Aphelopus Dalman, 1823

Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 3614 (1), pp. 1-460 : 12-15

1. Genus Aphelopus Dalman, 1823

Aphelopus Dalman 1823: 8 ; Haliday 1833: 273; Walker 1837: 427; Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1905: 215; Kieffer 1914b: 214; Richards 1937: 119; Richards 1939: 279; Benoit 1951d: 23; Muesebeck & Walkley 1951: 1042; J. Perkins 1976: 11; Krombein 1979: 1250; Olmi 1984: 44; 1994: 35; 1999: 80; He & Xu 2002: 47.

Ceraphron Ratzeburg 1848: 141 (partim). Synonymized by Kieffer 1914b.

Antaphelopus Benoit 1951d: 23

(type species: Antaphelopus mediocarinatus Benoit 1951 , by original designation). Synonymized by Olmi 1984.

Gymnaphelopus Benoit 1951d: 23

(type species: Gymnaphelopus wittei ( Benoit 1951) , by original designation). Synonymized by Olmi 1984.

Type species. Dryinus atratus Dalman, 1823 , designated by Westwood (1840).

Diagnosis. Female: fully winged ( Plate 2A , 5A ); epistomal suture situated below imaginary line joining antennal toruli ( Plate 4F ); occipital carina complete; antenna without rhinaria; palpal formula 5/2; fore wing with only costal cell enclosed by pigmented veins, with pterostigma ( Plate 2A ) and stigmal vein regularly curved ( Plate 2A ); course of fore wing veins not marked by dark stripes; hindwing ( Plate 5A ) hyaline, with costal cell, without dark medial longitudinal stripe; protarsus not chelate ( Plate 2A ); tibial spurs 1/1/2. Male: fully winged ( Plate 5B ); epistomal suture situated below imaginary line joining antennal toruli ( Plate 4F ); occipital carina complete; palpal formula 5/2; fore wing with only costal cell enclosed by pigmented veins ( Plate 5B ), with pterostigma ( Plate 5B ) and stigmal vein regularly curved ( Plate 5B ); course of fore wing veins not marked by dark stripes ( Plate 5B ); hindwing ( Plate 5B ) hyaline, with costal cell, without dark medial longitudinal stripe; basivolsella completely situated down distivolsella distal apex ( Plate 6B ); tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Distribution. Worldwide.

Hosts. Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006).

World species. Seventy seven species are known, 31 in the Oriental region.

Remarks. Larvae of Aphelopus were described by Buyckx (1948) and Ponomarenko (1975) .

Key to the species

Females (unknown in the species not present in the key to the females)

1. Mesosoma and metasoma totally testaceous, occasionally with petiole black........................ A. borneanus Olmi - Mesosoma and metasoma partly or totally black or brown..................................................... 2 2. Head testaceous, at most with ocellar region or vertex dark.................................................... 3 - Head partly or totally black or brown..................................................................... 6 3. Notauli absent...................................................................... A. maculiceps Bergman - Notauli distinct....................................................................................... 4 4. Notauli reaching about 0.75–0.80 length of scutum, or complete.................................... A. ochreus Olmi - Notauli reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum............................................................... 5 5. Notauli reaching about 0.4–0.5 length of scutum............................................. A. malayanus Olmi - Notauli reaching about 0.25 length of scutum................................................. A. sabahnus Olmi 6. Notauli absent, or very short, reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum............................................. 7 - Notauli reaching more than 0.5 length of scutum........................................................... 14 7. Notauli absent, or reaching at most 0.3 length of scutum...................................................... 8 - Notauli reaching about 0.4–0.5 length of scutum........................................................... 10 8. Head black or brown, except mandible, clypeus and part of face testaceous......................... A. wushensis Olmi - Head black or brown, except mandible testaceous.......................................................... 9 9. Head with OOL much shorter than OL (about 66% of OL................. A. alebroides Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Dong - Head with OOL slightly shorter than OL (more than 80% of OL)............................... A. penanganus Olmi 10. Head black, except mandible testaceous.................................................................. 11 - Head black, except at least mandible and clypeus testaceous.................................................. 13 11. Head with OOL much shorter than OL................................ A. alebroides Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Dong - Head with OOL about as long as, or much longer than OL.................................................... 12 12. Head with OOL about as long as OL........................................................ A. orientalis Olmi - Head with OOL much longer than OL....................................................... A. nepalensis Olmi 13. Head black, except mandible and clypeus testaceous; face black......................... A. albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi - Head black, except mandible and clypeus testaceous; face partly testaceous......................... A. orientalis Olmi 14. Notauli complete.................................................................................... 15 - Notauli incomplete................................................................................... 17 15. Fore wing with one dark transverse band..................................................... A. montanus Olmi - Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands........................................................... 16 16. Head and mesosoma black, except large whitish or testaceous regions............................ A. taiwanensis Olmi - Head and mesosoma completely black-brown, except mandible testaceous.......................... A. birmanus Olmi 17. Fore wing with one dark transverse band.................................................................. 18 - Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands........................................................... 19 18. Face with area between antennal toruli whitish....................................... A. xanthopus Xu, He & Olmi - Face completely black................................................................... A. montanus Olmi 19. Head black, except mandible testaceous.................................................................. 20 - Head black, except mandibles, clypeus and occasionally partly or totally face and gena testaceous.................... 22 20. Frontal line complete..................................................................... A. niger Xu & He - Frontal line incomplete................................................................................ 21 21. Notauli reaching about 0.5–0.6 length of scutum.............................................. A. nepalensis Olmi - Notauli reaching about 0.7 length of scutum............................................... A. spadiceus Xu & He 22. Head with face black; mandible and clypeus testaceous.................................... A. zhaoi Xu, He & Olmi - Head with face partly or totally testaceous; mandible and clypeus testaceous..................................... 23 23. Face black, except area between antennal toruli testaceous.............................. A. xanthopus Xu, He & Olmi - Face broadly or totally yellow or testaceous-whitish, with yellow or testaceous-whitish spot extended out of region between antennal toruli....................................................................................... 24 24. Face totally yellow................................................................... A. dui Xu, He & Olmi - Anterior half of face testaceous, posterior half black......................................................... 25 25. Antennal segment 9 more than twice as long as broad....................................................... 26 - Antennal segment 9 less than twice as long as broad........................................................ 27 26. Frontal line complete..................................................................... A. querceus Olmi - Frontal line almost complete, absent near clypeus.......................................... A. albifacialis Xu & He 27. Ventral region of head whitish............................................................ A. taiwanensis Olmi - Ventral region of head black............................................................ A. liui Xu, He & Olmi

