Acanthocinini, Blanchard, 1845

Monné, Miguel A., Santos-Silva, Antonio & Monné, Marcela L., 2020, Key to South American genera of Acanthocinini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) without erect setae on elytra; synonymies, transferences, revalidation, and notes on genera with erect setae on elytra, Zootaxa 4863 (1), pp. 1-65 : 7-10

Key to South American genera of Acanthocinini without erect setae on elytral surface

1. Metafemora remarkably swollen, and elytra without dorsal carina ( Fig. 1 )....................... Megamiros Audureau, 2013 – Metafemora not notably swollen or swollen but elytra with dorsal carina.............................................. 2

2(1). Each elytron with two or three well-marked carinae............................................................ 3 – Each elytron with one carina, lateral or dorsal (sometimes, dorsal carina slightly marked), or lacking carina.................. 7

3(2). Each elytron with one dorsal carina ( Fig. 2 ).......................................... Nealcidion Monné, 1977 (part) – Each elytron with two or more dorsal carinae.................................................................... 4

4(3). Sides of the prothorax lacking tubercle or with rounded tubercle ( Fig. 3 )................... Nealcidion Monné, 1977 (part) – Sides of the prothorax with large, conical tubercle................................................................ 5

5(4). Elytral apex oblique, outer angle strongly spiniform ( Fig. 7 )............................... Tropidocoleus Monné, 2009 – Elytral apex rounded or truncate, unarmed...................................................................... 6

6(5). Centrobasal crest of the elytra with dense setae ( Figs. 8–9 )............................... Xylergatoides Gilmour, 1962 – Centrobasal crest of the elytra (when distinct) not densely setose ( Figs. 10–11 )................ Lagocheirus Dejean, 1835 (part)

7(2). Each elytron with two large spiniform projections on posterior half ( Figs. 13–14 )................ Beloesthes Thomson, 1864 – Elytra without large spiniform projections on posterior half......................................................... 8

8(7). Elytra with both, centrobasal crest and humeral carina.......................................................... 9 – Elytra with centrobasal crest and without humeral carina, or with humeral carina and without centrobasal crest, or without both. 15

9(8). Sides of the prothorax rounded or with obtuse protuberance..................................................... 10 – Sides of the prothorax with distinct acute tubercle............................................................... 11

10(9). Elytra with or without distinct humeral carina........................................ Nealcidion Monné, 1977 (part) – Elytra with distinct humeral carina ( Fig. 15 )............................................ Lathroeus Thomson, 1864 (part)

Note: Problematic group of species needing full revision for eventual separation

11(9). Centrobasal crest of the elytra longer than metatarsomere I..................................................... 12 – Centrobasal crest of the elytra shorter or as long as metatarsomere I................................................. 13

12(11). Centrobasal crest of the elytra projected backward at its superior apex ( Figs. 16–17 )... Acanthodoxus Martins & Monné, 1974 – Centrobasal crest of the elytra projected at its apex ( Figs. 18–20 )................................ Cleodoxus Thomson, 1864

13(11). Lateral tubercles of the prothorax with blunt apex................................... Lathroeus Thomson, 1864 (part) – Lateral tubercles of the prothorax with acute apex............................................................... 14

14(13). Prothorax rounded laterally between anterolateral angles and lateral tubercle ( Figs. 21–22 )................................................................................................. Tropidozineus Monné & Martins, 1976

– Prothorax with sides straight or nearly so between anterolateral angles and lateral tubercle ( Fig. 23 )............................................................................................... Paracleodoxus Monné & Monné, 2010

15(8). Elytra with centrobasal crest or distinct gibbosity............................................................ 16

– Elytra without centrobasal crest or distinct gibbosity............................................................. 29

16(15). Elytra with a pointed paintbrush-shaped centrobasal crest, with long setae on top ( Figs. 24–26 )... Odontozineus Monné, 2009

– Centrobasal crest or gibbosity of the elytra wider, with setae on top shorter or absent.................................... 17

17(16). Apex of the centrobasal crest of the elytra projected backward................................................. 18

– Apex of the centrobasal crest of the elytra not projected backward, or elytra with gibbosity............................... 20

18(17). Sides of prothorax with distinct tubercle, acute at apex ( Figs. 27–28 )....................... Hamatastus Gilmour, 1957

– Sides of prothorax without tubercle or, at most, with rounded protuberance........................................... 19

19(18). Elytra about as long as twice the width across humeri ( Fig. 29–30 )........................... Anisolophia Melzer, 1934

– Elytra distinctly shorter than twice the width across humeri ( Figs. 31–32 )............................. Pucallpa Lane, 1959

