Erysimum nemrutdaghense Mutlu, 2018

Mutlu, Birol, 2018, A new perennial Erysimum species from Turkey, E. nemrutdaghense (Brassicaceae), Phytotaxa 336 (3), pp. 239-251 : 243-247

Erysimum nemrutdaghense Mutlu , sp. nova ( Figs. 1–4 )

Diagnosis: Erysimum nemrutdaghense is morphologically similar to Erysimum sintenisianum and E. adcumbens in its life form, stem length, leaf shapes, trichome of fruit, and style length. However, it mainly differs from E. sintenisianum in terms of style length (3.4–) 4–6 (–6.2) mm [vs. (1.5–) 2–3 (–5) mm], petals mostly glabrous or trichome 3+4+5–rayed [vs. glabrous], siliqua length (8.4–) 10–14 (–15) mm [vs. 13–24 (–30) mm], seed number in each locus 2–4 [vs. 10–17] and it differs from E. adcumbens in terms of its trichome shapes of adaxial surface of basal leaves (2)+3+4+5+(6)– rayed [vs. 2+(3)-rayed], petal mostly glabrous or sparsely pubescent with 3+4+5-rayed trichomes [vs. (2)+3], siliqua length (8.4–) 10–14 (–15) mm [vs. 15–28 mm], style length (3.4–) 4–6 (–6.2) mm [vs. 2–3(–4) mm], style shape filiform [vs. linear, dilated to base], seed number in each locus 2–4 [vs. 10–18].

Erysimum nemrutdaghense is phylogenetically similar to E. macrostigma and E. elbrusense . However, it mainly differs from E. macrostigma in terms of its trichome shapes of adaxial surface of basal leaves (2)+3+4+5+(6)-rayed [vs. 2+(3)-rayed], petal length 7–13 mm [vs. 13–16 mm], siliqua shape terete-tetragonal [vs. compressed], siliqua length (8.4–) 10–14 (–15) mm [vs. 20–35 mm], siliqua trichome (2+3)+4+5+(6)+((7))-rayed [vs. 2+3-rayed], seed number in each locus 2–4 [vs. 8–18] and it differs from E. elbrusense in terms of its trichomes of adaxial surface of basal leaves (2)+3+4+5+(6)-rayed [vs. 2+3+(4)-rayed], style length (3.4–) 4–6 (–6.2) mm [vs. 2 (–4) mm], siliqua shape terete-tetragonal [vs. compressed], siliqua length (8.4–) 10–14 (–15) mm [vs. 25–42 mm], siliqua trichome (2+3)+4+5+(6)+((7))-rayed [vs. 2+3-rayed], seed number in each locus 2–4 [vs. 7–15] (for more details, see Table 1).

Type:— TURKEY. C7 Adıyaman: Kahta Village, North side of Nemrut Mountain , 370. 58′.54.48″ N – 380. 44′.27.82″ E, 2138 m, alpine steppe, 06.vi.2009, B.Mutlu 10839 (in flower) (holotype: INU; isotype: HUB, GAZI) ; ibid., 28.vi.2009, B.Mutlu 10958- Fatma and Can Mutlu (in fruit) ; ibid., 22.vii.2010, B.Mutlu 11232 & İ.Yıldırım (in mature fruit) (paratype: INU, HUB, GAZI) ( Fig. 1 ) .

Description: Perennial, polycarpic with flowering shoots arising from the rootstock; sterile shoots present; stems up to (3–) 9–16 cm in flower and up to 5–20 (–25) cm in fruit. Stem erect (3–) 4–10 (–11), shortly ascending base with often early withering basal rosette and; upper part of stem angled, trichome 2+((3))-rayed. Basal leaves petiolate, 13–24 x 1.1–2.3 mm, oblanceolate to spatulate, entire, obtuse, trichomes (2)+3+4+5+(6)-rayed. Cauline leaves simple, sessile, 11–18 (–22) x 1.1–2.1 (–2.2) mm, oblanceolate to spatulate, entire, obtuse, trichome 2-rayed. Inflorescence in well developed specimens 4–12 cm, unbranched, racemes 8–14-flowered. Pedicels 2.8–4.1 (–4.6) x 0.3–0.4 mm in siliqua, trichomes 2+3+4+(5)-rayed. Flowers pale yellow, slightly fragrant; inner sepals 5–7.3 x 1.1–1.9 mm, narrowly ovate-lanceolate, outer sepal 5.1–7.5 x 2–3 mm, obovate, trichomes (2)+3+4+(5)-rayed; petals 7–13 x (1.9–) 2.6–4.6 mm, claw 4.5–8 mm, mostly glabrous or with 3+4+5-rayed trichomes. Anther length of short stamens 1.6–2.9 mm, anther length of long stamens 1.3–2.6 mm; filament length of short stamens (2.1–) 2.6–5.8 (–6.1) mm, filament length of long stamens (4.2–) 4.7–8.2 (–8.6) mm. Siliqua terete-tetragonal, (8.4–) 10–14 (–15) x 1.1–2.1 mm, angle between the axis of the raceme and pedicel or raceme and fruit (5°–) 7°–37° (–40°), outer side of valves trichomes (2+3)+4+5+(6)+((7))-rayed, inner side of valves glabrous, main vein of fruit valves thickened when mature; style filiform, (3.4–) 4–6 (–6.2) x 0.2 mm, trichomes 3+4+((5+6))-rayed; stigma capitates, entire or slightly emarginate. Seeds 2–4 in each locus, eliptic-lenticular, pale brown, tuberculate.