Males (unknown in the species not present in the key to the males)

1. Mesosoma and metasoma totally testaceous, except petiole black................................ A. borneanus Olmi

- Mesosoma and metasoma partly or totally black or brown..................................................... 2

2. Head testaceous, at most with ocellar region, or vertex, or part of face darkened.................................... 3

- Head mostly or totally black or brown..................................................................... 8

3. Notauli absent..................................................................... A. maculiceps Bergman - Notauli distinct....................................................................................... 4

4. Basivolsella with one subdistal bristle ( Plate 9G ).............................................. A. zonalis sp. nov.

- Basivolsella with two subdistal bristles ( Plates 6G , 7D , 8C , 9A )................................................ 5

5. Notauli reaching about 0.7–0.8 length of scutum................................................ A. ochreus Olmi

- Notauli reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum............................................................... 6

6. Notauli reaching about 0.25 length of scutum................................................. A. sabahnus Olmi

- Notauli reaching about 0.4–0.5 length of scutum............................................................ 7

7. Frontal line complete................................................................... A. malayanus Olmi

- Frontal line incomplete................................................................ A. luteoceps Xu & He

8. Notauli absent, or reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum...................................................... 9

- Notauli longer than 0.5 length of scutum.................................................................. 17

9. Notauli absent....................................................................................... 10

- Notauli reaching at most 0.5 length of scutum.............................................................. 11

10. Head black or brown, except mandible, clypeus and part of face testaceous......................... A. wushensis Olmi

- Head black or brown, except mandible testaceous........................................... A. penanganus Olmi

11. Genitalia with basivolsella fused with paramere ( Plate 6C )................ A. alebroides Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Dong

- Genitalia with normal basivolsella not fused with paramere ( Plates 6A, B, F , 8A, D )............................... 12

12. Basivolsella with lateral outer process ( Plate 6B )..................................... A. albiclypeus Xu, He & Olmi

- Basivolsella without lateral outer process ( Plates 6A, F , 8A, D )................................................ 13

13. Fore wing with one dark spot beneath pterostigma............................................ A. achterbergi Olmi

- Fore wing hyaline, without dark spots or transverse bands.................................................... 14

14. Head black, except mandible testaceous; clypeus and part of face testaceous........................ A. orientalis Olmi

- Head black, except mandible testaceous; clypeus and face black............................................... 15

15. Basivolsella with one subdistal bristle ( Plate 6F )................................................ A. indicus Olmi

- Basivolsella with two subdistal bristles ( Plate 8A, D )........................................................ 16

16. Frontal line complete.................................................................... A. orientalis Olmi

- Frontal line incomplete................................................................... A. nepalensis Olmi

17. Notauli complete................................................................................... 18

- Notauli incomplete................................................................................... 20

18. Fore wing with one dark transverse band..................................................... A. montanus Olmi

- Fore wing hyaline, without dark transverse bands........................................................... 19

19. Mesosoma and metasoma mostly black..................................................... A. taiwanensis Olmi

- Mesosoma and metasoma mostly brown................................................... A. philippinus Olmi

20. Fore wing with one dark spot beneath pterostigma......................................................... 21

- Fore wing hyaline, without dark spots or bands............................................................. 22

21. Face with area between antennal toruli whitish....................................... A. xanthopus Xu, He & Olmi

- Face completely black................................................................ A. spadiceus Xu & He

22. Basivolsella with one subdistal bristle ( Plates 7F , 8B, J , 9D ).................................................. 23

- Basivolsella with two subdistal bristles ( Plates 7C, F , 8A , 9B, C ).............................................. 26