20(17). Mesoventral process with tubercle ( Figs. 33–34 )........................................ .. Erphaea Erichson, 1847

– Mesoventral process without tubercle......................................................................... 21

21(20). Centrobasal crest of the elytra transverse ( Fig. 35 )........................................ Amniscites Gilmour, 1957

– Centrobasal crest or gibbosity of the elytra longitudinal........................................................... 22

22(21). Scape with spiniform projection at inner apex ( Fig. 36 )................................. Alcathousiella Monné, 2005

– Scape not spiniform at apex................................................................................. 23

23(22). Antennomere III with spiniform projection in males (in some species with dense set of setae on inner side) ( Figs. 37–38 )................................................................................... Xenocona Gilmour, 1960

– Antennomere III without projection in both sexes.................................................................24

24(23). Lateral tubercle of the prothorax triangular, not directed backward..............................................25

– Lateral tubercle of the prothorax spiniform, directed backward..................................................... 28

25(24). Metafemora slender in both sexes, distinctly surpassing elytral apex in male ( Figs. 39–42 )................................................................................................. Paranisopodus Monné & Martins, 1976

– Metafemora stouter and not surpassing elytral apex in both sexes................................................... 26

26(25). Apex of the elytra with outer angle not spiniform ( Figs. 43–47 )............................. Lophopoeum Bates, 1863

– Apex of the elytra with outer angle spiniform or distinctly projected................................................. 27

27(26). Scape clavate ( Figs. 48–49 )....................................................... Sympagus Bates, 1881 (part)

– Scape not clavate ( Fig. 50 )............................................................ Trypanidius Blanchard, 1847

Note: Currently, Trypanidius includes species with different elytral apex, with or without erect setae on elytra, with or without centrobasal crest, mesoventral process with or without tubercles, etc. Hence, only the type species of Trypanidus is considered here.

28(24). Centrobasal crest of the elytra gibbosity-shaped, without erect setae ( Figs. 51–53 )............... Anisopodus White, 1855

– Centrobasal crest of the elytra narrowed, elevated, with erect setae ( Figs. 54–57 )................... Sternacutus Gilmour, 1961

Note 1: Anisopodus is a genus encompassing species belonging to different genera (different pronotal and metafemoral shapes; with or without humeral carina; with or without projections in some antennomeres, etc.). Therefore, it is only possible to include the type species of the genus in the key.

Note 2: Sternacutus , due to the different shape of the scape, metafemora, and body width of the included species, probably includes more than one genus.

29(15). Lateral tubercle of the prothorax wide, truncate or bifid at apex ( Fig. 58–60 )............. Tropanisopodus Tippmann, 1960

– Lateral tubercle of the prothorax absent or with apex neither truncate nor bifid........................................ 30

30(29). Scape with modifications.............................................................................. 31

– Scape without modifications................................................................................. 33

31(30). Scape notched on the basal inner side, lacking apical cicatrix ( Fig. 61 )...................... Periestola Breuning, 1943

– Scape not notched, with apical cicatrix........................................................................ 32

32(31). Elytra with humeral carina ( Fig. 62 )................................................. Nyssocarinus Gilmour, 1960

– Elytra without humeral carina ( Figs. 63–64 )...................................................... Hylettus Bates, 1864

33(30). Sides of the prothorax rounded, parallel or divergent backwards (sometimes, with slightly distinct, small protubercance on posterior half)....................................................................................... 34

– Sides of the prothorax with distinct projection or tubercle on posterior half (sometimes on posterolateral angle).............. 39

34(33). Elytra with granules ( Fig. 65–66 )............................................... Leptostylus LeConte, 1852 (part)

– Elytra without granules.................................................................................... 35

35(34). Elytra carinate dorsally ( Figs. 67–68 )................................................. Cobelura Erichson, 1847

– Elytra not carinate dorsally.................................................................................. 36

36(35). Prothorax distinctly conical frustum-shaped (fig.69)................................ Colobeutrypanus Tippmann , 195l

– Prothorax not distinctly conical frustum-shaped................................................................. 37

37(36). Ovopositor longer than basal width of the prothorax ( Figs. 70–71 )............................. Toronaeus Bates, 1864

– Ovopositor distinctly shorter than basal width of the prothorax..................................................... 38

Note: There is no realiable feature separating males of Toronaeus and Stenolis .

