Biwadrilidae Jamieson, 1971

Misirlioğlu, Mete, Reynolds, John Warren, Stojanović, Mirjana, Trakić, Tanja, Sekulić, Jovana, James, Samuel W., Csuzdi, Csaba, Decaëns, Thibaud, Lapied, Emmanuel, Phillips, Helen R. P., Cameron, Erin K. & Brown, George G., 2023, Earthworms (Clitellata, Megadrili) of the world: an updated checklist of valid species and families, with notes on their distribution, Zootaxa 5255 (1), pp. 417-438 : 423

Biwadrilidae Jamieson, 1971

This monogeneric family includes only one species, Biwadrilus bathybates (Stephenson) , known only from the Lake Biwa region in Japan. It was originally described as a Criodrilus species, and Blakemore (2008b) transferred it back to Criodrilidae based on new material and re-analysis of previously observed material. However, molecular analysis shows this family solidly placed as the sister family to Kynotidae , and therefore quite distant phylogenetically from the Criodrilidae ( James & Davidson 2012) , hence we maintain it within Biwadrilidae , following Jamieson (1971, 1988).