23. Basivolsella without outer process ( Plates 7F , 8J )........................................................... 24

- Basivolsella with outer process ( Plates 8B , 9D )............................................................ 25

24. Notauli reaching about 0.8 length of scutum; aedeagus not tridentate ( Plate 8J )............ A. rugidorsalis Xu, He & Olmi

- Notauli reaching about 0.6 length of scutum; aedeagus tridentate ( Plate 7F ).... A. mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen

25. Head black, except mandible whitish; occasionally clypeus partly testaceous; gena never testaceous....... A. niger Xu & He

- Head black, except mandible, clypeus and gena testaceous........................................... A. thai Olmi

26. Basivolsella without outer process ( Plates 7F , 8A , 9C )....................................................... 27

- Basivolsella with outer process ( Plates 7C , 8I , 9B ).......................................................... 29

27. Notauli reaching approximately 0.75–0.80 length of scutum.................................... A. taiwanensis Olmi

- Notauli reaching approximately 0.5–0.6 length of scutum....................................................28

28. Aedeagus not tridentate ( Plate 8A )......................................................... A. nepalensis Olmi

- Aedeagus tridentate ( Plate 7F )................................... A. mangshanensis Xu, Olmi, Guglielmino & Chen

29. Antennal hairs much shorter than breadth of antennal segments...................... A. maculiclypeus Xu, He and Olmi

- Antennal hairs about as long as breadth of antennal segments................................................. 30

30. Frontal line complete; face and malar space usually with whitish or testaceous spots near clypeus......... A. querceus Olmi

- Frontal line almost complete, absent in front of anterior ocellus; face and malar space totally black, rarely brown or brown-tes-taceous........................................................................... A. spadiceus Xu and He

Figures

PLATE 2. A–C, F. Females. D, E. Chelae. a, arolium; e, enlarged claw; r, rudimentary claw; s, segment 5 of protarsus. G, H. Part of mesosoma, males. a, propleuron; c, procoxa; e, epicnemium; m, mesopleuron; p, pronotum; s, scutum; t, tegula. A. Aphelopus sp. B, E, H. Dryinus sp. C. Gonatopus sp. D. Anteon sp. F. Conganteon sp. G.Bocchus sp. (From Olmi 1984).

PLATE 4. A, B, E. Males. C, D. Male genitalia. b, basivolsella; d, distivolsella; k, dorsal process of paramere; o, paramere; p, penis or aedeagus. F, G. Heads. A. Dryinus sp. Length 3.0 mm. B. Occiput of Gonatopus sp. C. Dryinus sp. D. Echthrodelphax sp. E. Crovettia sp. Length 2.5 mm. F.Aphelopus sp. G. Crovettia sp. (From Olmi 1984).

PLATE 5. Aphelopus alebroides. A. Female. Length 1.7 mm. B. Male. Length 1.8 mm. (From Xu et al. 2011c).

PLATE 6. A–C, E–G.Male genitalia. A. Aphelopus achterbergi, holotype (from Olmi 1998a). B. A. albiclypeus from Laos. C. A. alebroides, holotype (from Xu et al. 2011c). D. Arboridia sp. parasitized by A. alebroides (from Xu et al. 2011c). E. A. borneanus from China. F. A. indicus, holotype (from Olmi 2010). G. A. luteoceps, holotype. Scale bar 0.18 mm for A, 0.16 mm for B, 0.14 mm for C, E and F, 0.26 mm for G.

PLATE 7. A–D, F, G. Male genitalia. A. Aphelopus maculiceps from China, Bawangling (from Xu et al. 1999a). B. A. maculiceps, paratype (from Xu et al. 1999a). C. A. maculiceps, holotype. D. A. malayanus, holotype. E, F. A. mangshanensis, holotype (from Xu et al. 2011d). G. A. montanus, holotype. Scale bar 0.13 mm for A and B, 0.19 mm for C, 0.16 mm for D, 0.24 mm for F, 0.21 mm for G.

PLATE 8. A–F, I, J. Male genitalia. G, H. Heads. A. Aphelopus nepalensis, paratype. B. A. niger from China. C. A. ochreus from China. D. A. orientalis from China. E. A. penanganus from Sabah. F. A. philippinus, holotype. G–I. A. querceus, female (G) and male (H) (from Olmi 1999a), holotype (I) (from Olmi 1984). J. A. rugidorsalis, holotype (from Xu et al. 1999a). Scale bar 0.15 mm for A and C, 0.20 mm for B and I, 0.18 mm for D, 0.13 mm for E and F, 0.23 mm for J.

PLATE 9. Male genitalia. A. Aphelopus sabahnus from China, Taiwan. B. A. spadiceus from China, Sichuan. C. A. taiwanensis, holotype (from Olmi 1991). D. A. thai, holotype (from Olmi 2008c). E. A. wushensis, holotype (from Olmi 2010). F. A. xanthopus from China, Yunnan. G. A. zonalis sp. nov., holotype. Scale bar 0.10 mm for A, B and C, 0.17mm for D, 0.13 mm for E, 0.14 mm for Fand G.