Trichadenotecnum, Enderlein, 1909

Yoshizawa, Kazunori, Aldrete, Alfonso Neri García & Mockford, Edward L., 2008, Systematics and biogeography of the New World species of Trichadenotecnum Enderlein (Insecta: Psocodea: ‘ Psocoptera’: Psocidae), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 153 (4), pp. 651-723 : 653-654

KEY TO THE NEW WORLD SPECIES GROUPS OF TRICHADENOTECNUM

Males: (The spiniserrulum group is not keyed here because the only New World species of this group, T. pardus , is considered to be parthenogenetic and thus the male is unknown.)

1. Rs fork obtuse ( Fig. 5 ); clunium with postero-lateral process (clunial arm: Fig. 6A )......................................3

– Rs fork acute ( Fig. 1 ); clunium without postero-lateral process ( Fig. 2A, E ) ................................................ 2

2. Forewing extensively covered with small spots ( Fig. 1D–F ); hypandrium with well-developed movable median tongue ( Fig. 3C, G, I ) ..................................................................................................... roesleri group

– Forewing not extensively covered with small spots ( Fig. 1A–C ); hypandrium without median tongue ( Fig. 2C, G )........................................................................................................................ circularoides group

3. Hypandrium with movable median tongue ( Fig. 6C )...............................................................................4

– Median tongue fused with hypandrium................................................................. majus group ( T. majus )

4. Hypandrial median tongue well sclerotized ( Fig. 6C ).............................................................................. 5

– Hypandrial median tongue membranous ( Fig. 38C ) ........................................................... slossonae group

5. Hypandrial median tongue long, much longer than basal width ( Fig. 6C )...................................................6

– Hypandrial median tongue short, length almost equal to width ( Fig. 43C ).................................. decui group

6. 8th sternum fused to hypandrium medially ( Fig. 21C )............................................................................9

– 8th sternum separated from hypandrium ( Fig. 6C ).................................................................................7

7. Hypandrium asymmetrical ( Figs 6C , 19C ) ............................................................................................ 8

– Hypandrium symmetrical.................................................................... alexanderae group ( T. alexanderae )

8. Dorsal surface of hypandrial median tongue with keel medially ( Fig. 18A )............... chiapense group (in part)

– Dorsal surface of hypandrial median tongue without keel ( Fig. 6A ) .................................... desolatum group

9. Hypandrium asymmetrical ( Fig. 21C ).................................................................................................10

– Hypandrium symmetrical ( Fig. 32C )............................................................................. concinnum group

10. Hypandrial posterior processes widely separated apically ( Fig. 37C ) ........................................................ 11

– Hypandrial posterior processes crossing or closely associated apically ( Fig. 21C ) ................... quaesitum group

11. Hypandrial median tongue broadened apically ( Fig. 18C ) ...................................... chiapense group (in part)

– Hypandrial median tongue tapered apically ( Fig. 37C, G )............................................... aconcinnum group

Females: (Some of the species groups proposed below, such as quaesitum and concinnum , are defined only on male genital apomorphies and are difficult to distinguish on female characters. When males are available, together with females, refer to the male key above. For observation of some key characters, dissection of specimens is required. Females are unknown for the aconcinnum group, which are expected to fall into couplet 9 based on the following key.)

1. Ventral valve of gonapophyses long, apex far exceeding posterior margin of external valve ( Fig. 7B ) .............. 4 – Ventral valve of gonapophyses short, apex not exceeding posterior margin of external valve ( Fig. 4B ).............2 2. Forewing extensively covered with small spots ( Fig. 1D–F )......................................................................3 – Forewing not extensively covered with small spots ( Fig. 1A–C ) ........................................ circularoides group 3. Forewing Rs fork acute ( Fig. 1 ).......................................................................................... roesleri group – Forewing Rs fork obtuse (as in Fig. 5 )....................................................... spiniserrulum group ( T. pardus ) 4. Forewing extensively covered with small spots ( Figs 5 , 17F–L ) ................................................................ 5 – Forewing not extensively covered with small spots ( Fig. 17A–D )...............................................................7 5. Egg guide of subgenital plate gradually narrowing to rounded or almost straight distal margin ( Fig. 7A )........6 – Egg guide of subgenital plate broadened distally ( Fig. 24A ) ........ quaesitum group (in part) & concinnum group 6. Anterior margin of subgenital plate with broad membranous region medially (e.g. Fig. 20A )........................... ............................................................................................................................. alexanderae group – Anterior margin of subgenital plate with narrow membranous region medially ( Fig. 7A ).......... desolatum group 7. Egg guide of subgenital plate broadened distally ( Fig. 24A ).....................................................................8 – Egg guide of subgenital plate almost parallel sided or gradually narrowing to distal margin ( Fig. 20A ).........10 8. Egg guide of subgenital plate with sclerotized portion dorsally ( Figs 39A , 45A )...........................................9 – Egg guide of subgenital plate without sclerotized portion dorsally ( Fig. 24A ) ........... quaesitum group (in part) 9. Internal plate triangular in shape, with rounded or somewhat pointed posterior margin ( Fig. 45C ).................. .......................................................................................................................... decui group (in part) – Internal plate with square-shaped posterior extension ( Fig. 39C )........................................... slossonae group 10. Egg guide strongly narrowing distally ( Fig. 20A )..................................................................................11 – Egg guide almost parallel sided.................................................................. decui group (in part, T. decui ) 11. Egg guide without sclerotized portion dorsally ................................................................. chiapense group – Egg guide with sclerotized portion dorsally ............................................................. majus group ( T. majus ) Key to species of the circularoides group

