reserva Indígena de Comboios , 01 January 1995, M. Simonelli 185 ( VIES!). Cariacica, Reserva Biológica Duas Bocas , 20°27’33”S 40°47’75”W, 20 October 2023, G. S. Siqueira 1788 ( CVRD! HUMC!); GoogleMaps ibid., 17 October 2023, G. I. Oliveira 52 ( HUMC!). Guarapari , 20 May 1981, J. M. L. Gomes 628 ( VIES!); ibid. Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha , 05 November 1994, M. Simonelli 165 ( VIES!); ibid. Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha , 20°36’2”S 40°24’45”W, 10 July 2022, S. V. Caram 213 ( VIES!); GoogleMaps ibid. Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha , 05 August 2015, A. C. S. Dal col 450 ( VIES!); GoogleMaps ibid. Planície de Inundação do Rio Ponto Doce , Dentro dos limites da APA Setiba , 20°32’57”S 40°24’34”W, 10 March 2018, R. T. Valadares & R. E. Valadares 1657 ( VIES!). GoogleMaps Linhares, Reserva Florestal de Linhares , 18 November 1996, D. A. Folli 2841 ( CVRD!, HUMC!); ibid. Reserva Natural Vale , 23 April 1998, D. A. Folli 3153 ( CVRD!, HUMC!); ibid., 27 January 1995, D. A. Folli 2499 ( CVRD!, HUMC!); ibid. 19°13’83”S 40°06’35”W, 06 October 2023, R. P. Camargo et al 111 ( CVRD!); GoogleMaps ibid. Sítio São Pedro das Palmas , 19°24’5”S 40°21’12”W, 07 April 2022, D. F. Silva & R. S. Ribeiro 411 ( VIES!); GoogleMaps ibid. Reserva Biológica de Comboios, Estação amostral 7 , 19°40’14”S 39°53’7”W, 29 January 2023, R. T. Valadares et al 3095 ( VIES!). GoogleMaps São Matheus , Centro Universitário Norte do Espírito Santo . Trilha com início próximo à Biblioteca Central e destino em um corpo d’água , na divisa do CEUNES , 18°40’20”S 39°51’42”W, February 2025, G. M. Antar & T. G. Sobrinho 5868 ( SAMES!). GoogleMaps Serra, Área de Proteção Ambiental Mestre Álvaro , Propriedade Próximo ao bairro Pitanga , 20°10’42”S 40°17’35”W, 12 June 2018, A. D. Firmino et al 102 ( VIES). GoogleMaps Vila Velha, Interlagos , 20°32’97”S 40°29’22”W, 04 March 2008, F. B. C. Souza et al 105 ( VIES!). GoogleMaps Vitória, Campus da UFES , 26 October 1987, O. J. Pereira et al 1251 ( PAMG!). Minas Gerais: Carandaí, Corte de Pedra , 20°98’71”S 43°78’98”W, 21 September 2014, M. T. R. Costa & D. Oliveira 172 ( BHCB! RB!). GoogleMaps Carangola, Perímetro urbano, 20°43”S 42°01”W, 11 January 1991, L.S. Leoni & A. Chautens s. n. ( RB 737237 !). GoogleMaps Cruz das Almas, Andrelândia , 23 August 1936, M. Barreti 5245 ( BHCB!). Ouro Branco , Estrada para Serra de Ouro , 08 January 1982, N. Hensold et al CFCR 2737 ( SPF!, RB!). Ouro Preto , 11 November 1984, M. Brandão 11465 ( PAMG!). Rancharia, 15 km S de Ouro Preto, 20°26’S 43°31’W, 13 May 1990, M. M. Arbo et al 4013 ( SPF!). GoogleMaps São João del Rei, Serra do Lenheiro , 21°15’64”S 44°29’89”W, 22 May 2015, M.T.R. Costa et al 369 ( RB!); GoogleMaps ibid. trilha para o areal , 28 June 2019, M.T.R. Costa et al. 1655 ( RB!); ibid. Campos próximos a Serra do Lenheiro , 27 March 2014, M.T.R. Costa et al. 511 ( RB!). Tiradentes, Serra de São José , 25 September 2014, M.T.R. Costa 489 ( RB!). Rio de Janeiro: Campos , August 1939, A. J. Sampaio 8465 ( R!); Campos, August 1939, A. J. Sampaio 8458 ( R!). Campo Bello , May 1926, A. J. de Sampaio 4655 ( R!). Campos dos Goytacazes , Rio Preto , 21°45’38”S 41°39’16”W, 20 October 2015, L. P. Mauad 396 ( RB!). GoogleMaps Carapebus, Bar do Blau , Primeiro cordão arenoso ca. 200 m do mar, 03 February 2011, J. Reis et al 48 ( R!). Entre Campos e Morro do Cocô , 08 December 1964, Z. A. Trinta & E. Fromm 1031 ( R!). Estrada velha de Petrópolis , Serra da Estrela , 21 April 1971, L. E. M. Filho et al 3111 ( R!). Macaé, restinga de carapebus , 15 March 1995, A. S. Oliveira et al 3677 ( R!); ibid., 18 April 1995, J. G. da Silva et al 3038 ( R!); ibid. 16 March 1995, A. S. Oliveira et al. 3755 ( R!); ibid., entre Lagoa Comprida e Carapebus , à beira da estrada , 27 August 1982, D. Araujo & N. C. Maciel 5241 ( RB!); ibid. Lagoa Paulista , 10 November 1981, D. Araujo & N. C. Maciel 4673 ( RB!). Mangaratiba, Muriqui . ROD. BR– 101 , nas margens , 09 April 1979, H. S. Barreiros s. n. ( RB 229078 !). Pedra da Gávea , July 1916, A. Frazão s. n. ( RB 7810 !). Quissamã, Parque Nacional da Restinga de Jurubatiba , 21 September 2001, C. S. Laira & S. M. Texeira 42 ( R!). ibid, ca. 1 km da primeira entrada e a 3 km da Praia de João Francisco, 10 February 2009, M. F. Castilhori et al. 251 ( R!). Resende , 27 April 1926, F. C. Hoehne & A. Gehrt s. n. ( SP 17600 !). Restinga de Piratininga , 25 September 1932, A. A. Brade 11996 ( R!). Rio Bonito, Braçanã , Fazenda das Cachoeiras , 25 September 1977, P. P. H. Laclette 376 ( R!); ibid., Solar do Engenho da Floresta , 22°42’56”S 42°40’31”W, 19 June 2021, M.G. Bovini 4631 ( RB!). GoogleMaps Serra do Itatiaia , April 1926, A. J. de Sampaio 4145 ( R!). Sertão de Cacimba , September 1909, A. J. de Sampaio 903 ( R!); Silva Jardim, Poço d’Anta , 14 September 1977, J. P. P. Carauta et al. 2617 ( RB!) .