Aphelopinae R. Perkins, 1912

Xu, Zaifu, Olmi, Massimo & He, Junhua, 2013, Dryinidae of the Oriental region (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Zootaxa 3614 (1), pp. 1-460 : 12

I. Subfamily Aphelopinae R. Perkins, 1912

Dryininae partim Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1905: 215.

Anteoninae partim Kieffer in Kieffer & Marshall 1906: 510.

Aphelopinae R. Perkins 1912: 7 ; Richards 1939: 278; Muesebeck & Walkley 1951: 1042; J. Perkins 1976: 11; Krombein 1979: 1250; Olmi 1984: 43; Olmi 1993a: 187; Olmi 1994: 35; Olmi 1999: 79; He & Xu 2002: 46.

Aphelopini Kieffer 1914b: 214.

Biaphelopinae Olmi 1984: 94 (synonymized by Olmi 1996d); Olmi 1993a: 188.

Type genus. Aphelopus Dalman, 1823 , by monotypy at time of the description of Aphelopinae by R. Perkins (1912).

Diagnosis. Female ( Plates 2A , 5A , 10A, B ): fully winged; head hypognathous; occipital carina complete; ocelli present; face and partly clypeus without strong median raised carina; clypeus normally large, about as wide as, or smaller or slightly wider than eyes; antenna without rhinaria; palpal formula 5/2, 5/3, 6/2 or 6/3; fore wing usually with only costal cell enclosed by pigmented veins ( Plates 2A , 5A ), occasionally also median cell enclosed by pigmented veins ( Plate 10A, B ); fore wing with stigmal vein and pterostigma ( Plates 2A , 5A , 10A, B ); course of fore wing veins not marked by dark stripes ( Plates 5A , 10A ); hindwing ( Plates 5A , 10A ) hyaline, with costal cell, without dark medial longitudinal stripe; protarsus not chelate ( Plates 2A , 5A , 10A, B ); tibial spurs 1/1/2. Male ( Plates 3A , 5B , 11A, B ): fully winged; occipital carina complete; palpal formula 5/2, 5/3, 6/2 or 6/3; fore wing usually with only costal cell enclosed by pigmented veins ( Plates 3A , 5B , 11A, B ), occasionally also median cell enclosed by pigmented veins; fore wing with stigmal vein and pterostigma ( Plates 3A , 5B , 11A, B ); course of fore wing veins not marked by dark stripes; hindwing ( Plates 5B , 11A ) hyaline, with costal cell, without dark medial longitudinal stripe; protarsus not chelate ( Plates 3A , 5B , 11A, B ); basivolsella completely situated down distivolsella distal apex ( Plates 6B , 11F ); tibial spurs 1/1/2.

Distribution. Worldwide.

Hosts. Membracidae and Cicadellidae Typhlocybinae ( Guglielmino & Olmi, 1997, 2006).

World species. Ninety species are known, thirty three in the Oriental region.

World genera. Two genera are known, both in the Oriental region.

Key to the genera

Females and males

1. Fore wing with stigmal vein regularly curved ( Plate 2A ); epistomal suture situated below the imaginary line joining antennal toruli ( Plate 4F )......................................................................1. Aphelopus Dalman

- Fore wing with stigmal vein straight ( Plate 11A ), or forming an angle between the proximal and distal parts ( Plate 4E ); epistomal suture situated at same level of antennal toruli ( Plate 4G )................................... 2. Crovettia Olmi

Figures

PLATE 2. A–C, F. Females. D, E. Chelae. a, arolium; e, enlarged claw; r, rudimentary claw; s, segment 5 of protarsus. G, H. Part of mesosoma, males. a, propleuron; c, procoxa; e, epicnemium; m, mesopleuron; p, pronotum; s, scutum; t, tegula. A. Aphelopus sp. B, E, H. Dryinus sp. C. Gonatopus sp. D. Anteon sp. F. Conganteon sp. G.Bocchus sp. (From Olmi 1984).

PLATE 3. A–C, F, G. Males. D, E. Mandibles. A. Crovettia sp. Length 2.5 mm. B. Fiorianteon sp. Length 3.8 mm. C. Dryinus sp. Length 3.7 mm. D. Anteon sp., Female. E. Dryinidae. F. Thaumatodryinus sp. Length 1.9 mm. G. Anteon sp. Length 2.5 mm. (From Olmi 1984).

PLATE 4. A, B, E. Males. C, D. Male genitalia. b, basivolsella; d, distivolsella; k, dorsal process of paramere; o, paramere; p, penis or aedeagus. F, G. Heads. A. Dryinus sp. Length 3.0 mm. B. Occiput of Gonatopus sp. C. Dryinus sp. D. Echthrodelphax sp. E. Crovettia sp. Length 2.5 mm. F.Aphelopus sp. G. Crovettia sp. (From Olmi 1984).

PLATE 5. Aphelopus alebroides. A. Female. Length 1.7 mm. B. Male. Length 1.8 mm. (From Xu et al. 2011c).

PLATE 6. A–C, E–G.Male genitalia. A. Aphelopus achterbergi, holotype (from Olmi 1998a). B. A. albiclypeus from Laos. C. A. alebroides, holotype (from Xu et al. 2011c). D. Arboridia sp. parasitized by A. alebroides (from Xu et al. 2011c). E. A. borneanus from China. F. A. indicus, holotype (from Olmi 2010). G. A. luteoceps, holotype. Scale bar 0.18 mm for A, 0.16 mm for B, 0.14 mm for C, E and F, 0.26 mm for G.

PLATE 10. Crovettia masneri, holotype. A. Dorsal view (A) and lateral view (B). Length 2.4 mm. (From Olmi 1984).

PLATE 11. Crovettia townesi, holotype. A, B. Dorsal view (A) and lateral view (B). Length 2.0 mm. C. Maxillary palpus. D. Labial palpus. E. Mandible. F. Male genitalia. Scale bar 0.37 mm for C, 0.32 mm for D, 0.26 mm for E and 0.13 mm for F. (From Olmi 1991).