38(37). Frons quadrate ( Figs. 48–49 )...................................................... Sympagus Bates, 1881 (part)

– Frons transverse ( Fig. 72 ).................................................................... Stenolis Bates, 1864

39(33). Prothorax with the lateral tubercles placed on posterolateral angles or nearly so................................... 40

– Prothorax with lateral tubercles placed medially or on posterior third before posterolateral angles.......................... 41

40(39). Male antennae with internal projection on apex of some antennomeres, or with this area distinctly tumid ( Figs. 74– 75 )…......……..…………….. Pattalinus Bates, 1881

– Male antennae without internal projection on apex of the antennomeres ( Figs. 76–77 ).............. Lepturges ( Lepturges) (part)

Note: Females of Lepturges ( Lepturges) do not differ from those of Pattalinus

41(39). Antennae 12-segmented ( Fig. 78 )......................................... Longilepturges Monné & Monné, 2011

– Antennae 11-segmented.................................................................................... 42

42(41). Profemora in male strongly dilated; female (only from South America ) with profemora longer than than meso- and metafemora, or scape with apical projection, or head strongly narrowed behind eyes.......................................... 43

– Male and females with other features......................................................................... 44

43(42). Profemora in male with ventral spine ( Fig. 79 ); female with apical projection on apex of scape or with profemora distinctly longer than meso- and metafemora ( Fig. 79 )........................................... Tomrogersia Fragoso, 1980

– Profemora in male without ventral spine ( Fig. 80 ); female without apical projection on scape and profemora not distinctly longer than meso- and metafemora ( Figs. 80–81 ).................................................. Neseuterpia Villiers, 1980

44(42). Antennomeres IV–XI moniliform ( Fig. 82 )............................................ Paratenthras Monné, 1998

– Antennomeres IV–XI not moniliform.......................................................................... 45

45(44). Elytra bicolorous, with basal area orangish and remaining surface dark ( Fig. 83 )... .. Alloeomorphus Monné & Monné, 2011

– Elytra with different color pattern............................................................................ 46

46(45). Lateral tubercle of the prothorax placed near posterolateral angle (closer to posterolateral angle than middle of the prothorax).................................................................................................. 47

– Lateral tubercle of the prothorax placed about middle or closer to middle than posterolateral angle......................... 55

47(46). Mesoventral process about as wide as mesocoxal cavity...................................................... 48

– Mesoventral process distinctly narrower than mesocoxal cavity.................................................... 49

48(47). Body stout, elytra shorter than twice the humeral width ( Figs. 84–85 ).......................... Carphontes Bates, 1881

– Body slender, elytra longer than twice the humeral width (South American species) ( Fig. 86–87 ).. Nyssodrysternum Gilmour, 1960

49(47). Transverse basal sulcus of the pronotum extends laterally behind the lateral tubercles of the prothorax................. 50

– Transverse basal sulcus of the pronotum does not extends laterally behind the lateral tubercles of the prothorax.............. 51

50(49). Lower eye lobes smaller than genae ( Fig. 89 )...................................... Pseudolepturges Gilmour, 1957

– Lower eye lobes at least as long as genae ( Fig. 92 )......................................... Urgleptes Dillon, 1956 (part)

Note: The separation between these two genera is problematic because Urgleptes includes several species with variable features.

51(49). Mesoventral process very narrow, usually narrower than 1/4 of the width of mesocoxal cavity ( Fig. 77 )..................................................................................... Lepturges ( Lepturges) Bates, 1863 (part)

– Mesoventral process at least as wide as 1/3 the width of mesocoxal cavity............................................ 52

52(51). Lateral tubercle of the prothorax very small ( Figs. 95–97 )............................... Nyssodrysilla Gilmour, 1962

– Lateral tubercle of the prothorax proportionally large............................................................. 53

53(52). Metatarsomere I at most as long as II and III together ( Fig. 98 )……………...…. ……………………………………………… …………………... Atrypanius Bates, 1864

– Metatarsomere I longer than II and III together.................................................................. 54

54(53). Elytra without humeral carina ( Figs. 100–101 )........................................... Eucharitolus Bates, 1885

– Elytra with humeral carina ( Figs. 102, 104 )............................................... Hyperplatys Haldeman, 1847

55(46). Apex of lateral tubercles of the prothorax spiniform......................................................... 56

– Apex of lateral tubercles of the prothorax different, not spiniform................................................... 57

56(55). General color orangish ( Fig. 106 )........................................... Luteolepturges Monné & Monné, 2012

– General color dark ( Fig. 107 ).......................................................... Lophopoenopsis Melzer, 1931

57(55). Antennomere III distinctly shorter than scape (fig. 108)......................... Trypanidiellus Monné & Delfino, 1980

– Antennomere III at most slightly shorter than scape.............................................................. 58

