Zopherini, Solier, 1834

Foley, Ian A. & Ivie, Michael A., 2008, A phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Zopherini with a review of the species and generic classification (Coleoptera: Zopheridae), Zootaxa 1928 (1), pp. 1-72 : 14

Key to world genera of Zopherini

1 Antennae 9-segemented, club composed of 3 fused antennomeres ( Fig. 1 ); femora and tibia with paired rows of golden setae on inner surface; dorsum glabrous. Southwestern U.S., Central America. Figs. 6–7 ................................ ................................................................................................................................................................. Zopherus Gray

- Antennae 10 or 11-segemented; club variable, weakly 1-segmented to distinctly 3-segmented ( Figs. 2–3 ); dorsal vestiture variable ........................................................................................................................................................... 2

2 Antennae 11-segmented with weak to strong 3-segmented club .................................................................................. 3

- Antennae 10-segmented with 1 or 2-segmented club ................................................................................................... 4

3 Scutellum partially visible; flight wings absent; hypomeron with complete cavity to contain antennae ( Fig. 40 ); weak 3-segmented antennal club ( Fig. 3 ); dorsal surface glabrous, sculpture strongly nodulate. Australia. Fig. 8 ....... ............................................................................................................................................................. Zopherosis White

- Scutellum large and visible; functional flight wings present; hypomeron lacking antennal cavity; strong 3-segmented antennal club; dorsal surface with dense patchy pubescence. Penninslar, Malaysia. Fig. 10 ........................................ ..................................................................................................................................... Zopher Ṡ lipi ń ski and Lawrence

4 Scutellum large and visible; epipleural ridge distinct in basal 2/3 rd of elytra ( Fig. 14 ); setose empodium present between tarsal claws ( Fig. 13 ). South America. Figs. 11–12 ........................................ Noserinus Casey NEW SENSE

- Scutellum not visible or very small; epipleural ridge totally absent; lacking empodium between tarsal claws........... 5

5 Lateral margin of pronotum with distinct teeth or lobes ( Figs. 16 , 22–23 ); prosternum densely setose with transverse groove ( Fig. 24 ) ............................................................................................................................................................ 6

- Lateral margin of pronotum without distinct lobes, at most irregularly denticulate; prosternum densely setose to tuberculate, rarely with broad transverse depression .................................................................................................... 7

6 Sensilla area at apex of last antennomere medially constricted, reduced and recessed, not visible laterally, ( Fig. 5 ); hypomeron with shallow antennal cavities; labial palps inserted laterally concealed by mentum ( Fig. 21 ); apical portion of pronotum with sinuate channel ( Fig. 20 ); thin ridge connecting suprantennal and sub-genal ridge present, enclosing apical margin on antennal insertion ( Fig. 15 ). Africa, Comoro Islands. Fig. 16 ....... Scoriaderma Fairmaire

- Sensilla area at apex of last antennomere large ( Fig. 4 ), covering approximately half of antennomere, visible laterally; labial palps inserted ventrally, visible; pronotal hypomeron without antennal cavity; apicolateral portion of pronotum with indistinct arcuate depression; thin ridge between suprantennal and sub-genal ridges absent. Cuba. Figs. 22–23 ...................................................................................................................... Nosoderma Guérin-Méneville

7 Ventral surfaces with setose punctures ( Fig. 72 ), setation often very dense obscuring punctures; apical margin of hypomeron with short arcuate depression ( Fig. 54 ). Central America and Southwestern U.S. Figs. 17–19 , 26–29 ...... ......................................................................................................................................... Sesaspis Casey NEW SENSE

- Ventral surfaces with tubercles ( Fig. 71 ); hypomeron variable from small break in margin to complete antennal cavity .................................................................................................................................................................................. 8

8 Mandible with large membranous prostheca ( Fig. 34 ); hypomeron without large antennal cavity, occasionally with weak straight depression ( Fig. 55 ); ventral surface of head with dense flattened tubercles lateral of gula; gula with punctures; sub-genal ridge weak, slightly arcuate with median depression; last segment of maxillary palp with flattened apical margin, flat sensillary surface of apex wider than base ( Fig. 31 ). Central America. Figs. 57–68 ............. .......................................................................................................................................... Verodes Casey NEW SENSE

