Angelopsallus gregalis (Van Duzee, 1923)

Schuh, Randall T., 2006, Revision, Phylogenetic, Biogeographic, And Host Analyses Of The Endemic Western North American Phymatopsallus Group, With The Description Of 9 New Genera And 15 New Species (Insecta: Hemiptera: Miridae: Phylinae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2006 (301), pp. 1-115 : 114-115

Angelopsallus gregalis : male (AMNH_PBI

00077130); female (AMNH_PBI 00077133).

Arizonapsallus stonedahli : male (AMNH_PBI 00096981); female (AMNH_PBI 00096985).

Bisulcopsallus croceguttatus : female (AMNH_ PBI 00069803).

Bisulcopsallus fulvipunctatus : male (AMNH_ PBI 00068616); female (AMNH_PBI 00068618).

B. fuscipunctatus : male (AMNH_PBI 00063210); female(AMNH_PBI00063213).

B.huachucae : male (AMNH_PBI 00063222); female (AMNH_PBI 00063226).

B. pallidus : male (AMNH_PBI 00068622); female (AMNH_PBI 00068626).

B. polhemorum : male (AMNH_PBI 00063434); female (AMNH_PBI 00063437).

B. texanus : male (AMNH_PBI 00063227); female (AMNH_PBI 00068632).

Ceratopsallus aquilonius : male (AMNH_PBI 00071906); female (AMNH_PBI 00071912).

C. croceus : male, left (AMNH_PBI 00068782); male, right (AMNH_PBI 00074864).

C. pantherinus : male (AMNH_PBI 00068637); female (AMNH_PBI 00077140).

C. pintoi : male, left (AMNH_PBI 00082301), male, right (AMNH_PBI 00063242); female, left (AMNH_PBI 00082305), female, right (AMNH_PBI 00063129).

C. plautus : male (AMNH_PBI 00071879); female (AMNH_PBI 00071884).

C. quercicola : male (AMNH_PBI 00063251); female (AMNH_PBI 00063256).

C. ribesi : male (AMNH_PBI 00071877); female (AMNH_PBI 00068636).

C. schwartzi : male (AMNH_PBI 00071915); female (AMNH_PBI 00071883).

C. septentrionalis : male (AMNH _PBI 00063262); female (AMNH_PBI 00063266).

C. vauqueliniae : male (AMNH_PBI 00063232); female (AMNH_PBI 00063237).

Cercocarpopsallusbispinosus: male(AMNH_PBI 00063147); female (AMNH_PBI 00063148).

C. gracilis : male (AMNH_PBI 00071864); female (AMNH_PBI 00071868).

Knightopsallus portalensis : male (AMNH_PBI 00063145).

Phymatopsallus acaciae : male (AMNH_PBI 00063132); female (AMNH_PBI 00071858).

P. dubiosus : male (AMNH_PBI 00063112); female (AMNH_PBI 00063111).

P. patagoniae : male (AMNH_PBI 00063153); female (AMNH_PBI 00063152).

P. rinconae : male (AMNH_PBI 00063128); female (AMNH_PBI 00063119).

P. tuberculatus : male (AMNH_PBI 00063141); female (AMNH_PBI 00063134).

Salicopsallus lucidus : male, left (AMNH_PBI 00071871),male, right (AMNH_PBI 00063175); female,left(AMNH_PBI00071873),femaleright (AMNH_PBI00068777).

S. schwartzi : male (AMNH_PBI 00063162); female (AMNH_PBI 00063167).

Stictopsallus aspersus : male, left (AMNH_PBI 00068609),male, right (AMNH_PBI 00063188); female,left(AMNH_PBI00077128),female,right (AMNH_PBI00063206).

Schaffneropsallus oaxacensis : male (AMNH_ PBI 00058285); female (AMNH_PBI 00058291).

NOTE ADDED IN PROOF

Structure and function of the vestibulum: Pluot-Sigwalt and Matocq (2006) published a comprehensive literature review of the structure of the vulva and vestibulum in the Orthotylinae and Phylinae , augmented by substantial original observations. Because I was not aware of their work at the time the present revision was being prepared, I was not able to incorporate their observations into the overall context of my own work.

Pluot-Sigwalt and Matocq (2006) observed that it is difficult to understand the homology of structure between the Orthotylinae and Phylinae . Nonetheless, with regard to the Phylinae , they noted that the morphology and variation of the elongate sclerotized vestibulum are reasonably well documented, citing the works of Henry and Schuh (1979), Magnien (2000), and Wyniger (2006), among several others. Those works document the form of the vestibulum in some members of the phyline tribes Phylini and Hallodapini where the structure is elaborate and similar to what is seen in some members of the Phymatopsallus group of genera. In this regard, what I have referred to as the ‘‘nautiloid process’’ is apparently the same structure that other authors have termed the ‘‘ventral sac’’.

Pluot-Sigwalt and Matocq (2006) discussed the functional significance of the vestibulum in the Phylinae . Their view, echoing that of others, is that the vestibulum plays a role in the reception of the phallus and that its size and conformation are correlated with the size and shape of the phallus, opinions with which I largely concur. Some of the remaining discussion by Pluot- Sigwalt and Matocq concerning the functional significance of the vestibulum I regard as speculation.

My own morphological observations cause me to conclude that the role of the vestibulum, in line with the argument that it receives the phallus during copulation, is to conduct the sperm (spermatophore) to the seminal depository during copulation. No doubt this function is the same in all Phylinae (and probably in all Miridae ); however, because the structures are more highly sclerotized and elaborate in many Phylinae than is the case in many other Miridae , the morphological evidence for the function is much easier to document. Nonetheless, there is variation within the Phylinae , not only in the degree of vestibular development, but also in the point of connection of the vestibulum with the seminal receptacle. The differences in point of connection can be easily seen by comparing the situation in Larinocerus Froeschner (as illustrated by Henry and Schuh [1979], and reexamined in the preparation of this note) and Bisulcopsallus and Ceratopsallus (this paper) for example. In the former taxon the entry and exit points of the vestibulum are widely separated, whereas in the latter groups the entry and exit appear to lie adjacent to one another.

The argument put forward by Pluot- Sigwalt and Matocq (2006), with which I do not agree, is that the vestibulum plays some role in oviposition. I see no physical evidence that the vestibulum is involved in conducting eggs from the ovaries to the ovipositor, as suggested by Pluot-Sigwalt and Matocq (2006). Davis (1955), in his study of the female genitalia in the Miridae , showed in his figure 19B that eggs pass from the oviduct to the ovipositor without traversing the vestibulum, an interpretation with which I agree.