58(57). Elytra at least as long as twice the humeral width ( Fig. 109 )………………….… ……………………………………………… ………………. Eutrypanus Erichson, 1847

– Elytra shorter than twice the humeral width.................................................................... 59

59(58). Humeri granulated ( Figs. 10–12 )................................................ Lagocheirus Dejean, 1835 (part)

– Humeri not granulated..................................................................................... 60

60(59). Elytra with granules or not smooth ( Fig. 65 )...................................... Leptostylus LeConte, 1852 (part)

– Elytra without granules, smooth (not considering dorsal carina when present)......................................... 61

61(60). Elytra with longitudinal dorsal carina ( Fig. 131 )........................................ Atelographus Melzer, 1927

– Elytra without longitudinal dorsal carina ( Fig. 132 ).............................................. Nanustes Gilmour, 1960

Figures

FIGURES 1–15. 1) Megamiros muzoensis, holotype male, dorsal habitus (from Audureau 2013). 2) Nealcidion latum, holotype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 3–4) Nealcidion kayi, holotype (from Nascimento et al. 2020): 3) dorsal habitus; 4) ventral habitus. 5) Nealcidion humerosum, holotype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure); 6) Nealcidion nebulosum, male, dorsal habitus (from Nascimento et al. 2020). 7) Tropidocoleus bicarinatus, holotype female, dorsal habitus (by Larry G. Bezark). 8–9) Xylergatoides asper: 8) Syntype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure); 9) female, lateral habitus. 10) Lagocheirus araneiformis flavolineatus, dorsal habitus (from Monné et al. 2019). 11) Lagocheirus plantaris plantaris, male, dorsal habitus (from Santos-Silva et al. 2019). 12) Lagocheirus wenzeli, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 13–14) Beloesthes megabasoides, holotype (by Jesus Santiago Moure): 13) Dorsal habitus; 14) Oblique view. 15) Lathroeus oreoderoides, holotype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure).

FIGURES 16–33. 16–17) Acanthodoxus delta, holotype male (by Juan Pablo Botero): 16) Dorsal habitus; 17) Lateral habitus. 18) Cleodoxus carinatus, syntype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 19–20) Cleodoxus antonkozlovi, holotype male (from Nascimento 2018): 19) Dorsal habitus; 20) Lateral habitus. 21–22) Tropidozineus tersus, holotype male (by Juan Pablo Botero): 21) Dorsal habitus; 22) Lateral habitus. 23) Paracleodoxus cineraceus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (from Monné & Monné 2010). 24–26) Odontozineus penicillatus, holotype male (from Monné 2009): 24) Dorsal habitus; 25) Elytra, lateral view; 26) Antennomere III. 27) Hamatastus conspectus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Steven W. Lingafelter). 28) Hamatastus fasciatus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 29–30) Anisolophia cultrifera: 29) Holotype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure); 30), Female, lateral habitus. 31–32) Pucallpa cristata, holotype female (by Steven W. Lingafelter): 31) Dorsal habitus; 32) Lateral habitus. 33) Erphaea stigma, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Juan Pablo Botero).

FIGURES 34–50. 34) Erphaea stigma, holotype male, lateral habitus (by Juan Pablo Botero). 35) Amniscites pictipes, female, dorsal habitus (from Santos-Silva et al. 2019). 36) Alcathousiella polyrhaphoides, male, dorsal habitus. 37–38) Xenocona penicillata, male (from Nascimento & Botero 2019): 37) Dorsal habitus; 38) Lateral habitus. 39) Paranisopodus granulosus, male, dorsal habitus (from Nascimento & Santos-Silva 2019). 40–42) Paranisopodus heterotarsus (from Nascimento & Santos- Silva 2019): 40) Male, dorsal habitus; 41) Male, lateral habitus; 42) Female, dorsal habitus. 43–44) Lophopoeum carinatulum, female: 43) Dorsal habitus; 44) Ventral habitus. 45–47) Lophopoeum bimaculatum: 45) Female, dorsal habitus; 46) Female, ventral habitus; 47) Male, dorsal habitus. 48) Sympagus laetabilis, lectotype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 49) Sympagus bimaculatus, holotype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 50) Trypanidius irroratus, female, dorsal habitus (from Santos-Silva et al. 2019).