Etymology: The specific epithet derives from the name of Nemrut Mountain where the type specimens were collected (locus classicus). Turkish name of the species was given as “ Nemrut zarifesi ” in this article according to

Mutlu (2012) and Menemen et al. (2016).

Distribution and habitat ecology: Erysimum nemrutdaghense grows only on alpine steppes in Irano-Turanian phytogeographic region in Turkey ( Fig.6 ). It is found at only one locality and it has a very limited distribution only in

Nemrut Mountain in Adıyaman where the species has a very restricted area.

It grows on whitish limestone slopes at an altitude of 2100–2150 m. Properties of limestone are SiO 2 (47.20%), Al 2 O 3 (19.15%), Fe 2 O 3 (15.30%), CaO (11.17%), MgO (5.35%), and unknown (1.83%). When compared to rock properties of the surrounding region (Karacadağ, Karakoçan and Yeşilyurt), Al 2 O 3, Fe 2 O 3 and MgO rates are the highest ( Biçer et al. 2014).

The vegetation in this area consists of herbaceous plants including Allium nemrutdagense Kit Tan & Sorger ,

Phleum boissieri Bornm. , Deschampsia caespitosa (L.) P. Beauv., Galium aparine L., Alyssum pateri Nyár. subsp.

pateri , Arnebia densiflora Ledeb. , and Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. subsp. astracanicum ( Tatlı & Tel 2004) .

Flowering time of the new species is May and early June. Its fruiting time is late June–late July.

The compared species are Erysimum sintenisianum , endemic in Turkey and widely distributed in East Anatolia,

E. macrostigma , distributed in East Anatolia in Turkey, Armenia, Azerbaijan and Iran and E. elbrusense distributed in

Iran, Iraq, and Turkmenistan ( Fig. 6 ) ( Noroozi et al. 2010, Polatschek 2011).

In this study, DNA sequences (number KJ418070) taken from Gen Bank and used as Erysimum adcumbens were recorded as Erysimum sintenisianum in Gen Bank. These DNA sequences were obtained using Rechinger’s herbarium specimen (number 46003 in herbarium M) in the study by Moazzeni et al., (2014b). Rechinger’s herbarium specimen (number 46003) was collected from Sivas region (North-East Anatolia). Having only flowers this specimen was named as E. sintenisianum by Polatschek in 1976. While Erysimum adcumbens is an endemic species and distributed only in north-eastern and central Anatolia, E. sintenisianum an endemic species and distributed only in Eastern Anatolia Region ( Fig. 6 ).

Conservation status: Plants flourish in the area and there is no harmful insect predation and graze. It is suggested that this new species should be placed under IUCN threatened category in “Endangered” [EN D] because it is known only from the type locality that population size is estimated to be fewer than 250 mature individuals ( IUCN 2016).