- Mandible without large membranous prostheca ( Figs. 32–33 ); hypomeron with complete antennal cavity to weak depression ( Figs. 39–42 ); ventral surface of head variable; gula densely setose; sub-genal ridge strong with distinct curve toward base of head; last segment of maxillary palp acutely narrowed at apex, sensillary surface of apex narrower than base. California Floristic Province and Central America. Figs. 35–38 ........................................................ ................................................................................................................................. Phloeodes LeConte NEW SENSE

Figures

FIGURES 1–5. 1–3. Antennal clubs. 1. Zopherus nodulosus; 2. Sesaspis sylvatica; 3. Zopherosis georgei. 4–5. Apex of last antennomere. 4. Nosoderma echinatum; 5. Scoriaderma cordicolle. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURES 6–9. 6–8. Dorsal habiti. 6. Zopherus championi, Mexico, Nuevo Leon; 7. Z. jansoni, Costa Rica; 8. Zopherosis georgei, Australia, Victoria. 9. Zopherus nodulosus apex of tarsal claw. Scale bars = 5mm.

FIGURES 39–41. 39–40. Ventral surface of pronotum. 39. Phloeodes diabolicus; 40. P. plicatus. 41. Lateral view of P. diabolicus hypomeron.

FIGURES 10–13. 10–12. Dorsal habiti. 10. Zopher iviei, Penninsular. Malaysia; 11. Noserinus furcatus, Venezuela; 12. Noserinus dormeanus, Brazil. 13. Noserinus dormeanus apex of tarsal claw. Figs. 10–12, Scale bar = 5mm.

FIGURES 14–15. 14. Noserinus furcatus epipleuron. 15. Scoriaderma cordicolle. Prothoracic hypomeron. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 16–19. Dorsal habiti. 16. Scoriaderma cordicolle, Tanzania; 17. Sesaspis denticulata, Mexico, Nuevo Leon; 18. Sesaspis ashei, Mexico, Hidalgo; 19. Sesaspis doyeni, Mexico, Nuevo Leon. Space bar = 5mm.

FIGURES 22–25. 22–23. Dorsal habiti. 22. Nosoderma echinatum, Cuba; 23. N. turquinense, Cuba. 24. N. echinatum ventral surface of prosternum. 25. N. turquinense leg surface.

FIGURES 20–21. Scoriaderma cordicolle. 20. Dorsal surface of head and pronotum; 21. Ventral surface of head and prosternum. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 71–72. Surface of mesepimeron. 71. Phloeodes plicatus; 72. Sesaspis sylvatica. Scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 54–56. 54–55. Hypomera. 54. Sesaspis sylvatica; 55. Verodes exsculptus. 56. Ventral surface of head and pronotum of Verodes inaequalis. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 26–29. Dorsal habiti. 26. Sesaspis triplehorni, Belize; 27. S. emarginata, Texas, Comal Co.; 28. S. lutosa, Mexico, Oaxaca; 29. S. sylvatica, Mexico, Tamaulipas. Scale bar = 5mm.

FIGURES 32–34. Dorsal view of left mandibles. 32. Phloeodes diabolicus; 33. Sesaspis sylvatica; 34. Verodes aequalis. Scale bar = 1mm.

FIGURES 30–31. Ventral surface of the head. 30. Sesaspis sylvatica; 31. Verodes aequalis. Scale bars = 1mm.

FIGURES 57–60. Dorsal habiti. 57. Verodes inaequalis, Mexico, Puebla.; 58. V. exsculptus, Mexico, Oaxaca; 59. V. asperatus, Mexico, Hidalgo; 60. V. scabrosus, Mexico. Scale bars = 5mm.

FIGURES 61–64. Dorsal habiti. 61. Verodes interruptus, Mexico, Oaxaca; 62. V. sparsus, Guatemala; 63. V. zunilensis, Mexico, Chiapas; 64. V. guatemalensis, Mexico, Chiapas. Scale bars = 5mm.

FIGURES 65–68. Dorsal habiti. 65. Verodes impressus, Mexico, Veracruz; 66. V. carinatus, Mexico, Veracruz; 67. V. championi, Mexico, Oaxaca;68. V. aequalis, Mexico, Oaxaca. Scale bar = 5 mm.

FIGURES 35–38. Dorsal habiti. 35. Phloeodes diabolicus, California, San Diego Co.; 36. Phloeodes diabolicus, California, Napa Co.; 37. P. plicatus, California, Los Angeles Co.; 38. P. venustus, Costa Rica.