FIGURES 51–66. 51) Anisopodus cochabambaensis, male, dorsal habitus (from Nascimento & Santos-Silva, 2019). 52) Anisopodus flavomarginatus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (from Vlasak et al. 2020). 53) Anisopodus argus, male, dorsal habitus (from Vlasak et al. 2020). 54) Sternacutus alienus, lectotype, dorsal habitus (from Monné et al. 2019a). 55–56) Sternacutus zikani, holotype (from Monné et al. 2019a): 55) Dorsal habitus; 56) Lateral habitus. 57) Sternacutus lateralis, holotype, lateral habitus. 58–59) Tropanisopodus tachira, male (from Nascimento & Santos-Silva 2019): 58) Dorsal habitus; 59) lateral habitus. 60) Tropanisopodus antonkozlovi, holotype male, ventral habitus (from Nascimento & Santos-Silva 2019). 61) Periestola strandi, male, dorsal habitus (from Santos-Silva et al. 2019). 62) Nyssocarinus vittatus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 63) Hylettus ramea, syntype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 64) Hylettus eremita, female, dorsal habitus (from Vlasak et al. 2020). 65–66) Leptostylus obrienorum, holotype male (from Nascimento & Heffern, 2018): 65) Dorsal habitus; 66) Ventral habitus.

FIGURES 67–81. 67) Cobelura peruviana, cotype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure); 68) Cobelura clavigera, lectotype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 69) Colobeutrypanus ornatus, holotype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 70) Toronaeus figuratus, syntype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 71) Toronaeus magnificus, holotype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 72) Stenolis veracruzi, holotype, oblique view (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 73) Nyssosternus duidaensis, holotype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 74) Pattalinus charis, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 75) Pattalinus mirificus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 76–77) Lepturges (L.) brechlini, holotype male (from Santos-Silva et al. 2019): 76) Dorsal habitus; 77) Ventral habitus. 78) Longilepturges xantholineatus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (from Monné & Monné 2011). 79) Tomrogersia acanthofemorata, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Steven W. Lingafelter). 80) Neseuterpia curvipes, holotype female, dorsal habitus (from Villiers 1980). 81) Neseuterpia couturieri, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Gérard L. Tavakilian).

FIGURES 82–94. 82) Paratenthras martinsi, paratype female, dorsal habitus (by Steven W. Lingafelter). 83) Alloeomorphus formosus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (from Monné & Monné 2011). 84–85) Carphontes posticalis, male: 84) Dorsal habitus; 85) Ventral habitus. 86) Nyssodrys deleta, syntype, dorsal habitus (Jesus Santiago Moure). 87–88) Nyssodrysternum fasciatum, male: 87) Dorsal habitus; 88) Ventral habitus. 89–91) Pseudolepturges rufulus, male (from Nascimento & Perger 2018): 89) Lateral habitus; 90) Dorsal habitus; 91) Ventral habitus. 92–94) Urgleptes amoenulus, male: 92) Lateral habitus; 93) Dorsal habitus; 94) Ventral habitus.

FIGURES 95–109. 95) Nyssodrysilla vittata, holotype female, dorsal habitus. 96) Nyssodrysilla irrorata, paratype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 97) Nyssodrysilla lineata, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 98) Atrypanius conspersus, male, dorsal habitus (from Le Tirant & Santos-Silva 2019). 99) Atrypanius heyrovskyi, holotype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 100) Eucharitolus pulcher, lectotype male, dorsal habitus (from Botero & Monné 2012). 101) Eucharitolus bellus, dorsal habitus (from Botero & Monné 2012). 102–103) Hyperplatys pacangensis, holotype male from Nascimento 2018): 102) Dorsal habitus; 103) Ventral habitus. 104–105) Hyperplatys pichinchensis, holotype female (from Nascimento et al. 2020): 104) Dorsal habitus; 105) Ventral habitus. 106) Luteolepturges galbus, holotype male, dorsal habitus (from Monné & Monné 2012a). 107) Lophopoenopsis singularis, lectotype, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure). 108) Trypanidiellus decoratus, holotype female, dorsal habitus (by Steven W. Lingafelter). 109) Eutrypanus mucoreus, lectotype female, dorsal habitus (by Jesus Santiago Moure).

FIGURES 122–133. 122–124) Atrypanius leucopygus, male: 122) Dorsal habitus; 123) Ventral habitus; 124) Prosternal and mesoventral processes. 125–127) Atrypanius lignarius, male: 125) Dorsal habitus; 126) Ventral habitus; 127) Prosternal and mesoventral processes. 128–130) Atrypanius spretus, male: 128) Dorsal habitus; 129) Ventral habitus; 130) Prosternal and mesoventral processes. 131) Atelographus susanae, holotype male, dorsal habitus (by Steven W. Lingafelter). 132–133) Nanustes fuchsi, male: 132) Dorsal habitus; 133) Ventral habitus.