Representative specimens examined: Abbreviations of herbaria follow Thiers (2016).— E. adcumbens (Boiss.) Polatscheck : Turkey: Sivas, a 20 km orientem versus, sustr. silic., 1450 m, Rechinger 46003 [E00384799, M] (sub E. sintenisianum by Polatschek in 1976)— E. elbrusense Boiss. : Iran: ad nives deliquescentes montis Totschal prope Teheran, 17/05/1843, Th. Kotschy 164 [G isotype]; Towtchâl, versant méridional, 14/06/1973, pelouses écorchées à coussinets épineux, 3600 m, J.C.Klein 4428 (in flower) [G]; Vârvasht (Kuh-e Delâ), Nord de Kamardand (route de Pol-e Zanguleh), versant sudouest, 31/07/1972, pelouses écorchées á coussinets épineux, 3650 m, J.C.Klein 3445 (in fruit) [G].— E. nemrutdaghense Mutlu : Turkey: N Adiyaman, Nemrud dagi, 5.1970 R. Wannemacher [W 1974– 19625] (in flower, sub E. sintenisianum ); Nemrud Dagh, 6.1883 Luschan [WU] (in flower, sub E. sintenisianum ).— E. sintenisianum Bornm. : Turkey: Iter orientale, Szanschak Gümüschkhane Aktsch in lapidosis, 10.7.1894, P.Sintenis 7489 (LD-photo isotype); A8 Rize: İkizdere, Cimil, Cirmaniman plateau, Kurusulak area, 3238 m, 13.vii.2007, B.Mutlu 10499 [INU]; A9 Ardahan: Ardahan, 5 km before the detour Ardahan to Çıldır, 1963 m, 19.vii.2009, B.Mutlu 11018– 11020 [INU]; B8 Erzurum: Palandöken Mt., between Erzurum to Tekman Village, 2518 m, 11.vii.2007, B.Mutlu 10481 [INU]; Palandöken Mt., opposite side of Polat Hotel, P. sylvestris forest, 2200 m, 07.vi.1999, B.Mutlu 4865 [INU]; B9 Bitlis: between Tatvan to Van, Alacabük Mt., 2300–2990 m, 03.vii.2008, B.Mutlu 10682 [INU]; B9 Van: Pirreşit Mt., 3 km before the radar station, 03.vii.2008, B.Mutlu 10688 [INU]; 17.vii.2009, B.Mutlu 10994 [INU]; Gevaş, Artos Mt., 1750–2700 m, 18.vi.2001, B.Mutlu 7367 [INU]; ibid., 18.vi.2001, B.Mutlu 7408 [INU]; Adilcevaz, SW slopes of Süphan Mt., 2837 m, 17.vii.2009, B.Mutlu 11000 [INU]. Armenia turcica, Szanschak Gümüschkhane, Darzosdagh in pasc. Subalp. (Kanakbaschi), 6.6.1894 Sintenis P. 5751 [W 1895-3695]. Prov. Bitlis, Suphan Dag above Adilcevaz, 4115–4300 m, 24.8.1954 Davis P. & Polunin O. 24657 [W 1964-8822].— E. hirschfeldioides Boiss. & Hausskn. : Turkey: C7 Urfa: 28 km from Ceylanpınar village, between stockyards of Güzelyurt to Kazıktepe, 415 m, 360. 49′.458″ N– 390. 49′.511″ E, 14.v.2006, B.Mutlu 9981 [INU].— E. lazistanicum (Rupr.) Lipsky : Turkey: A2 Bursa: Uludağ, in front of tungsten mine bulding, 2060 m, 400. 05′.901″ N— 290. 10′.261″ E, 03.vii.2007, B.Mutlu 10478 [INU].— E. macrostigma Boiss. : Azerbaijan: Aderbijan, s.d. Aucher-Eloy 4106 [G-Boiss. lectotype]; Turkey: B9 Van: Çatak, Kavuşşahap Mountain, 3400 m, 23/07/1954, Davis & Polunin 23108 [ANK]; C9 Hakkari: Cilo mountain, 10 km west of Cilo Hill, 3130 m, 09/08/1954, Davis & Polunin 24162 [ANK]; Kona Mountain, 11.700 ft, 16/08/1954, Davis 24505 [ANK].— E. stenophyllum Polatschek : Turkey: C3 Antalya: Kemer, SW slopes of Tahtalı Mountain, 1756 m, 360. 27′.726″ N— 300. 25′.003″ E, 22.vi.2007, B.Mutlu 10447 [INU].

Figures

FIGURE 1. Type specimens, flowering and fruiting view of Erysimum nemrutdaghense Mutlu. A. holotype: B.Mutlu 10839; INU 10004- 2009.—B. paratype: B.Mutlu 10958; INU 10005-2009.—C. flowering view.—D. fruiting view (photo: B.Mutlu).

FIGURE 2. Siliquas of Erysimum nemrutdaghense (A-B), E. serpentinicum (B) and E. echinellum (C). A. Siliqua and seeds shape (B.Mutlu 11232). B. Cross section of siliqua (B.Mutlu 11232). C. Siliqua and seeds shape, arrows indicates the wings of seed (B.Mutlu 10527). D. SEM photograph of siliqua, arrows indicates the tubercules (B.Mutlu 11232).

FIGURE 3. SEM photographs of different part of Erysimum nemrutdaghense (A–F; B.Mutlu 10839-INU 10004-2009, G–H; B.Mutlu 11232-INU 12580-2016). A. Basal leaves, B. Cauline leaves, C. stigma, D. style, E. outher surface of siliqua, F. inner surface of siliqua, G. seed, H. seed surface.

FIGURE 4. Majority rule consensus tree obtained from a Bayesian analysis of 27 perennial species based on ITS nrDNA sequences showing the phylogenetic position of Erysimum nemrutdagense. Malcolmia orsiana (DQ357560) and Malcolmia maritima (AM905723) were used as outgroup. Specimens of the new species are shaded in the clade. Posterior probabilities (PP) are given above branches. Thickened branches indicate significant Bayesian posterior probability ≥50. Figure of perennial life forms are according to Feliner (1992) [a: monocarpic perennial, b: polycarpic with axillary flowering shoots, c and d: polycarpic with flowering shoots arising from the rootstock, e: suffruticose].

FIGURE 6. Distribution maps of Erysimum nemrutdaghense (+), E. sintenisianum (◊), E. adcumbens (▲), E. macrostigma (■) and E. elbrusense (●).