1. Forewing discoidal cell with distinct spots ( Fig. 1A, B ); epiproct lobe bilobed (for T. gonzalezi : Fig. 2B ).............2

– Forewing discoidal cell without distinct spots except for faint markings along veins ( Fig. 1C ); epiproct lobe not bilobed ( Fig. 1F ) ................................................................................................... T. peruense sp. nov.

2. Posterior margin of subgenital plate flattened; anterior arms of subgenital plate separated by narrow membranous region ................................................................................................................ T. gonzalezi (Williner)

– Posterior margin of subgenital plate slightly hollowed medially; anterior arms of subgenital plate broadly separated by membranous region...................................................................................... T. circularoides Badonnel group, based on the short ventral valve of the gonapophyses, results from molecular analyses showed that the species should be excluded from the spiniserrulum group and constitute its own species group (Yoshizawa, 2004). The present morphology-based phylogenetic analysis with bisexual T. gonzalezi and T. peruense , which are apparently closely related to T. circularoides , corroborates the result from the molecular phylogenetic analyses. In particular, the lack of the clunial arm and the opposing spots in cell r in the circularoides group are important plesiomorphic character states that exclude T. circularoides and relatives from the spiniserrulum group, although the latter state was considered to be a reversal by Yoshizawa (2001).

Figures

Figure 1. Forewings of Trichadenotecnum circularoides (A), T. gonzalezi (B), T. peruense (C), T. tambopatense (D), T. oaxacense (E) and T. bos (F).

Figure 2. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum gonzalezi (A–D) and T. peruense (E–H), showing terminalia in lateral view (A, E), epiproct in posterior view (B, F), hypandrium in ventral view (C, G) and phallosome in ventral view (D, H).

Figure 3. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum tambopatense (A–D), T. oaxacense (E–H) and T. bos (I, J), showing terminalia in lateral view (A, E), epiproct in posterior view (B, F), hypandrium in ventral view (C, G, I) and phallosome in ventral view (D, H, J).

Figure 4. Female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum tambopatense, showing subgenital plate (A), gonapophyses (B) and internal plate (C) in ventral view.

Figure 5. Forewings of Trichadenotecnum desolatum (A), T. acutolingum (B), T. magnolingum (C), T. longilingum (D), T. carinatum (E), T. tuitense (F), T. sparsum (G) and T. latipenne (H).

Figure 6. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum desolatum, showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B), hypandrium in ventral view (C) and phallosome in ventral view (D).

Figure 7. Female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum desolatum, showing subgenital plate (A), gonapophyses (B) and internal plate (C) in ventral view.

Figure 17. Forewings of Trichadenotecnum erwini (A), T. chiapense (B), T. quaesitum (C), T. quaesitellum (D), T. cerrosillae (E), T. maculatum (F), T. neoleonense (G), T. ericium (H), T. brevicornum (I), T. concinnum (J), T. acutum (K) and T. nicaraguense (L.).

Figure 18. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum erwini, showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B), hypandrium in ventral view (C) and phallosome in ventral view (D).

Figure 19. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum chiapense, showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B), hypandrium in ventral view (C) and phallosome in ventral view (D).

Figure 20. Female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum chiapense, showing subgenital plate (A), gonapophyses (B) and internal plate (C) in ventral view.

Figure 21. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum quaesitum, showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B), hypandrium in ventral view (C) and phallosome in ventral view (D).

Figure 24. Female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum cerrosillae, showing subgenital plate (A), gonapophyses (B) and internal plate (C) in ventral view.

Figure 32. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum concinnum, showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B), hypandrium in ventral view (C) and phallosome in ventral view (D).

Figure 37. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum aconcinnum (A–D) and T. guttatum (E–H), showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B, E), epiproct in lateral view (F), hypandrium in ventral view (C, G) and phallosome in ventral view (D, H).

Figure 38. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum slossonae, showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B), hypandrium in ventral view (C) and phallosome in ventral (D) and lateral views (E).

Figure 39. Female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum slossonae, showing subgenital plate (A), gonapophyses (B) and internal plate (C) in ventral view.

Figure 43. Male terminalia structures of Trichadenotecnum decui, showing terminalia in lateral view (A), epiproct in posterior view (B), hypandrium in ventral view (C) and phallosome in ventral view (D).

Figure 45. Female genitalia of Trichadenotecnum obrienorum, showing subgenital plate (A), gonapophyses (B) and internal plate (C) in ventral view.